مصطفی خزائی

Today, degradation analysis is one of the most important approaches in evaluating the reliability of multi-component systems. As it is clear, improving the performance of real systems requires the use of efficient and predictable approaches to analyze degradation with considering the interaction of system degradation processes on each other. The literature review shows that degradation analysis of multi-component systems has been investigated in various researches, but the approach in which there is a profile relationship between the degradation processes of the system components has not been considered so far. When there is a functional relationship between the degradation processes of one or more components, it is called a profile in the statistical process control literature. The aim of this study is to provide an efficient approach to predict and evaluate the variability of degradation processes in the presence of multivariate profiles under the conditions of stochastic dependence. In fact, the proposed approach offers the possibility of predicting and evaluating the variability of degradation processes at the component and system level. In this paper, in order to evaluate the proposed approach, the data set of a multi-component system with a structure of 2 out of 3 has been used. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Due to the increase in the world's urban population, need for food has become more important. Therefore, one of the effective solutions in response to the increase in urban population, especially in developing countries, is the expansion and promotion of urban agriculture. In fact, the citizens of society can take maximum advantage of the space dedicated to urban agriculture in form of environmental and economic capacities. Through urban farms and local self-sufficient production, urban farmers significantly reduce the fossil fuel needed to transport, package and sell food. Also, due to its proximity to consumers, it causes the circulation of income throughout a region, which in turn leads to economic growth for the community in question. In these spaces, most people gather and engage in activities with the aim of producing food, so the development of social participation is one of other benefits of this phenomenon. It should be noted that, in addition to above benefits, urban agriculture also faces obstacles and challenges. In fact, by reviewing the experience of urban agriculture in different cities of the world, we come to the conclusion that this phenomenon must be accompanied by creation of a platform in the spatial, social and cultural fields, and otherwise, the development and promotion of urban agriculture is definitely associated with challenges. Actually, to achieve the benefits of urban agriculture, it is necessary to overcome these challenges. In fact, if we want to have extensive and efficient urban agriculture, we need to create necessary laws and platforms from the government. Actually, together with the development and promotion of urban agriculture, regulations and laws of municipalities should be formulated clearly and explicitly in this matter, and also the production units of urban agricultural products should be registered so that they can be monitored and based on environmental principles.

The sense of place arises from the activities and interactions between people and places, as well as between people themselves, within a particular location. The high level of attachment among the residents of a place, neighborhood, or city emphasizes the significance of that place for individuals, leading to increased participation in civil and political activities, and enhancing citizens' social interactions. These emotional connections with the place also influence people's capacity to respond to changes, comprehend risks, and prepare for social resilience challenges. This research seeks to answer the question of the effects of the sense of place on social resilience in Mehestan. The research methodology is practical and developmental in its goal, and descriptive-analytical in its approach. Data has been collected through both library and field studies. The data analysis has employed descriptive statistics (including frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation, and dispersion coefficient) as well as inferential statistics such as structural equation modeling using SPSS and AMOS. The statistical population comprises all citizens of the new town, totaling 95,746 people. A sample of 380 individuals was randomly surveyed. The research findings indicate that the state of the spatial sense variable falls within the average range of 2.51 to 3.5. Similarly, the variable status of social resilience also falls within the average range of 2.51 to 3.5. Hypothesis analysis using AMOS software reveals that the effect of the sense of place on social resilience in Mehestan is significant at the 0.05 error level. Furthermore, the positive path coefficient (/276) indicates a direct and positive relationship.

AbstractCDS plans and strategic planning is the last version of the evolution of urban planning which with flexibility and participatory approach seeks to build consensus among citizens to create a future vision for urban development. The emphasis of the city development strategy is more on strengthening economic competition, but it also covers poverty reduction, improving the structure of urban management, as well as increasing the quality of environmental aspects. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is based on descriptive-analytical method. The main purpose of this research is evaluating indicators of Mallard's City Development Strategy (urban good governance, livability, bankability and competitiveness). The statistical population of this study is a selection of citizens (380 people) and Mallard city managers (50 employees of the municipality and city council). Research data were collected based on a questionnaire and Cronbach's method was used to evaluate the reliability of the research tool. The results show that among the four-dimensional indicators of Mallard's city development strategy, the index "Security in banking systems to build trust between citizens" with 3.73 had the highest score and the index "Monitoring the maintenance of living standards (per capita income) and capital" with 3.40 had the lowest score. By comparing the four components, the "bankability" component had the best relative conditions and the "urban good governance" component had the worst conditions compared to the other components.Keywords: Urban Development, Mallard City, Strategic Planning, CODAS Model.

This paper aims to analyze comprehensively and structurally the different methods proposed in the literature by researchers, and identify the new fields for future studies.

Design/methodology/approach: 

In this research, the methods proposed in the literature have been explained comprehensively and structurally focusing on mathematical functions, assumptions, functional objectives, results, weaknesses, and strengths. Different types of dependencies between system components have been also considered in this study.

In this paper, the methods in the literature were clustered by a new approach based on the system type, dependency, the method of considering the dependency and the objective. The different challenges of this field of study in the future were also investigated in this paper.

Research limitations/implications:

 Few practical studies in the field of multi-component systems have been performed in the literature. 

Practical implications: 

Since the analysis of multi-component systems is considered an important and applied issue in the reliability field for different complex products, the discussion of this paper and the results can be used by technical experts in different industries.

Social implications:

 This paper can be used as a reference for increasing people’s quality of life.

Originality/value: 

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that a comprehensive analysis of multi-component systems is reported in considering its structure and applied approach

Gourab Tepe is one of Iran’s most important prehistoric sites, located in the city of Malayar in the province of Hamedan. Unlike Godin Tepe, Gourab’s transition from the Late Chalcolithic period to the Early Bronze Age was without any ruptures, and the Bronze Age artifacts found there belong to the Kura-Araxes culture, a culture covering a vast geographical area whose wide spread through the region and the reasons for their expansion have been subjects of great fascination to archeologists. Petrography is a scientific method used in the geological sciences to identify minerals based on their optical properties. The pottery found on Gourab Tepe provides an incredible opportunity to study the transition from the Late Chalcolithic period to the Early Bronze Age, which in itself is an important topic of discussion for archaeology. This article aims to understand the makeup of the minerals present in the pottery found on Gourab Tepe and analyze the transition from the Late Chalcolithic period to the Early Bronze Age to understand the influence of cultural changes on the structure, texture, and makeup of the pottery in the region. Research questions include: Which minerals are present in the Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age potteries, and what does their presence signify about the geological structure of the region? What effect did the Cultural transition and change have on the structures of potteries, and in the case of these changes, how can we interpret and analyze this phenomenon from an archeological standpoint? The petrographic study analyzing 20 samples—10 of which were from the Late Chalcolithic period and 10 of Kura-Araxes origin—showed that the Gourab Tepe potteries underwent significant structural changes from the Late Chalcolithic period to the Early Bronze Age, and whilst these potteries were produced in the same region, the clay and the pottery-making techniques used had fundamental differences.

City Development Strategy (CDS), which aims at reducing poverty, bringing about sustainable development, enhancing participation, and creating good urban governance, has attracted the attention of many Iranian scientific circles. This approach can replace the previous inflexible plans for the removal of the future crises in all cities of Iran. It is clear that in case the novel city development strategies are not used and the old methods and policies are exercised, the problems of Iran cannot be solved. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the current status of Malard city using Meta SWOT model and to propose effective strategies to achieve sustainable development of this city. This study was descriptive-analytical in terms of research method, applied in terms of purpose, and mixed-methods in terms of approach. The statistical population was comprised of 50 managers of Malard city. Based on the obtained results, the reduction of water resources, excessive migration (especially the increase in the share of Afghans in city population composition), and social harms are the main obstacles to the sustainable development of Malard city that need to be taken into account in the strategic development planning process of this city. Moreover, among the factors effective on the sustainable development of Malard city, the suitable grounds for agricultural activities and   conversion and complementary industries as well as ethnic and cultural diversity have strategic fitness.

The flight condition distinguishing is essential for calculation of elapsed time in each regime. The pilots perform different flight regimes during operation which recognize them by combination of flight parameters. Thus, the flight regimes can be defined based on the qualitative descriptions by pilots. Nevertheless, the relation between flight parameters and maneuvers is so complicated and there is no precise mathematic model for flight regime recognition. In this research, a flight regime recognition algorithm is developed based on the qualitative description of maneuvers. A connection matrix is formed using maneuver description to filter the measured flight data and the algorithm identifies the flight regimes. The proposed flight regime recognition algorithm utilized the adaptive extended Kalman filter (AEKF). Using AEKF results in no need for big flight data bank, less sensitivity to initial values and variations, and increases the accuracy during time in contrast with the exiting online regime recognition methods. The algorithm effectiveness is evaluated for the simulated flight data from a validated helicopter dynamic model.

Since the formation of Baladieh as the main institution in charge of urban management in Iran, which is more than one hundred years since its formation, always providing service needs and optimal response to the needs of citizens at night, in the form of role and position Various topics have been proposed under the headings. Nocturnal urban management. Over the past two decades in the field of urban management, a new actor has emerged called (Night Mayor) and in more than 40 cities around the world, night mayors or people in charge of night management have been appointed. This study summarizes the results of a qualitative study that collected information about the origins, promotion process, nature and scope of this role and the geographical distribution of the position of night mayor in the form of urban night management on a global scale. The data show that although cities are very different in terms of infrastructure and regulations, there seems to be a growing consensus on the need for permanent and sustainable nocturnal management structures. In fact, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role and position of the mayor of the night in terms of optimal urban management in different cities around the world. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, so that by examining the texts and documents related to nocturnal City Management city management in the world, an attempt has been made to present this concept and its derivatives in the form of a scientific article to the audience. The results of this study show that this new phenomenon in urban management is correcting its functional and ideal shortcomings and will surely be accepted by most cities in the world as a very necessary matter in the future.

Medicinal plants have long been recognized as valuable sources economically and pharmacologically. The family of Lamiaceae comprises a wide range of plants, which are commercially cultivated for their medical usage. Due to high marketability, producers continually investigate to maximize yield and productivity of these plants. Photoregulation is an effective strategy to improve productivity of plants. In the present work, we have studied the effect of different LED light treatments on morpho-physiological response of three different mint species including mint, peppermint and pennyroyal plants. The light treatments included red LED, blue LED, combined red and blue LEDs, and white emitted from fluorescent or LED lights in different growth chambers. A greenhouse environment was also considered and served as the control. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replicates in two consecutive years. The results indicated a significant difference among the light treatments regarding all morpho-physiological traits. Red and red-blue LED as well as greenhouse led to maximal fresh and dry biomass (yield), whereas white LED caused the least performance. Mean comparisons showed that that peppermint and pennyroyal were superior as compared to mint, for all studied traits. Mean comparison interaction effect of species and environment showed that peppermint and mint had the greatest fresh biomass under greenhouse and red-blue LED. In conclusion, red LED and combined red and blue LED were the best choice for production in three mint species using LEDs in vertical farming systems.

In the Islamic period of various arts, including pottery, great progress was made, along with unglazed potteries; a variety of glazed potteries was produced. Among the pottery in the Islamic era, is the Sgraffito pottery (carving under the glaze). in this study, 26 pieces of pottery were studied from Shahkouh and Lembassar sites. Of these, 5 samples of non-glazed pottery are related to Shokouh's kiln, which is indicated by the Kou (Koureh) mark in the result table. 8 samples of pottery are collected from the range around the kiln, shown in the table with the o38 (trench’s name was O38) mark. 7 samples of pottery are collected from different sections of Shahkouh site, which is indicated by the Moh (Mohavateh) on the table, and 6 samples of pottery belong to the Lambesar castle, which is indicated by the symbol Lam in the results table. Elements of Mgo and So3 in the samples of the kiln can be useful for identification of samples. Especially sulfur trioxide (So3) as an indicator of pottery inside the furnace that was produced in Shahkouh itself. In addition, the authors used the statistical study and components analyses of these elements. The purpose of this study is to identify the elemental composition of pottery in the kiln and glazed pottery of Shahkouh and Lembesar. The questions raised in this research are: What amounts of the Alamut’s Sgraffito pottery are produced at Shahkouh site? The results of this study showed that the chemical structure of unglazed pottery obtained from Shchokh's kiln differs from that of Shahkouh's Sgraffito pottery and compares them with the Lambesar's Sgraffito indicating their different structures. As a result, it can be admitted that unglazed potteries that was extracted from the Shahkouh kiln was local production, but Sgraffito pottery was not produced by Shahkouh and Lembasser; Sgraffito potteries are produced elsewhere and it was imported into the sites.

The vibration transmitted to helicopter aircrew is the main risk factor for their health. In this paper, a seat suspension based on a negative stiffness structure is proposed to improve the vibration environment for the aircrew. The main advantage of the proposed seat suspension is mitigation of vibration transmitted to occupant in the same time keeping the system payload capacity. Hereafter deriving the dynamic model of the proposed system, the occupant model is attached to achieve an integrated occupant-seat-suspension model. Next, the design procedure of suspension parameters is presented to reduce the vibration transmission. In order to reach realistic results, the simulations are performed using the measured data on Bell-412 helicopter cabin floor. Then, the level of vibrations transmitted to seat and pilot body parts are evaluated using ISO-2631 and common criteria. The results show the performance of system based on negative stiffness structure is good in terms of vibration reduction so that root mean square and vibration dose value of vertical vibration for pilot’s body parts are mitigated about 40% in comparison with cabin floor vibration. Also, according to ISO-2631, comfort level is upgraded from uncomfortable to a little uncomfortable which represents promotion of ride quality and improvement of vibration environment for the pilot. Furthermore, the results indicate that no frequency modulation happens in the vibration transfer path from the cabin floor to the pilot’s head.

Due to the long lasting durability of pottery, they remain unchanged and plays an important role in archaeological researches. Aside of its difference usage in archaeological research such as dating, artistic and subsistent and communications and exchanges among people of different regions, is used in technology level. Archaeological site of Tape Kelar Hill, situated near Hasankif city, in Kelardasht, is one of the most important prehistoric sites in southern coast of Caspian Sea, which includes cultural materials from the Late Chalcolithic from the fourth millennium B.C. to the Islamic era. The significance of this site has become twofold considering the previous views issued about prehistoric cultures in western Mazandaran and Gilan provinces. The Early Bronze Age potteries of this site are of Kura-Araxes. These are the most important finds of this site. The main research question of this article pertains to the structure of the pottery in this area in two periods and aims to see whether or not the initiation of Kura-Araxes pottery has resulted from external factors and there is difference between Early and Middle Bronze Ages? In this study, 15 pieces of pottery from Early and Middle Bronze ages were studied via petrography method in order to compare in terms of composition and mineral tissues. Research has shown that the pottery of this site, in spite of experiencing some changes in the tissues, is local production.

In this paper, to reduce the energy of an underwater beam, a vibro-impact nonlinear energy sink is used and the force due to water is considered as a sinusoidal harmonic force and a constant load. A nonlinear energy sink consists of a cavity and a ball in the cavity. First, the governing equations for the beams and the nonlinear energy sink are obtained. With optimization, the minimum time to transfer 95% of the energy of the beam to the absorber is obtained. To optimize the four parameters of cavity length, the mass ratio of the nonlinear energy sink and the beam, restitute coefficient, and adsorbent position on the beam, which is the first time that all parameters of vibro-impact nonlinear energy sink are considered for optimal design. In the following, each of these parameters is considered, and the optimal value for each of these parameters is calculated. Finally, it is shown that the dynamic response of the system with two impacts per cycle (symmetric) is the most optimal response of the system.

Rehabilitation and renovation are of the major challenges with which urban management is facing in developing countries. Identifying physical and functional status of these textures is important for planning, managing, and maintaining them. Urban decay in Nahavand covers an area of 166 hectares consisting of seventeen dead tissues in the neighborhoods. The areas, despite the capabilities in physical, socio - economic and cultural – historical matters, are deficient somehow. In this study, SWOT analysis was used in order to assess the situation of urban decay in Nahavand. The research method used in this article was analytical and documents - literature and field observations were used in order to obtain the necessary data. The results of this study showed that the urban decay of Nahavand because of being ignored by officials and authorities of the city has turned into a serious problem experiencing disorder in social, economic, infrastructural, and bioenvironmental grounds. The city officials have not had any contribution to remove the existing problems either. It seems that any change in their approaches toward the mentioned texture, not as a threat but as an opportunity, most of the problems in the city can be removed and the potentials of Nahavand can be realized to develop this city fundamentally.

Overall, the sustainable development of the city is due to the sustained and constructive interactions of humans with humans and humans with the environment. Interactions that have made the city over time, environmentally sustainable, economically sustainable, socially cohesive, and physically beautiful. Based on the bilateral relationship between sustainable development and sustainable tourism, in order for tourism to contribute to the sustainable development of the city, its impacts on the city must be identified and considered. The purpose of this study is to analyzing the relation of tourism and sustainable urban development. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical. The method of data collection is document-library. In fact, by the study of domestic and foreign scientific literature that was published about tourism and sustainable urban development, have tried to deduction of these studies for write it. It is hoped that it will be able to provide relevant content to its audiences in order to better understand this issue.

Abstract For the first time in thoroughly history, the majority of the world's population lives in urban centers. From the 7.6 billion people on Earth, almost one-third of the population is children. It is estimated that until 2050, approximately 70 percent of the world's children will be in urban areas. According to UNICEF study, millions of children are living in extreme poverty and urban environments have hazardous to life, In this regard, urban planners and responsible authorities should consider children at the forefront of their decisions. Millions of children in cities are deprived of basic social services such as education and health. These children deserve to live in a safe environment and need those who protect them from exploitation and abuse. Generally, the concept of "child-friendly city" means how government's administrated these cities based on interests of the children, as well as cities where respected to children's basic rights such as health, transportation, education and culture. According these matters, children are defined as citizens who have rights to express their views and needs. A child-friendly city is not only a good city for children; it is a child-made city.

By increasing ownership of the vehicle, its contribution to urban travel and the lack of culture, and the creation of appropriate public transportation structures to reduce the demand for privately-owned vehicles, caused parking problems related to the provision of various species appear. In this research, we tried to provide a model for estimating the minimum demand for parking. At the end, the proposed model implemented on the District 13 of Tehran Municipality. In order to achieve this goal, we estimated the minimum parking demand based on the type of urban land use and utilization, information gathering and implementation of this method in the geographical information system environment. The method used in this study was based on the Trip Generation standard of the United States Institute of Transportation Engineering. The findings and output of this model in the GIS environment analyzed in the form of maps and tables provided. The findings of this study showed that the total minimum demand for parking in the entire district is 85465 point Park. At the end, due to the urgent need to provide parking in the district for traffic management, proposed a research to locate class parking.

Men and women use urban spaces in a variety of ways, according to their roles and responsibilities. Meanwhile, women have always been directly involved with the family and society and should be at the center of the planning process for building urban spaces. But so far the prevailing trend in urban planning has been to rule out the dominance of masculine attitudes and understanding their needs from the city. The woman-friendly city refers to a desirable city that identifies and plans on issues and needs of women in a broad and comprehensive way in order to resolve existing problems and shortcomings. This research was conducted using descriptive-analytical method and analyzing documentary resources and libraries, The results of the studies and analyzes pointed out that the concept and category of a woman-friendly city was not completely understood in the theoretical and not in practical terms, and the exact and precise programming has not been made in the realization of it.

Age-friendly city as a new approach in urban planning has been introduced by the World Health Organization. According to the organization's approach, the aged-friendly cities include those urban spaces that distribute public services in such a way that they are as close as possible to the needs and limitations of the elderly. In addition, in such cities, attention is paid to the needs of the elderly as a requirement for cultural indicators and interpersonal interactions. In this research, using descriptive-analytical method and using available scientific resources, we tried to analyze and analyze the concept of the Elderly City. According to content analysis in this study it appears that attempts have been made in order to fulfill the age-friendly city. But there is still a gap that needs to be completed as soon as possible to build and complete urban spaces suitable for the elderly.

Sustainable urban transportation is in fact the movement of vehicles, people and goods, which entails the comfort of the people and the stability of the environment with the most desirable cost and effort. Sustainable transport planning focuses on the effects of transport development on economic efficiency, environmental issues, resource consumption, land use, and social justice It helps to reduce environmental impacts, increase the efficiency of the transportation system and improve the social status of the population and aims to increase the system efficiency and the relocation of goods, services and individuals with minimal access problems. Considering these issues in the present research, we have tried to focus on the goals and indicators of sustainable transport from different dimensions and to describe the social, economic and environmental dimensions. For a sustainable and comprehensive transport system planning, it is best to consider a balanced set of indicators that is a combination of economic, social and environmental objectives. Another useful advantage of developing indexes is to use them to make a meaningful comparison of the transport situation with other cities. The method of descriptive-analytical work and the method of collecting information based on librarian and documentary methods. In this paper, with consideration of effective factors in urban transport, comprehensive indicators for measuring and assessing the current situation of urban transportation systems are presented for facilitating policy making and planning by authorities and private transportation agencies.

Urban space accommodates different users. This user is different in terms of age, power and characteristics, and each needs their own. Some of them are people with physical disabilities. Basically, cities, buildings, and urban services are designed regardless of the state of the disabled, and this part of the country's activists, due to the "disability of the city," does not have enough work, life, and rest to fit their needs. In cities, physical-motor disabilities face many problems and obstacles from the outset of their lives. And they do not have equal rights with other citizens. The purpose of this research is to study and analyze the scientific foundations of the disabled people who can be the starting point for more attention to this important issue in the design and planning of our country. The research methodology is descriptive and analytical, which is compiled by library technique. In the end, it should be pointed out that the comprehensive and comprehensive management of the city of our country has not yet succeeded in planning and designing the disabled city, and as a result, the need of this group of people has been neglected in urban spaces.  friendly city.

Cities after the Industrial Revolution and the growth rate were developed, along with its many consequences. Most of the effects of these effects on the environment and the quality of life of the people of these societies have entered. One of the methods for assessing the extent of human-to-nature relation is the ecological footprint method. This method measures the quality of the needs of a human group that measures a given amount of land and water, generates resources and disposes of waste generated by its life. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method to study the ecological footprint of Tabriz city and attempts to answer this question: Is the ecology of Tabriz city capable of supporting and fulfilling the basic needs of the city's population? The results of this research indicate that the ecological footprints of Tabriz city were in food products groups, transportation, natural gas heating, water, electricity and land needed for waste disposal of 3.30 hectares. This suggests that the city of Tabriz relies on a region beyond East Azerbaijan to meet its biological needs and sustainability. A look at the amount of consumables in Tabriz shows that the share of food with 2.73 hectares has the highest share among other items. The lowest amount of land needed for waste disposal was 0.77 square meters per person. Since Iran's bio capacity is 0.8 hectares. An ecological footprint of 3.30 hectares in Tabriz city means that 125.4 times more than its share is allocated to the country's sustainable capacity for biodiversity.

Confronting natural disasters is one of the main concerns of communities in organizing a residential urban environment. Especially in our country, there are 31 natural disasters in Iran, due to the geographical situation of natural hazards and 40 types of natural disasters registered throughout the world. Therefore, in order to achieve safety and protection against natural disasters, safety considerations should be at the top of urban planning and design. Knowing the spaces and factors that contribute to the reduction of safety requires the prevention, preparation and protection of the human environment against any kind of crisis that planners and urban managers should pay more attention to. The passive defense includes a set of actions that reduce the possible impact of direct threats without direct exposure. Therefore, actions called "passive defense" are mostly in the field of preventive actions and actions to restore the status of the area to pre-incident situations. Looking at the existing structure and political space and military paradigms in urban spaces, it seems necessary to take into account the inactive defense system's actions in the comprehensive context, in order that increase the power and authority of the system, and to reduce the physical and human vulnerability of possible aggression.