مصطفی نصیرزاده

College students are more likely to eat fast foods, since university is a critical period for them regarding unhealthy lifestyles. This study aims to investigate the predictors of fast-food consumption in students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (RUMS) based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB).

 In this descriptive-analytical study, participants were 350 RUMS students selected by a stratified random sampling method from five faculties. After collecting the data and entering them into SPSS software, version 16, they were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and analytical tests, including Spearman’s correlation test, t-test, and linear regression analysis.

The mean age of the participants was 21.06±2.51 years (ranged 18-38 years). Fast-food consumption behavior had a positive significant correlation with the TPB constructs of positive behavioral intention, positive subjective norms, and positive attitude, and had a negative significant correlation with the knowledge level and the TPB domain of perceived behavioral control (P<0.05). These TPB constructs predicted 7% of the variance in fast-food consumption behavior and 12% of behavioral intention. The construct of positive subjective norms was the strongest predictor of fast-food consumption behavior (β=0.241) and behavioral intention (β=0.271).

The TPB construct of positive subjective norms is the strongest predictor of fast-food consumption behavior in RUMS students. It is recommended to develop educational interventions for reducing positive subjective norms of students regarding the consumption of fast foods to reduce their consumption rate.

Considering the importance and role of education in the diseases prevention, especially infections, this study was designed and implemented with the aim of determining the effect of an educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior on the incidence of urinary tract infections and its preventive behaviors in pregnant women in Rafsanjan.

The quasi -experimental study was conducted among 95 pregnant women in the first trimester in two groups (intervention 48 and control 47) by random cluster sampling method in 2021-22. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior and urine culture test in two stages. The training program was conducted virtually through the WhatsApp social channel for one month, twice a week. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 20 software and independent t, paired t, chi-square and covariance analysis at a significance level of 0.05.

Covariance analysis showed a significant difference between the mean score of knowledge, attitude and behavior of the two groups three months after the intervention (p<0.05). Three months after the implementation of the educational program, the result of the urine culture test of three pregnant women in the control group was positive, while in the intervention group, no positive cases were observed (p=0.038).

The educational program had a significant effect on the incidence of urinary tract infections in pregnant women. However, due to the lack of impact on the constructs of subjective norms and perceived behavioral control, it is suggested that one of the most important members of the family be involved in intervention programs in future interventions.

Evaluating knowledge and attitude towards healthy behaviors can help develop educational programs and identify the weakness of people in the field of health information in emergency situations. This study aims to determine the knowledge and attitude of students in Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (RUMS) regarding health measures in emergency situations.

This descriptive study was conducted on 425 students of RUMS who were selected using stratified quota sampling method in 2021. The data collection tool was a questionnaire adapted from the study by Vosoughi Nayyeri et al. (2013). After collecting the data, they were analyzed in SPSS software , vertion 18 using independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation test. The significance level was set at 0.05.

The mean scores of knowledge and attitude was 5.2±1.6 (out of 10) and 34.9±2.9 (out of 50), respectively. There was a significant correlation between students’ knowledge and age (r=0.114, P<0.01) and between their attitude and age (r=0.146, P<0.01) such that, with the increase of age, their knowledge and attitude increased.

The RUMS students’ knowledge and attitude about health measures in emergency situations are at a moderate level. To improve their knowledge and attitude, educational courses can be held in this regard.

Hypertension significantly increases the risk of heart, brain, kidney, and other diseases. This study aims to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) on the salt intake of people at risk of hypertension in Anar city, Rafsanjan.

The present semi-experimental study was conducted among 141 participants (intervention group=70, control group=71) with a random sampling method. Data were collected by a questionnaire based on TPB before and two months after the intervention, and the amount of daily salt intake was evaluated through a 24-hour urine test. The intervention program was held virtually in six training sessions. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 18 software using Chi-square, Independent t-test, and Paired t-test at significant level of 0.05.

After the implementation of the educational program, the independent t-test showed a significant difference between the mean score of the theory constructs of the two groups and the amount of salt intake (7.63 grams per day in the intervention group vs. 12.01 in the control group) (P<0.05). The highest change was in behavioral beliefs (+21.42) and the lowest change in perceived power structure (+1.87).

According to the results, the current educational program was effective in reducing the amount of salt intake. Therefore, it is suggested to provide educational programs in person with the active participation of other family members (significant others) with the aim of empowering the family to control and monitor the salt intake.

Teachers have a key role in reducing the complications of emergency events. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of primary school teachers in Rafsanjan regarding emergency events of diabetes and accidents in schools.

This descriptive research was conducted on 100 primary school teachers in Rafsanjan City by census method. Data were collected in three sections of demographic information, knowledge, and attitude and behavior assessment. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation test, independent two-sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA.

There was a significant relationship and a direct correlation between the score of attitude towards diabetes and age (r=0.240, p=0.016) and the level of education (p=0.013), and between the score of teachers’ attitude towards accidents and age (r=0.217, p=0.030) and their behavior and age (r=0.242, p=0.015).

Despite the desirability of teachers’ knowledge, attitudes, and behavior score, it is recommended that the retraining program be implemented with the aim of improving the knowledge, attitude, and practice of younger teachers.

The three main elements of the home, study environment, and mass media have a fundamental role in the tendency and attitude of adolescents and young people to pray. This study was conducted to determine students’ attitudes toward prayer, the causes of their tendency toward it, and its impact on various aspects of their lives.

This descriptive study was performed among 192 students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan City, Iran. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire through the press line system. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 18 using an independent t-test and One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of less than 0.05.

A total of 60.9% of students reported that they perform daily prayers. The Mean±SD score of students’ attitude about praying is 121.99±199.97 out of 165. A significant correlation was observed between the mean score of attitude and behavior. A significant relationship was also found between the mean score of students’ attitudes and the variables of father’s education, father’s and mother’s occupation (P<0.05). The students believed that prayer brings peace and vitality to the soul, order and discipline in life, good mood, family unity, and reduced anxiety and stress.

Considering the role and impact of family and university environment on students’ prayer and students’ beliefs on the impact of prayer on various life issues, paying attention to the results of this type of research to institutionalize prayer among students can be useful.

Implementation of health education programs is one of the necessary ways to prevent diabetes in teenagers. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of educational intervention on preventive behaviors of type 2 diabetes based on the health belief model.

This Quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2019 on 143 at-risk high school boys in Khash city (in the southwest of Iran) who were selected by cluster random sampling and were randomly assigned into two groups (70 students in the intervention group, 73 students in the control group). The data collection tool was a questionnaire of demographic characteristics, knowledge, model constructs, and disease prevention behaviors. The educational program was held in 7 one-hour sessions. The control group did not receive any intervention. The data were collected before the intervention, immediately, and three months after the intervention and were analyzed using chi-square test, independent t- test, and two-way repeated measures ANOVA.

The changes in the mean score of knowledge, model constructs, and behavior in the intervention group during three times (before training, immediately, and three months after training) were significant (p<0.001). The average behavior score of the intervention group in the pre-test stage was 17.36 out of 35, which increased to 22.96 immediately after the intervention and declined to 18.57 three months later, but this trend in the control group was decreasing over time.

Considering the effect of the program based on the health belief model in promoting diabetes prevention behaviors in students, it is recommended to design, implement, and evaluate a theory-based program with the aim of controlling and preventing diabetes in adolescents.

Considering the prevalence of emergency events in schools and the key role of teachers in preventing and controlling these events, the present study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of primary school teachers regarding emergency events related to epilepsy and asthma in Rafsanjan, Iran.

This descriptive study was conducted on 101 primary school teachers in 2019-2020 who were selected by census sampling method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire of knowledge, attitude and practice towards asthma and epilepsy and their subsequent emergencies. Data were analyzed in SPSS v.18 using Pearson correlation test, independent t-test and one-way ANOVA, considering the significance level at P<0.05.

Mean score of teachers’ knowledge, attitude and practice towards epilepsy were 77.9, 68.3, and 72.7 (out of 100), respectively; these scores towards asthma were 73.6, 81.5, and 71.6, respectively. There was a statistically significant correlation between the mean practice score of teachers in epilepsy with age (r= 0.221, P= 0.027) and level of education (F= 3.13, P= 0.029). Moreover, a significant relationship was observed between the mean knowledge score about asthma and educational level (F=2.85, P= 0.041), and between teachers’ practice in asthma and work experience (r = 0.303, P= 0.002).

The design and implementation of educational and retraining interventions regarding epilepsy and asthma for younger teachers with lower work experience is suggested.

COVID-19 is rapidly expanding around the world and is one of the most important health problems. The purpose of the study was to determine preventive behaviors from COVID-19 and its determinants based on some constructs of the Health Belief Model.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 2504 citizens of Rafsanjan in 2020 that were randomly selected by cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a behavior and Health Belief Model constructs (HBMs) researcher-made questionnaire based on the Internet. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by ten specialists, and its reliability was assessed by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS 18 by applying statistical tests such as Pearsonchr('39')s correlation coefficient, independent t-test, One-Way ANOVA, and linear regression.

The means score of knowledge, attitude, perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, and preventive behavior were 83.13±10.72, 81.17±8.55, 79.28±17.19, 74.47±14.65, 84.32±16.11, 69.27±14.31, and 87.35±11.16, respectively. There was a significant correlation between preventive behaviors with knowledge, attitude, and HBMs (p<0.001). The attitude was the strongest predictor for adopting preventive behaviors (B=0.446, p<0.001). In total, knowledge, attitude, and HBM constructs predicted 36.8% of the preventive behaviors for COVID-19.

There is a significant correlation between adopting preventive behaviors for COVID-19 with knowledge, attitude, and HBM constructs.

Social responsibility is critical to the success of organizations and is a key factor in any organizationchr('39')s survival. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the impact of the relationship between organizational health and social responsibility in administrative staff of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 

This research is a descriptive correlation study. The statistical population of this study consisted of all the administrative staff of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in the year 2018 that 139 persons were selected by censusmethod. Data collection tools included standard questionnaires of organizational health and social responsibility. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS-16 software using Pearson correlation, independent t-test and one-way ANOVA.

The findings show that in this organization social responsibility with average of 127/89 ±17/91 and organizational health with mean of 149/15 ± 23/36 are both at relatively high level and organizational health has a direct and significant correlation with social responsibility of employees (P= 0/01, r= 0/21).

The healthy atmosphere of an organization affects the attitude, performance and belief level of employees, which makes them more committed and responsible and ultimately leads to the growth and development of the organization. In the present study, organizational health has been one of the main determinants of the level of social responsibility of employees that changes in its level affect social responsibility. Therefore, the managers of the organization concerned with proper planning can promote the social responsibility of the employees and finally provide the performance of organizations.

One of the effective factors in causing chronic diseases is inactivity. Therefore, considering the importance of modifying adolescent girlschr('39') physical activity behavior and developing appropriate educational strategies and interventions in this field, this study aimed to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on social cognitive theory (SCT) on adolescent girlschr('39') physical activity.

A Quasi-experimental study was conducted among 246 female high schoolschr('39') Students (124=intervention group and 122=control group) in Rafsanjan (Southern Iran) by random cluster sampling in 2018-19. Demographics variables and valid and reliable questionnaire included the physical activity assessment of the last week and its effective factors based on SCT constructs collected in two stages. Educational interventions were applied in four sessions to students and two sessions to parents, teachers, and school officials. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 16.0, the Mann-Whitney U test, the Wilcoxon test, and the T-test.

After executing the educational program, there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the two groups in environmental factors (p=0.027), knowledge (p<0.001), family support (p=0.001), self-efficacy (p=0.001), and self-regulation (p=0.008), comparative between two groups the rates of daily and weekly physical activity increased (p=0.001).

The implementation of educational programs based on the SCT positively affects promoting physical activity in adolescents.

Adopting preventive behaviors of premenstrual syndrome as the key measure to prevent and control, i.e., affected by multiple characteristics. The current study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of female students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences about preventive behaviors of premenstrual syndrome using a health belief model, in 2021.

This cross-sectional study was conducted among 260 female students who were selected by a stratified sampling approach. The data collection tool was a questionnaire of demographic information, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of students based on the health belief model and preventive behaviors. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS using Pearson correlation, one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Independent Samples t-test, and multiple regression analysis at a significance level of 0.05.

There was a significant correlation between the mean score of behavior with attitude, benefits, self-efficacy, cues to action, and barriers (P=0.0001). Based on multiple regression analysis findings, performing physical activity per week and self-efficacy were the main predictors of preventive behaviors, respectively. Behavior-Correlated variables predicted the behavior adoption of 0.369.

Considering the correlation of variables with behavior, design, implementation, and evaluation of health education and promotion interventions using theories and models of behavior change are suggested.
 
Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Health Belief Model, Students, Premenstrual Syndrome

The World Health Organization (WHO) introduces appropriate physical inactivity among the 5 main causes of obesity and overweight. This study aimed to identify the determinants of physical activity among female students based on Social Cognitive Theory (SCT).

 A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 640 female junior high school students in Rafsanjan City, Iran. The study sample was selected by cluster random sampling approach. The data collection tool was a three-part questionnaire for demographic information, physical activity behavior assessment, and its determinants based on SCT. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS using the Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman correlation, and multivariate regression analysis at a significant level of 0.05.

The mean score of physical activity time was 79.28 (min/week) in the study participants. Except for environmental factors, the explore studentschr('39') level of physical activity presented a statistically significant relationship with other constructs of SCT, higher level of parental education, lower body mass index, and membership in sports teams. The multivariate regression analysis data suggested social reinforcement as the strongest predictor of physical activity (P=0.004, β=0.129).

The rate of physical activity of 95.8 female students was less than the WHO’s recommendation (60 minutes per day). Therefore, it is recommended to design, implement, and evaluate interventional programs at the social level.

Diagnosis of mental disorders and resilience of individuals during the epidemic of diseases is necessary for planning. The purpose of this study was to determine the resilience, stress, depression and anxiety of households in Anar city at the time of the outbreak of COVID-19 disease.

The present descriptive study was conducted among 453 households in Anar city (from Rafsanjan County). Data were gathered using questionnaires and in a web-based approach. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests, Tukey’s post hoc test and Spearman’s correlation coefficient.

The results showed that 251 (57.7%), 233 (51.4%) and 260 (57.3%) participants had levels of stress, anxiety and depression, respectively. The mean and standard deviation of resilience score was 37.55±19.18. There was a significant relationship between anxiety and level of education, job and age and also depression and job levels.

Due to the high prevalence of mental disorders and low resilience during the epidemic of the disease and its consequences, psychological interventions are recommended.

Globally tobacco use is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Starting to smoke during adolescence has its own risks.The aim of this study was to determine the status of tobacco use and its relationship with second-hand smoke, access and advertising in adolescents of Qom in 2019.

The present descriptive study was performed on 823 students in the first and second grades of secondary school in Qom. The data collection tool was the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) questionnaire in the form of self-report. Sampling was performed by multi-stage random clustering. Data were analyzed using chi-square test.

The prevalence of tobacco use was 22.1% (177 cases). The highest exposure to second-hand smoke was 52.9% (430 cases) for "exposure to second-hand smoke in public". Of all current tobacco users, 64.8% (35 cases) had access to tobacco through stores and shops. Overall, 34.3% (278 cases) of students were exposed to tobacco advertisements in tobacco shops and streets. The chi-square test showed a significant relationship between educational level, gender, amount of pocket money, exposure to second-hand smoke and advertisements with smoking (p<0.05).

Based on the results of the present study, it is recommended to implement policies and strategies to reduce second-hand smoke exposure, access and exposure to advertisements in adolescents.

Regular fruit and vegetable consumption is one of the most important and preventative indicators for the development of obesity, disorders, and diseases.The aim of this study was to identify the determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption based on social cognitive theory among first-grade high school female students.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 264 high school female students who were selected through multistage random sampling from school students in Rafsanjan. The data were collected through a demographic questionnaire, the seven-day fruit, and vegetable consumption frequency, and the fruit and vegetable consumption determinants questionnaire that was developed based on the constructs of cognitive social theory. Then were analyzed using SPSS-16 software through independent samples t-test, Pearson correlation, one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression analysis.

The average daily fruit and vegetable intakes in adolescent girls were 3.43 and 2.30 units per day, respectively. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that environmental factors and behavioral skills have a significant relationship with fruit consumption. Besides, vegetable consumption was found to have a significant relationship with behavioral skills and social reinforcement (P <0.05). In sum, the constructs of social cognitive theory explained 7.1% of the variances in fruit consumption and 9.8% of the variances in vegetable consumption.

The average daily fruit and vegetable intakes were less than the recommended level. It is recommended that further interventional studies be designed in order to explore environmental factors and behavioral skills based on the constructs of social cognitive theory.

Preventive behaviors are indispensable to the reduction of the prevalence and severity of the complications of Covid-19 disease. Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of the individual are the explanatory variables contributing to the adoption of these health behaviors. The present study aimed to assess the knowledge, perception, attitude, and some factors associated with the preventive behaviors of Covid-19 in Qom.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 2423 cases who were selected by cluster sampling method in Qom in 2020. Data were collected using an online researcher-made questionnaire. This 44-item questionnaire encompassed the domains of COVID-19 related knowledge (20 items), COVID-19 perceived threat (5 items), attitude (6 items), and preventive measures (13 items).

The mean scores of knowledge, attitude, perceived threat, and preventive behaviors were obtained at 94.5%, 93.05%, 76.92%, and 88.42%, respectively. Preventive behaviors were significantly correlated with knowledge and attitude, and attitude was the strongest predictor of behavior (B= 0.362; P<0.001).

The obtained results pointed to the high level of COVID-19-related knowledge, perception, and preventive behaviors among the residents of Qom.

The durability of physicians working in the family physician program is one of the most important factors in effective implementation of this program. This study aimed to investigate the individual, organizational, and environmental factors affecting the family physicians' durability in Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2019.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted using census method among family physicians active in Rafsanjan rural family physician program during 2013-2017. The data collection tool included a questionnaire designed by experienced experts in the field of family physician program that contained the participants' demographic characteristics as well as organizational and environmental factors. The questionnaire's validity and reliability were confirmed by cronbach's alpha of 0.86. The questionnaires were completed through interviews and the collected data were analyzed by SPSS 16 using Chi-square and logistic regression tests.

Based on the findings, 53 (84 %) physicians were female and 10 (16 %) were males. The average age of participants was 32.62 years and their average collaboration lasted about 36.83 months. The family physicians' durability was inversely associated with their interests in 'continuing education', 'being single', 'camping outdoor' and 'doing something else' (p < 0.05). The results of logistic regression showed the physicians' interest in continuing education as the most important factor in their lack of durability.

According to the results, consideration of personal factors, in comparison with other factors, has a great effect on the durability of family physicians.

Professional development of faculty members is one of the aspects of improving academic quality and an effective factor in improving the quality and empowerment of faculty members in educational system. The purpose of this study was to determine the needs of the faculty members of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences by applying agreement approach.

This descriptive study was conducted among 57 faculty members of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2018, using census method, with the aim of identifying needs in five areas: research, education, personal skills and competencies, information technology and evaluation, and management and executive needs. Needs assessment was conducted using the Delphi technique in three rounds. The results were reported as mean, standard deviation, median in separate tables and priority needs were determined in each area.

The most important needs in the five areas included getting to know writing articles in English, searching for electronic resources and databases, introducing new teaching methods in the classroom, principles and practices of learning, language courses such as speaking, familiarization with the translation technique, analysis methods and structural equations with LISREL and AMOS, softwares for analyzing qualitative research, communication skills and classroom management.

Accordingly, design, implementation and evaluation of educational programs is recommended by the Education Development Center and other related units of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.

Increasing physical activity, as a health issue, especially among girls, is one of the recommendations of the World Health Organization for the osteoporosis prevention. The present study  was designed and implemented with the aim of determining the causes of physical activity among students regarding osteoporosis based on health belief model (HBM). This descriptive study was conducted among 470 pre-university female students of Rafsanjan city by census method in 2017-18. The data collection tool was a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, knowledge about osteoporosis and 24 questions based on HBM constructs, and it also assessed 11 physical activity questions. The tool validity was based on experts' opinion and reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, independent t-test and Pearson's correlation test. The number of participants in this study was 470 students. The knowledge related to osteoporosis among students was undesirable (score 6 out of 15). 253 (53.8%) of students had moderate physical activity. There was a significant reverse correlation between the mean score of physical activity and perceived barriers (r=-0.1, p<0.001). But there was no significant relationship between physical activity and other structures and demographic characteristics (p> 0.05). Due to undesirable physical activity and knowledge of students, designing and implementing educational interventions are recommended. It is also necessary to identify other determinants affecting physical activity, such as enabling and reinforcing factors.

Breast cancer is considered to be one the most preventable types of cancer in women. In this regard, one of the most important self-care techniques for women is breast self-examination. The main objective of the present study was to determine the effect of educational intervention based on trans-theoretical model on the correct behavior of breast self-examination among health volunteers in Rafsanjan city, in 2017.

This semi-experimental study was performed on 92 health volunteers who were assigned to two intervention and control groups in Rafsanjan, Iran. The required data was collected through a valid and reliable questionnaire. After the pretest analysis and determination of the participants’ educational needs, the educational program was implemented in six sessions. The effect of the training program was evaluated immediately and eight weeks later. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 16; the significance level was considered 0.05.

Mean age of the volunteers was about 46 years. After the implementation of the educational program, there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of movement in the stages of change during three interval periods (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between mean scores of the two groups in all structures (except for perceived barriers) after the intervention (P<0.05).

The use of educational methods, such as demonstration, role-playing, and the use of Molding (Moulage), has had an impact on the empowerment of health volunteers as health promoters. Regarding the effectiveness of the educational intervention based on trans-theoretical model in performing the correct behavior of breast self-examination, it is recommended to use this model in other areas and topics.

Osteoporosis is a public health problem that affects millions of people worldwide and the growing risk of fracture increases. Increased physical activity is one of the recommendations of World Health Organization for prevention of osteoporosis. This study assesses the determinants of physical activity in prevention of osteoporosis among students, based on health belief model. Students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences participate in this descriptive-analytical study. The total number of participants in this study was 239 students who were studied with informed consent and voluntary. Instrument for data collection, was a valid and reliable questionnaire (including 9 demographic characteristics questions, 24 questions in health belief model constructs and the 13 question measured the physical activity. Data were analyzed SPSS version 18 Pearson correlation, t-test, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. Mean degree of physical activity was 223.59±226.41 minutes per week. Between mean degree of physical activity and perceived susceptibility to osteoporosis and perceived barriers of physical activity, there was a significant relationship (P<0.05). In this study there was no significant relationship between physical activity and other constructs of HBM (P>0.05). According to multiple regression analysis, perceived barriers was the strongest predictor for physical activity (Beta=0.032, P<0.001). Based on results of this study, it seems that there are some other factors that contribute to student's physical activity; we recommend future studies with a holistic view to identify other determinants of physical activity.

drug abuse considered as a social phenomenon at present and health problems. Increasing rate of dependence drugs can be investigated in relationships among family and person. The present study was performed with aim to determine influence of family function about youth dependence synthetic drugs based on Mc Master Model of Family Function. This research was a Cross sectional study that performed among two groups youth of Esfahan city include; 183 dependent and 207 nondependent drugs. Data collections were; fourteen demographic questions and Family Assessment Device (FAD) standard questionnaire. Data were analyzed by spss-18 with descriptive and analytic statistics such as ANOVA and independent t-test. All domains of family functioning in dependent communication, roles, affective; group includedresponsiveness, affective involvement, behavior control and general functioning was more inappropriate significantly. In dependent group, inappropriate foundations of life, low level of their education and parents, lower living standards, father and brother addicted and high the prevalence of drug useamong friends were significantly more than nondependent group. Highest substance abused in depends group was methamphetamine. Family functioning in the two groups was different. So we can suggest Family functioning had role in young people tendency to synthetic drugs.

Hepatitis B is one of the world's health problems and increased the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis. Medical students exposed to risk Because of future job, and being infected than the general population. This study will Survey level of knowledge, risk perception and behavioral intention medical students about hepatitis B. This is a descriptive - analytical study and populations are students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Sampling was randomly and sample size according to the formula: n= Z2 * S2/D2 were at least 385 people. Data were collected by questionnaire and were analyzed by using SPSS 18 software and statistical tests of Pearson, Spearman, t and ANOVA. 457 students (41.8% male and 58.2% female) in 29 fields of study participated in the study. Mean and standard deviation of student's awareness (5.56 ± 2.1), public risk perception (21.8 ± 3.12), perceived personal risk (7.25 ± 2), and behavioral intention of students (14.99 ± 3.28) is. Between risk perception and behavioral intention with gender, Knowledge and risk perception with age, Knowledge, risk perception and behavioral intention with student's education level was significantly related (P <0.05). According to the high risk of medical students, seems that necessary to study barriers and causes of low behavioral intention and Also implement educational interventions.