فهرست مطالب مصطفی مرادی

The tourist industry is one of the most important sources of economic growth and development and its rapid growth leads to social, economic, and environmental changes. It is necessary to value tourist attractions in an appropriate manner to express the role and importance of tourism and convert it into monetary value. In the present study, the value of recreation was estimated in Dowlatabad Garden using the contingent valuation method (CVM). Also, a logit model was used to investigate factors influencing the willingness of visitors to pay for the improvement and protection of this garden. For this purpose, the Cochrane formula firstly was used to determine the sample size, and then questionnaires and face-to-face interviews were used to collect the data. Regarding results, the variables of monthly income, job, education, vehicles, and the maximum offered amount significantly affect the willingness to pay. But, there is not a significant relationship between willingness to pay and age, gender, and visiting season. The average willingness to pay for each visitor to protect and improve the condition of Dowlatabad Garden was estimated 80,300 Rials. According to the number of annual visitors, the Annual Social Value (ASV) of this historical place was estimated 11,842 million Rials. The results of the present study indicate that the conditional valuation method is efficient for the valuation of non-market goods and services.

Every year, approximately one-third of the total food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted due to various reasons. This level of wastage has substantial adverse impacts on the environment, economy, and society. Numerous studies have proposed various policies to address the issue of food waste, such as incorporating technology into existing supply chains. However, concerns about their effectiveness and unintended consequences have led researchers to emphasize market-based approaches for waste reduction. The present study was carried out to estimate waste and investigate the potential for developing different marketing channels as market-based approaches to reduce waste in the leafy vegetable supply chain in Kermanshah province. To achieve this purpose, a system dynamics modelling of the waste system in the leafy vegetable supply chain was developed by using the literature review and interviews with experts and stakeholders. The tool for collecting research data was a questionnaire. The statistical population of this study is two groups including 22 experts and 728 actors in the leafy vegetable supply chain. Based on the findings, around 31,000 tonnes (39%) of leafy vegetables are wasted annually across the supply chain. The research scenarios indicate that the establishment of processing industries will effectively decrease the overall waste of leafy vegetables from around 31,000 tons to approximately 20,000 tons annually. Therefore, government initiatives and policies in the field of leafy vegetable exchange in the study area must focus on supporting businesses associated with leafy vegetable processing industries and establishing infrastructure prerequisites for these industries.

Recognition of spatial pattern of plant species is essential to check the canopy position, regeneration, forest dynamics and identify biological relationships in an ecosystem. One of the main goals in analyzing the spatial pattern of trees in forest ecosystems is to discover more meaningful relationships between trees and their environment. For this purpose, special analytical methods are used to quantify the spatial pattern of plant communities. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial pattern of Populus euphratica Oliv. using various K, L, G and J functions and the ability of these functions in determining details spatial pattern of the species in riparian forests of Maroon, Behbahan.

Two stands of Populus euphratica including Pure and mixed were studied and callipered. Position (distance and azimuth) of all individuals with DBH larger than 5 cm was set. Spatial pattern of Populus euphratica in both pure and mixed stands was determined using Ripley's K function, L, G and J functions. For explanatory analysis in analysis of point statistics, the assumption test of complete randomness of points was considered. The usual hypothesis test in point analysis statistics was applied based on simulation tests such as the Monte Carlo significance test. This test was repeated 999 times so that the probability of the first type of error is at least close to 5%. Also, in order to check the homogeneity and heterogeneity of the studied areas, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used, and R software (Var3.2.2) was used to analyze the distribution pattern.

Findings: 

The results related to the analysis of the spatial distribution pattern of the Populus using Ripley's K function in the pure stand indicate that the distribution pattern of the Populus up to a distance of approximately 150m is clumped and from this distance onwards, the pattern has changed to randomness and then to uniformity. A significant clumped pattern can be seen in the mixed stand up to a distance of about 125m. The results of the analysis of the heterogeneous L function in the pure stand show the spatial pattern of the field up to a distance of about 150m, a significant clump. In the mixed stand up to a distance of 125m, the pattern is aggregated and from this distance onwards, the pattern changes towards randomness and then significantly towards uniformity. The inhomogeneous function G in the pure stand of Populus up to a distance of about 100m shows a clumped pattern with a low slope. In the mixed stand of Populus from the initial intervals onwards, the curve with a low slope indicates a medium aggregated pattern. The value of the J index in the pure stand is equal to 1 up to a distance of about 30m, and the uniform state curve shows the existence of a random pattern up to this distance. The value of the index is less than 1 from the distance of 30 to about 75m with an almost steep slope, which indicates a relatively strong clumped pattern. In the mixed stand, the value of the index is less than 1 up to a distance of about 60m, with a steeper slope, and shows a strong clumped pattern.

All functions for two stands have confirmed similar results which are clumped up to a distance of about 100 meters. The J function provided more detail of the spatial pattern. Generally, the functions endorsed a type of ecological dependency between the Populus euphratica individuals.

The correct and timely use of the flight seat as an effective factor in saving the lives of pilots in studies related to the human capital of the aviation industry has been and continues to be of great interest. Therefore, in this research, identifying and prioritizing the vital factors of using the flight seat to save the lives of the pilots will be done.

In this research, which was conducted with a mixed approach (qualitative-quantitative), after reviewing the original sources related to the factors affecting the decision and the effective use of the Pran chair, a preliminary model was calculated, then to complete the model, a focus group consisting of 12 One of the key experts in the field of aviation was surveyed with a focus on the studies of human resources of aviation. In the quantitative phase, by conducting a survey, 51 experts of the aviation industry responded to a questionnaire based on a conceptual model that was designed with the approach of pairwise comparison and statistical analysis. Therefore, in this research, super decision software as well as spss and appropriate statistical tests were used.

According to the prioritization of dimensions, the nature of the damage state and human factors, which are mostly based on the perceptual and physical characteristics of the pilot, it can be concluded that the only person who can help the pilot in saving his life is himself.

In humanities studies, researchers use Qur’anic verses as a data source for various purposes. Sometimes, from a religious perspective, they consider the Qur’an as the most important source of research and believe that the Qur’an as a heavenly book contains instructions that provide a kind of lifestyle to guide people to happiness and salvation in this world and the hereafter. Therefore, they refer to the Qur’an as a divine source and try to obtain their foundations and frameworks from the Qur’an and accommodate their solutions and ideas with it. Another group believes that humanities should be extracted from the Qur’an, and they speak of Qur’an-based humanities. In any case, considering the importance of the text of the Qur’an for conducting human sciences studies, the purpose of this research is to facilitate the first step of such researches; It means, firstly, to extract all the verses needed for studying human relations from the Qur'an; Secondly, by determining the basic characteristics of human relations, it provides the possibility of categorizing and listing these verses in various ways, according to the goals of the researcher.
In the current research, the verses of the Qur’an were examined one by one with the descriptive-analytical method, and with the help of several contemporary commentaries, the verses that contained mutual human relations were extracted and recorded as a row in an Excel file; Also, the basic characteristics of these relationships, such as the first party and the second party, the type, the Qur’anic recommendations in this type and the basic areas with six titles (religious, social, family, economic, political and scientific), have been determined for each relationship. As a result, all the verses containing human relations have been counted and ten characteristics have been identified for these verses.
As a result, 2295 verses were extracted from all the verses of the Holy Qur’an, in a form of dataset, which contain 3586 relationships. Researchers who want to do research in the Qur'an from various legal, ethical, political, economic, educational, and other aspects will find all the verses they want by using this dataset. In this article, this dataset - archived on Shahid Beheshti University's website - is introduced as a form of information service.
More than one-third of the verses of the Qur'an speak of mutual human relations, and these relations have an amazing variety, so that the possibility of interdisciplinary study of the Qur’an and human sciences is available in all its main branches.

Air Force played an incomparable role in the grounding of Saddam's war machine during the sacred defense era, especially in the first year of the war, according to the assigned missions. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to analyze the role of the air force in defeating the siege of Sosangard and to provide a model to improve the performance of this force in the future. This research, in terms of its purpose, is of the type of developmental research and in terms of its approach, it is the type of prospective qualitative research, which is based on the method of environmental monitoring and metacomposition, and based on the said method, an effort has been made to explain the role of Nahaja correctly. . The main source of data collection for this research is documents and documents, previous studies and topics presented in related meetings and conferences, especially the conference on Nahaja's role in defeating the siege of Sosangard, which was held in the University of Aviation Sciences and Technology in 2018. In order to check the validity and reliability of the obtained model, focus groups and Kappa index were used. Based on meta-composite methodology and by examining the obtained data, the concepts were extracted and coded in a multi-stage process and organized in the form of a model called the knowledge-based air defense model, whose dimensions include stopping and stabilizing hostile and enemy forces, supporting Other forces operating in the operation area are carrying out combat missions in the enemy's territory and strengthening the defense base of the country.

Quercus brantii L. is classified as vulnerable species that mostly spreaded out in the middle and southern Zagros as pure stand. Due to the elimination of natural regeneration in Zagros oak forest by overgrazing, fruit picking by human, forest decline, and habitat distruction, different researches were carried out to address natural regeneration problem. Yet, lack of regeneration in these forests still exist. Therefore, in this research we examined some simple approaches based on soil moisture preservation and implementation to find out a practical protocol to establish oak regeneration.In our country, also due to intense exploitation and destruction, forest areas are not in a proper condition. Zagros forest is one of our forest resources that turned to the disturbed forest by over grazing, increasing demand for agricultural land, and population growth is Zagros forest. Due to the high rate of oak tree dieback in the Zagros forest and its specific role in soil and water protection, the rehabilitation of these forests is necessary. The objective of this study is to determine the best method for restoration of Quercus brantii L. forests by sowing seed. this study was conducted in is Alamdar Strait in Behbahan. To this Oak seeds with five replications were planted during the winter in different treatments including by rocks, under oak tree canopy, open ground with super absorbent, open space, and curved pits in different slope, altitudes, and geographical directions. Seeds were washed by tap water to remove soil and other particles. After that they were stilled by 70 percent ethanol and placed in the distilled water 48 hours prior to plant for absorbing water. At the end of the growing season survival rate and height of the seedling was measured and their correlation with environmental factor determined. The results indicated that 25.24 percent of the seeds were able to survive the harsh environmental conditions to the end of growing season (end of the summer). Super absorbent treatment has the highest germination rate (82%) and the lowest survival rate of the seedling (6%). While rocks treatment had the least and highest germination (38%) and survival rates (31%) respectively. The west facing slope has the highest germination (77%) but at the end of the season only 29 percent of the seedling remains alive. Although, the north facing slope 71.4 percent of seed start growing but only 31 percent of the remain alive at the end of the summer. On the other hand the lowest germination (50%) and survival (14%) rates belonged to the seed planted on the ridge. The results also showed that the slope and altitude did not affect the survival of seedlings in the present study. The highest seedlings height was recorded for seedling that growth under canopy tree, while the lowest recorded for the curved pits. In conclusion direct oak seed sowing in the natural habitat provided reasonable results for rehabilitation of Zagros oak forest. Using the result of the present study in different treatment would help to gain better results in survival and growth of direct oak seed sowing.

Regarding the importance and critical effect of human factors and anthropometric characteristics on pilot's performance, especially in military area, the purpose of this research is identifying and detecting priority of critical anthropometrics’ factors affecting performance of pilots in aircraft cockpit. Research method is based on comprehensive literature review in first step, then identified factors will be evaluated based on recommendations of flight experts. Analyzing of gathered data has been done using descriptive and inferential statistics using EXCEL and SPSS software. As collected data aren't normal, non-Para metric’s statistical tests were used for analyzing data. The results will be clarified more critical factors that can be used for evaluating flight military and civil candidates in educational centers of flight and Shahid Sattari Aeronautical university of science and Technology. Also, research and development centers which work in design of cockpit of military and civil aircrafts can used from the result of this research for more effective design.

The narration of the life of some of the past tribes who lived after Noah has been mentioned in detail or in summary in the Qur’an. The fate of these tribes has mostly ended in divine punishment, which based of the geographical location, the type of sins of the people, and other reasons, this punishment has had different external manifestations, such as storm, ṣayḥah, sinking into the ground and drowning in water. Since the function of ṣayḥah (which is translated as loud and strong sound) as a destructive force is not as clear as the other punishments mentioned, the main goal of this research is to scientifically explain the function of ṣayḥah as a divine punishment. Due to the semantic similarities of ṣayḥah to sound wave (a type of pressure wave), the proposal here is the correspondence of ṣayḥah to shock wave which can be defined as a strong sound wave with a large amplitude. Recent advances in science have shown that this type of wave has a very high destructive power and has the ability to cause serious damage to living tissues of the body.  In this research, first, the different meanings of the word ṣayḥah have been studied according to Arabic lexicons, and then the verses of the Qur’an related to punishment by ṣayḥah that some past tribes have suffered have been carefully investigated. After studying the possibility of the destruction of the ṣayḥah, both in terms of the Qur’an and the latest developments in physics, as a suggestion for scientific interpretation, shock wave, which is a type of sound waves, has been proposed as a possible example to the punishment by ṣayḥah.

Background and

Considering the importance of creating and using Network of Problems in defense organization, the purpose of this research is clarifying an inventive and process-oriented framework based on TRIZ knowledge for developing network of problems in supply chain and logistic section of defense organizations.

After a comprehensive literature review, a conceptual framework was developed using experts’ interviews. Then, using TRIZ and Logistics expert's recommendations, the presented framework was revised and finalized.

For applicability of the proposed framework, an example of defense logistic problem was analyzed using final proposed framework. Final Framework has 4 step that can be used for creating NoPs in defensive logistics.

Using the final proposed framework, creating network of problems is easy for defense logistics sector. The proposed framework is an inventive framework and it is presented in Persian language for the first time.Keywords: Network of Problems, Logistics, Define of Problem, Problem Solving.

Proving the miraculous nature of the Qur’an as one of the methods to believe in the Qur’an as a divine text has always attracted the attention of the researchers of the Qur’an; nevertheless, the published efforts on this subject are facing numerous methodological challenges. This research attempts to introduce a new and original method exempt from the challenges of the present methods by utilizing some of the techniques in mathematical sciences, logic and statistics. This scientific case-based method rates the effective parameters in the recognition of scientific miracle for one case. Accordingly, it will calculate the certainty of each case and proceeds to combine the ratings of various cases of scientific miracle to calculate the degree of certainty of the divine nature of the book based on those results. In combining the ratings, a threshold will be determined based on human belief behavior. An advantage of this method is that it is extra-religious, data driven, quantitative, applicable to all texts, and generalizable to the entire content.

Spatial pattern study of forest species could provide us important and useful information about relationship between species and also forest dynamic. Therefore, it could be an important tools for better management of forest resources. The objectives of this study were to determine special pattern of Tecomella undulata stands in Bushehr province and also, evaluation of different functions capability in T. undulata spatial pattern determination.

In the present study, two stands include Aliabad and Shahnia with 10 and 2 hectares, respectively, were selected in spring 2015 and 100 percent inventory was used. Then to determine the spatial distribution pattern of T. undulate, distance- azimuth method was used. Finally, Ripley's K, L, F, and G functions were used to evaluate T. undulate spatial distribution pattern.

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit test calculation indicated that T. undulata trees distribution in the both studied sites were significantly heterogeneous (P < 0.001). Ripley's K and L heterogeneous functions showed aggregated pattern of T. undulata trees in the study sites. But G function showed aggregated pattern in Aliabad up to 150 meter. While in Shahnia G function indicted different patterns in different distances.

In conclusion, four studied functions showed an aggregated but G function revealed more detail in determination of T. undulata spatial pattern. Such aggregated pattern in T. undulata stands could be because of dry condition and lack of moisture. Based on the results, to revival and afforestation of suitable sites, using aggregated pattern could be useful method to provide shadow and maintaining humidity in soil. That could result in more successful reestablishments of this valuable species.

The use of accurate and reliable navigation systems for determine the exact position and attitude of aerospace equipment is of great importance. Magnetometer is one of these types of sensors which is a low cost and reliable tool for determining exact position. The purpose of this study is based on use a magnetic field sensor to determine the position and estimate the orbit of a typical satellite. By using magnetometer measurements and an independent algorithm, the position of the device is first estimated. This is done by reading magnetometers and using models of the Earth's magnetic field. The use of the above technique is associated with errors that have been reduced by using the extended Kalman filter. The filter used overcomes the initial errors and provides the desired accuracy approximation for determining exact position of device. The results for a circular orbit will indicate the high accuracy of these estimates for low-altitude orbiting satellites.

Anthropocentricism in designs and specialties is one of the most significant domains in the industrial sectors all over the world. Some of the main scientific fields in this category are ergonomics, anthropometry, and biomechanics. Despite the history of more than two centuries of the emergence of these sciences in the world and the numerous studies conducted in these fields, no general study has been carried out or recorded until now to apply capacities of these vital sciences to the subject of Iranian aviation. The priority of determining the aircraft and the place of service of the pilots is based only on the scientific Grade Point Average (GPA) and at most the combination of scientific and practical GPA. Thus, in this study, for the first time, an attempt has been made to solve the problem of determining the priority of pilots for a selected aircraft by taking a combination of the aforementioned indicators and anthropometric factors in a real issue while eliminating the mentioned research gap. To achieve this goal, we first try to review the basics and background of research conducted in this area in the world, selected effective indicator, and then by examining the standards associated with the minimum and maximum acceptable status of these indicators have been recognized for a number of selected aircrafts.

Oil contaminated soil is a vital threat to the environment. The aim of the present research was to investigate the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), and heavy metals of nickel and vanadium reduction using Prosopis juliflora, under different treatments of biochar and compost in pots. One-year-old P. juliflora seedlings were planted in pots containing oil sludge. The pots included 1 and 2% of compost and biochar. Furthermore, two control treatments including with and without P. juliflora were used for the study. This study was conducted in the complete randomized plot sampling with three replications. After six months, soil samples were taken from the pots and transferred to the laboratory. Then, the concentration of TPH, nickel, and vanadium was determined. The results indicated that the least TPH belonged to the compost 2% treatment (10.63 ppm), which was significantly different compared with other studied treatments. The highest value belonged to the control treatment without P. juliflora (22.57 ppm). The highest value of vanadium belonged to the control treatment (69.50 mg/kg). Compost 2% had the least values of vanadium (47.66 mg/kg). Comparison between treatments showed no significant differences among compost 1% (117.17 mg/kg), compost 2% (118.00 mg/kg), and biochar 2% (116.67 mg/kg). The highest reduction of nickel was observed within the mentioned treatments. Therefore, using biochar and compost can improve the phytoremediation capacity of P. juliflora.

The issue of Iranian identity has always been one of the most challenging issues. Determining the common elements of Iranian identity is a matter of controversy, and the differences among different viewpoints will have consequences in practice. The present study has considered the issue of Iranian identity from an educational point of view. For this purpose, from among the various and multiple dimensions of Iranian identity, two important ones, namely language and religion, have been considered as pivotal. Explaining the views of Charles Taylor has provided us with a basis for analyzing the identity of Iranians and has led to indications in the field of education. Conceptual analysis and practical inference are used as research methods. Among the implications of this research are "diversifying education based on Iranian cultural and identity diversity", "convergent education based on the idea of recognition", and "deepening of social relations based on dialogue-oriented education”. Finally, based on the implications, some of the Iranian official documents in the field of formal education have been reviewed and evaluated.

In this study, two stands including Cupresss sempervirens L. var.horizontahis, Quercus brantii Lindl trees (with similarity in topographic condition) and one control area were selected in the Tang-e-Sulak forest of Bahmei. We collected 10 soil samples for each stands and the control area. Soils samples were collected in the depth of 0 to 20 cm under the crown of tree species. One-way analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple comparisons test were used to compare the variables of soil under Cupresss sempervirens L. and Q. brantii trees and the control area. The results show significant increase in soil bulk density and significant deacrease in nitrogen, organic material, EC and sand under Q. brantii trees comparing to Cupresss sempervirens. These two stands showed no significant difference in amounts of phosphorus, potassium, calcium carbonate, pH, clay and silt. Q. brantii stand compared to control area showed a significant increase in nitrogen, organic matter, phosphorus and potassium and a significant decrease in calcium carbonate, pH and clay. These tree species with littering caused changes in some physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and in general have had a positive effect on the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Therefore, their destruction will lead to a decrease in soil quality characteristics.

Poverty is still one of the main challenges facing humankind with a more rural nature in developing countries. The importance of addressing the issue of poverty and deprivation is to the extent that the United Nations considers its reduction as the first goal of Sustainable Development Goals. The approach of researchers and politicians to poverty has now shifted from one-dimensional to multi-dimensional. This means that poverty is no longer seen as a purely economic issue, instead, various dimensions including education, health, and welfare are now considered for poverty. Accordingly, recognition of poverty and coping with it requires a holistic and systematic understanding of it. The current study has attempted to go beyond the household level and study poverty (at county, province and country levels) by utilizing the concept of MPI while localizing its various indices with the aim of assisting policy-making and planning to reduce poverty. In this regard, the 2016 census data of 20000 rural households were used. According to the findings of this study, the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) of Iran is 0.349. Education, health, and living standards (welfare) had the highest contribution in MPI, respectively. The intensity and incidence of poverty among rural households are 0.558 and 0.628, respectively. Poverty in Iran is affected not only by economic and social factors but also by spatial and climatic factors. Consequently, given the extent and complexity of the relationships among the factors affecting and being affected by poverty, any planning and policymaking to alleviate poverty requires an intelligent holistic and systematic approach to poverty.

 Mangrove forests play an important role in carbon stock, but the amount of carbon stocks in mangrove ecosystems and also different mangrove species are different. Unfortunately, these ecosystems are at dangerous and valuable area of them have been destroyed recently. Furthermore, no attempt was done to estimate mangrove soil carbon stock in our country. Then, the objective of this study was to estimate A. marina soil carbon stock and compare it with the other mangrove forest in the world and also with other forest ecosystems of the country.

30 soil samples were taken from the depth of 0-20 and 20-50 cm, in summer 2015. Then the carbon stock of each horizon was determined. Furthermore, correlation between soil carbon stock and soil physiochemical properties were determined.  

In the present study, the average carbon stocks in 0-20 and 20-50 cm depth were 13.6 and 26.2 tons per hectare respectively. This means the carbon stock in A. marina soil values is 8756 dollars per hectare. Pearson correlation results revealed that soil carbon stock was significantly correlated with total soil nitrogen and electrical conductivity. While, there were no significant correlations between carbon stocks with the rest of studied parameters.

Finally, we can’t ignore the A. marina had high potential in soil carbon reservation and it can be affected by soil nitrogen and electrical conductivity. Higher soil carbon stock in subsoil compared to the topsoil can be related to the higher soil nitrogen of the subsoil.