معصومه باقری

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes one of the most dangerous infections in birds. High economic losses and high mortality are outcomes of this virus, which does not have any immediate cure. The natural reservoir of this virus can remain among bird and non-bird animals like farm animals. In Iran, this virus has reached a steady situation. Also, it should be mentioned that migrating birds can transfer the virus. The F protein of the virus is essential in pathogenicity and determination of pathogenic strain of NDVs, which has the regions that are essential in pathogenicity, immunogenicity, cell fusibility, and tissue necrosis. In this study, with computational analysis of this protein, some features related to this protein such as protein cleavage site, the conserved region in immunogenicity, infected species in Middle Eastern countries, and physicochemical properties of protein were determined. Results showed that the F protein of NDV consists of highly conserved regions that show a high rate of similarity and identity. Despite the majority of strains characterized as pathogenic, there were still non-pathogenic strains circulating in the Middle East. In this comprehensive study, protein regions essential in immunogenicity and epitope formation were identified, which may be used in the development of recombinant vaccines against this virus.

Today, one of the emerging and expanding social issues in the big cities of Iran is the phenomenon of littering, which has faced various challenges in urban life. These challenges have severely affected people's lives, family foundations and urban management. The purpose of the upcoming research is to investigate the formation process of waste collection in the city of Ahvaz. In order to achieve this goal, an in-depth interview was conducted with 22 waste collectors in Ahvaz city using grounded theory method and targeted sampling method with theoretical sampling strategy. The findings include 12 subcategories. housing challenges, family livelihood crisis, pressure from friends and inflammatory environment, lack of sufficient and stable institutional support, cultural poverty intensifying livelihood poverty, emotional tensions within the family, the basis for the formation of a self-governing livelihood strategy, the struggle for the survival of the family livelihood, physical consequences, spiritual, environmental, social and security, 5 main categories; Economic desperation, structural pressure, tension-causing cultural background, adopting a self-governing livelihood strategy and numerous consequences of the phenomenon of littering and a main category under the title of the phenomenon of littering as a generator of social tension. The results of the research show that the process of forming the phenomenon of littering starts from family economic and cultural backgrounds and is intensified by structural pressures. In such a situation, the garbage collectors adopt a self-managed livelihood strategy that they work in garbage collection as individuals, groups or families. They reduce the concept of scavenging to an accessible independent occupation, and the consequences of such an act are physical, psychological, environmental.

Honor killing is one of the most complex and controversial social issues in many societies, shaped by specific cultural and temporal conditions. Awareness of this social issue is of great importance, as it can lead to improved human relations between men and women and the replacement of peaceful coexistence with violence. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a sociological analysis of attitudes towards honor killings and examine the factors influencing these attitudes among men in Ahvaz.

This research adopts a descriptive-correlational approach and was conducted as a survey. Data were collected using a questionnaire technique. The statistical population includes all men residing in Ahvaz in the year 1401 (2022-2023), from which a sample of 384 individuals was selected. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, mean difference, and regression tests.

The findings indicate that attitudes towards honor killings among men in Ahvaz are at a moderately high level. A significant, direct, and inverse relationship was observed between the variables of social health and social acceptance and attitudes towards honor killings. Additionally, there is a direct and positive relationship between structural pressure, acceptance of patriarchal beliefs, and age with attitudes towards honor killings. Furthermore, significant differences were found in attitudes towards honor killings between Arab and Bakhtiari ethnicities. Regression analysis shows that these variables explain 41.5% of the changes in the dependent variable.

Attitudes towards honor are an active and acquired process shaped within the context of society and culture, leading to specific behaviors. This attitude is like a seed planted in the minds of adolescents and young people, which grows as the individual matures. Therefore, it is essential to pay attention to the factors that reinforce this attitude.

In many countries, including America, Canada, South Africa, Brazil, Colombia, and certain European nations, firearm-related injuries are a significant contributor to the overall number of deaths (Dahlberg, 2004). The majority of these incidents occur in countries where civilian firearm possession is unrestricted (Singh, 2005). According to a report from the United Nations, South Africa has the second highest rate of firearm-related deaths globally (Sanaei, 2004). In contrast, Iran has relatively few reported firearm injuries with the most recent official statistics from 2014 indicating over one million illegal firearms and a similar number of authorized firearms in circulation.

This study employed an interpretive approach to explore and elucidate participants' experiences and interpretations of firearm use by using qualitative methods. Specifically, the foundational data theory method was utilized among various qualitative research methods to conduct and present the research. Criterion sampling was employed to select all cases that met specific researcher-defined criteria. The participants included senior experts from the police deputy of the governorate, social deputy of the governorate, senior experts of the governorate, individuals arrested in this field, senior experts of the police force, academic experts, and citizens of Khuzestan Province (Ahvaz, Abadan, Izeh, and Shadgan cities). In-depth interviews were the primary technique used for data collection. Data analysis followed the systematic approach of contextual theory, employing open, axial, and selective coding methods. Common validation techniques were utilized to ensure the scientific rigor and trustworthiness of the research.

The data analysis revealed various factors within the research model. Causal conditions encompassed the quality and lack of official supervision, civil disobedience, symbolic function of weapons, feelings of deprivation and discrimination, demonstrative use of weapons, tribal power dynamics, strategic planning weaknesses, and anomic conditions. Additionally, tribal prejudice, identity reevaluation, identity-driven use of weapons, and background conditions (economic determinants), such as poverty, unemployment, perceived economic pressure, economic-social base of users, easy access to weapons, and generation of income through unauthorized weapon sales were identified. The intervening conditions (cultural determinants) included the influence of nomadic culture, patriarchal cultural stagnation, weapons as symbols of nobility and leadership honor, low cultural capital of users, delayed ethnic customs and traditions, lack of family socialization, inactive cultural organizations, lack of free time, ethnic reference groups, belief in honoring local traditions, and value of using weapons. The proposed strategies involved the necessity of enacting laws, regulating licensed weapons, continuous monitoring of weapon licenses, citizen-centered monitoring, developing cultural strategies to replace weapons, enhancing the efficiency of laws in local conflict resolution, and utilizing local trustees' capacity. The participants highlighted the significant consequences, including heightened insecurity, negative evaluation of local governance performance by citizens, and reduced sense of belonging, all revolving around the core category of "unbalanced reproduction of ethnic traditions."

Awareness of the poverty situation in a society will be the first step in the planning process to combat poverty and deprivation and to review the results of previous programs and policies and possibly revise them. This study aims to provide a model to explain poverty in semi-urban areas of Khuzestan province. The method used in this research is data foundation theory. The participants of the present study are 24 poverty-related stakeholders who either live in the study areas or have work experience and administrative activities and interaction with these areas. Semi-structured interview technique was used to collect data and purposive sampling was used to select cases. After coding, ten main categories of data emerged, each of which was completely analyzed based on the text of the interviews. The emerging paradigm includes three dimensions of conditions, actions-interactions and consequences, which based on the results of research in the dimension of conditions including (lack of social capacity building, challenges of attracting investors, lack of accountability and transparency in the performance of public institutions in decision optimization). Implemented grievances and strategies, injustice in the distribution the dimension of action-interaction (Allocation of government facilities to real bority) Humanity and security of people Erosion of quality of life, crisis of knowledge aced and irregular development between regions - ruralization at the origin) formed .

Lifestyle is a coherent set of behaviors that is manifested in the form of consumption. During the last four decades, the lifestyle has undergone fundamental changes. The aim of the current research is to study the ethnographic changes in lifestyle (clothing and food) in the process of urban development in Izeh. The research methodology is based on interpretative paradigm. In this regard, in order to answer the research questions and objectives, the ethnographic method was chosen. In this regard, 23 informants who were selected by purposeful sampling were included in the study. The obtained data were analyzed through Grounded analysis and concepts, sub-categories and main categories were extracted. The findings of the research show that the spontaneous settlement of the nomads and the change of the natural ecosystem to the man-made ecosystem has brought about a change in the lifestyle of the residents in the study area. The change in the ecosystem gradually changed the arrangements for preparing food and the type of clothing, and urbanization as a man-made ecosystem has replaced the behavioral patterns of "individualism" and "consumerism" with the behavioral patterns of "collectivism" and "productivity". Qapu board of nomadic, the implementation of the provisions of the White Revolution, including land reforms, the sending of the Knowledge Corps to rural areas and the nationalization of forests and pastures led to the intensification of rural migrations, the increase of the city population and, consequently, the changes in lifestyle in the studied area.

The aim of the present study was to investigate ethnic subcultures (Arab and Bakhtiari) and the norms and popular beliefs that facilitate drug use in Khuzestan province.

The present research employed ethnography as the research method. The research statistical population consisted of experts and Bakhtiari and Arab families residing in the province. Thirty individuals from Bakhtiari and Arab families living in the province, along with ten experts, were selected using snowball sampling and the data saturation technique for the study. Data collection was conducted through in-depth semi-structured interviews, and data analysis was performed using thematic analysis method.

In this study, the driving forces behind substance use (local customs and traditions) and the enabling factors that support substance use (the normalization of substance use) were identified.

Family and school contexts significantly contribute to the onset and persistence of high-risk substance use behavior. It seems that therapists, researchers, and counselors can use the findings of the current research to reduce and prevent high-risk substance use behaviors.

Nowadays, poverty is one of the most important issues in human societies. The prevalence of poverty in society challenges the development process in economic, social, cultural, etc. dimensions.. Poverty in urban areas, like other phenomena, is affected by various factors. In this study, using the qualitative method and Grounded Theory Strategy, the roots and consequences of poverty in urban areas of Khuzestan province (Ahvaz and Abadan) have been investigated. The participants of the present study were 46 key people including university experts, senior experts of executive bodies (provincial experts, experts of Ahwaz Facilitation Office, social experts of Ahwaz and Abadan governorates), individuals and families living in urban areas of Ahwaz and Abadan. The present study used interview technique to collect data and purposive sampling method to select cases. The interview continued until the theoretical saturation stage was reached. Findings showed that categories such as weak work culture and the normalization of poverty, unemployment and economic stagnation, poor support for the marginalized, weak psychological capital, lack of empowerment of marginalized people, lack of meritocracy, Asymmetric distribution of resources and feelings of discrimination and inequality, inefficiency in urban management, economic and administrative corruption, the weak demand culture of the people and the weakness of adopting a scientific approach in policy-making have all contributed to poverty. According to the results of the research, the outburst of the feeling of being deprived of capabilities was revealed as a central category from the text of the interviews.According to the findings of the research, it can be said that paying attention to strategies such as 1. Promoting work culture in the society, 2. Investing in acute and critical areas and supporting investors, 3. Paying attention to skill training in poor areas, etccan play an important role in combating poverty.

Today, in the university system, knowledge sharing plays a key role in realizing organizational goals, especially knowledge creation and university entrepreneurship. Knowledge sharing behavior among academic activists is facilitated by effective training and dynamic socialization. The main purpose of the current research is to study the effect of the academic socialization process on knowledge sharing among graduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The research method is a survey and in order to collect information from the technique the questionnaire was used. The statistical population of the research includes 6114 graduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, from which 362 people were selected using Cochran's formula with a simple random sampling method. The results of the research analysis show: The average of knowledge sharing among graduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz is 42.29 and it is moderate to low, also, a significant relationship was observed between the variable of academic socialization and its dimensions with knowledge sharing. The results of the regression analysis showed that the variables of academic encouragement, student-teacher interaction and scientific participation explain 48% of the changes in the dependent variable. By comparing the beta coefficients, it can be said that the dimension of scientific encouragement of academic socialization with a beta coefficient of 0.388 has the greatest effect and the dimension of student-to-student interaction with a beta coefficient of  0.106 has the least effect on knowledge sharing.

armed crimes, more than other crimes; It causes disorder and the loss of the feeling of social security in the society; The cause of this issue should be sought in the fact that human lives are under the influence of armed crime and the creation of a widespread sense of insecurity in social life. This study aims to qualitatively investigate the phenomenon of armed robberies in Khuzestan province, in order to provide a clear understanding of the reasons for its spread.

This research was conducted using a qualitative method and a grounded theory approach. Sampling; It has been done purposefully and in the form of theoretical sampling. data collection method; in the form of in-depth semi-structured interviews with 30 people; It includes two ranges of armed robbers as well as police officers related to the phenomenon of armed robbery in Khuzestan province.

The findings consist of 38 conceptual codes and 11 main categories including: socio-economic challenge and structural deprivation as causal conditions; Marginalization, geographical location, and weather conditions are categorized as background conditions, illegitimate opportunities, criminal subculture, institutional dysfunction, social learning, and lack of supervision and control as intervening conditions and loosening of social bonds as consequences.

The main and central phenomenon of the research according to the formed categories; It is named as "armed robbery product of failure of status". Thus, the failure of dignity at different social levels has been identified as the most important factor in the formation of armed robberies in Khuzestan province, which is placed at a more abstract level than other categories.

From Qajar until now, the conflict between tradition and modernity became an insoluble equation for the country. The Fardidiyeh movement has a Heideggerian approach and its prominence is a radical opposition to modernity. The purpose of this work is to know why the Faridiyeh movement opposes modernity. Using the method of discourse analysis, the investigation showed: In the discourse of modernity, material ontology and the rationality of the subsistence mentality were opposed to the existential ontology and the rationality of the resurrectionist. In modernity, the central sign of humanism and signs such as scientism, technology, capitalism, individualism, freedom, liberalism, Protestantism, human rights, secularism and democracy found meaning with it. The central signifier of Fardidiyeh's discourse was the conscious and obligated human heart. Signs of sacred science, denial of technology (manifestation of human soul authority), denial of capitalism (manifestation of human selfishness), denial of secularism (loss of the concept of God and deification of man), Quranic wisdom, freedom of soul, Islamic human rights and God's rule, were detailed. And made a difference. In the political theory of modernity, the demand for maximum welfare and freedom for man, but the Fardidiyeh trend denied any tolerance and tolerance towards the subject itself, the foundation.

The present study was conducted with the aim of qualitatively studying the contexts of domestic violence in the experience of women in Khuzestan province. Among the qualitative research methods, the interpretive phenomenology method has been used to investigate the experience of violence. 18 participants were selected through purposive sampling and criterion sampling strategy. A semi-structured interview was used to collect the data, and the Claizian method was used to analyze the data obtained from the phenomenological interviews. The main themes are "weak social support, power dynamics as a builder of romantic relationships, allocation of unaccounted credit to men, masculinity's zeal and honor, use of ineffective strategies, traditional femininity as a cultural-social structure, giving identity to male violence-causing behavior, feelings of desperation and helplessness, resilience and adaptive strategy, lack of strict laws, female poverty and power imbalance" which can be finally attributed to three "structural, intellectual and interactive" contexts. The results of this study show that violence occurs for two reasons: hermeneutic injustice and the lack of collective interpretation resources, and it is created under the influence of the structure and ideology that governs the society, the social ties of the person with the people around him, and the rewards and punishments that the person receives during his actions. Eventually this strong tension will lead to the elastic band strategy, which implies a long-term process of moving between actively resisting violence and giving in and staying in the position for a longer time, before possibly finally leaving the relationship.

Identifying the values and beliefs of spouses about married life and interpersonal relationships plays an important role in revealing the backgrounds of the instability of married life. The aim  of this study was to analyze the facilitators of marital instability and its consequences in Ilam city. This qualitative research was carried out in the framework of grounded theory and in order to identify and understand the causal processes of the formation of marital instability from the point of view of experts (including university experts, dispute resolution council experts and family court judges) in Ilam city. has taken. In this study, 20 participants were selected by theoretical and purposive sampling methods. The desired data were collected and analyzed based on in-depth interviews. The emerging model includes three dimensions of conditions, actions-interactions, and consequences. The "Conditions" dimension includes superficial knowledge, moral and behavioral deviation, the coercive approach of couples, weak problem-solving skills, and spouses' disharmony" dimension of "action-interactions" includes the role of silence and tolerance, feelings of inferiority and confrontation, violence and revenge and tendency to Divorce, the "consequences" dimension, includes intensification of feelings of inferiority and frustration, transformation and inefficiency of family values, identity crisis, and moral insecurity. Therefore, it has been proposed to establish and strengthen cultural centers, improve patterns of marital skills, and strengthen the monitoring and treatment of counseling centers to reduce marital instability.

The main purpose of this study is a qualitative study of women's lived experiences of social norms and early marriage in Khuzestan province. The participants of the present study are 24 women who had early marriages in different parts of Khuzestan province. In this research, snowball sampling method has been used to select the items. Their experiences were collected and rewritten through in-depth semi-structured interviews and sentences and phrases were analyzed using the Colaizzi method. In this study, after extracting important sentences and words from the text of the interviews, 452 initial codes were extracted, which were placed in 14 main axes according to the purpose and question of the research. Also, to confirm and validate the findings, the method of reviewing and monitoring the participants, the researcher's self-review in the process of collecting and analyzing data and recording all their mental assumptions beforehand and not considering them in the process of analyzing, reviewing and re-coding interviews were used by two other researchers. . The findings of the study indicate that the lived experience of women was revealed in fourteen themes.

This study examines the study of religiosity with environmental responsibility in the Islamic Republic of Iran using a meta-analysis approach. To investigate the relationship between religiosity and environmental responsibility, theories of Weber, Benson, and White, as well as the mentioned verses and hadiths, have been used. The statistical population of the study included master's, and doctoral dissertations and articles related to religiosity and Environmental responsibility. A total of 17 studies were included in the meta-analysis process using purposive non-random sampling. The effect size coefficient was evaluated using CMA2 software. The results show that the effect size of religiosity studies with Environmental responsibility is equal to 0.301, which is interpreted as moderate according to Cohen's criterion. The results of the study also show that since the time of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the relationship between religiosity and Environmental responsibility is increasing and this shows that religiosity is one of the most important variables related to Environmental responsibility in It is the Islamic Republic of Iran and shows the importance of religiosity in the occurrence of environmental protection behaviors among members of society. Also, the results of this study have shown religiosity among the researchers that have been done in the cities of the country in comparison with the research that has been done in the centers of the provinces or the city of Tehran. Has shown a greater relationship with Environmental responsibility, which shows that the variable of the geographical location of the research as a modifier variable is effective in this regard.

The Dichotomous Thinking in Eating Disorders Scale (DTEDS) is a short, self- assessment of the presence of a rigid, “black-and-white” cognitive thinking style. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of Dichotomous Thinking in eating disorders in Iran.

For this purpose, a sample of 362 women with nutritional problems referring to health centers, nutrition clinics, and beauty institutes of Shiraz (2019-2020) were selected by convenience sampling method and Eating Attitudes Scale. In this descriptive and cross-sectional study, participants responded to the Persian version of Dichotomous Thinking Eating Disorders and Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scales. Finally, based on the data collected, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, convergent and divergent validity were employed to determine the construct validity. Moreover, the reliability of the questionnaire was assessed via internal consistency (Cronbach alpha).

factor analysis supported the original two-factor model of the questionnaire, and fit indices indicated a good model fit. The questionnaire's convergent and divergent validity and internal consistency were also adequate. For two factors, Cronbach’s alpha ranges from 0.74 to 0.88, suggesting satisfactory reliability of the Persian version of the DTEDS.

The Persian version of the DTEDS has adequate validity and reliability in Iranian society and is a good self-report for research and clinical settings.

Since the outbreak of the coronavirus worldwide, the education system has faced many challenges and problems So today, online education has replaced to face-to-face education in other schools and educational and scientific centers education in the context of Shad network is continuing in lorestan province as in other urban and rural areas of Iran In order to study the experiences of virtual education stakeholders, this study seeks to understand the experiences of teachers and students about virtual education in Shad Network.The method used in this research is grounded theory, 2015 version of Corbin and Strauss, as one of the main qualitative research methods. The data of this study were collected through in-depth interviews and purposive-theoretical sampling method with 22 stakeholders related to this phenomenon and to analyze the data from five methods of open coding and concept recognition, concept development in terms of dimensions and features,The emerging paradigm includes three dimensions In terms of conditions (school closures by the outbreak of the virus, compulsory online education, neglect of the education online method in the teacher training curriculum, the challenge of educators to record audio and video at home, gap in parental knowledge and the content of student books) and in The action-interaction dimension (family challenge in providing figurative equipment, the challenge of financing Internet packages, students' continuous escape from the shad network to other social networks) and the consequences dimension (low learning, changing the quality of student-teacher interaction in the online classroom ) Are formed.

Iran is a multi-ethnic country and this has made paying attention to ethnic issues always one of the concerns of policy-makers and officials. Paying attention to the issue of race and ethnicity can be considered in different frameworks. Some experts see ethnic diversity as a threat and some see it as an opportunity and hence, the convergence of ethnic groups. Iran is a country that includes many ethnic groups with very different sub-cultures. On the one hand, it has created a very rich cultural context and on the other hand, it has created disputes and conflicts among different ethnic groups in some cases. Integration is effective in providing national unity and ethnic integration can be strengthened by policy. Considering that a large population of Ahvaz City consists of the two ethnic groups of Arabs and Bakhtiaris and that no independent research has been done to investigate inter-ethnic integration in this city so far, it was necessary to conduct a research and investigate this issue among the mentioned groups living in this city. The present study was carried out to investigate the factors affecting inter-ethnic integration in the city of Ahvaz. In this research, the variables of cultural capital, legalism, sense of social belonging, social trust, ethnocentrism, and the amount of using mass media were used as the independent variables. Then, the following question was raised: To what extent could these variables have an effect on inter-ethnic convergence in Ahvaz City?

This research was based on a survey method and the data collection tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population included people over 16 years of age from both Bakhtiari and Arab tribes living in Ahvaz City. The sample size was determined to be 384 people based on the Cochran formula. A standard questionnaire was used to collect the data. The structural equation modeling was utilized for confirming the validity and reliability of the research variables. The results of the measurement model showed that the indicators had favorable levels of validity and reliability. 

The findings of this study indicated the significant effects of the research variables on the level of inter-ethnic convergence among the respondents. According to the results, the influences of the variables of cultural capital, legalism, amount of using mass media, social trust, sense of social belonging, and ethnocentrism had the values of 0.327, 0.312, 0.256, 0.185, 0.114, and -0.187, respectively. According to these significant figures, it could be concluded that the research hypotheses were confirmed in the structural model. Therefore, the effects of the mentioned variables on the inter-ethnic integration stated by the respondents were corroborated. The results of the structural equation modeling also revealed the effects of the variables of cultural capital, legalism, amount of using mass media, social trust, sense of social belonging, and ethnocentrism on the variable of inter-ethnic convergence, respectively. In addition, the research variables were able to explain 44.2% of changes in the variable of inter-ethnic convergence.Finally, the results of the research demonstrated that the level of this convergence could be enhanced by increasing the levels of social trust, sense of social belonging, cultural capital, tendency towards legalism, and amount of using mass media and decreasing the level of ethnocentrism among the respondents.

This article aims to investigate the predictors affecting intergenerational social mobility among women in Dehloran city. The method of this research is a survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study includes all women in Dehloran city. The samples included 373 women who were selected using Cochran's formula. In terms of time, this research was conducted in 2019-2020. Research instruments include the standard scale of social capital by Goshal and Nahapiet (1998), Lotfi's Destiny Scale (2008), Hezar Jaribi's Social Justice Scale (2011), Foroutan's Gender Stereotypes Scale (2016) and a researcher-made questionnaire to measure the intergenerational social mobility and media consumption. The validity and reliability indices of the model measurement section show that the model has a desirable goodness of fit. The results of structural equation modelling have also confirmed the effect of the variables of social capital, media consumption, destiny, gender stereotypes and the sense of social justice on the intergenerational social mobility of women. The results of the study indicate that the media consumption variable has the greatest impact on intergenerational social mobility, then, variables of destiny, gender stereotypes, sense of social justice and social capital are ranked. Also, research variables were able to explain 30.9% of the intergenerational social mobility changes.

This study examines the studies of religiosity with happiness in the Islamic Republic of Iran using a meta-analysis approach. The statistical population of the study included master's theses, doctoral dissertations and articles related to religiosity and happiness. A total of 39 studies entered the meta-analysis process using purposive non-random sampling as a sample. The effect size coefficient was evaluated using CMA2 software. The results show that the magnitude of the effect of religiosity studies with happiness is equal to 0.410, which is interpreted as moderate but up according to Cohen's criterion. The results of the study also show that as the time of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the relationship between religiosity and happiness is increasing and this shows that religiosity is one of the most important variables related to happiness in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The results also showed that the relationship between all dimensions of religiosity and happiness is significant, while the doctrinal and ritual dimension of religiosity has the most relationship with happiness, but the consequential and experimental dimensions have a low relationship with happiness. Therefore, considering the social conditions of Iranian society and studies conducted in this field, happiness as a social phenomenon is affected by various factors, including the religiosity of citizens, so this factor in interaction with other factors in society affects the happiness of citizens. Research has shown that citizens who believe in and practice religious issues are happier than others.

This article examines the relationship between the two concepts of narcissism and Instagram and examines the role of social networks in creating or increasing the pre-existing narcissism of people. In addition to examining Christopher Lash's opinions about modern society and narcissists of our time and era, we measured the relationship between Instagram and narcissism by borrowing from Sigmund Freud's theories, which proposed two types of primary and secondary narcissism, as well as Irving Goffman's "performance society" theory. Meanwhile, Baudrillard's theories have been another useful theory in advancing this research. Based on the results and theories used in this research, it was found that a huge part of a person's attention in life matters is to create a positive feedback of himself for others. Narcissistic tendencies are present in almost all people, and the fact that such traits are more palpable today comes from the fact that social media, especially Instagram, has become one of the most common and widespread programs, and the features of these media are the possibility of appearing and It has enabled the emergence of phenomena such as narcissism

The current research was conducted with the objective of qualitative analysis of the role of empowering women in controlling social harms with grounded theory method in order to provide an effective local model. The population studied in the current research is the women of Borujerd city, and 30 people were selected as a sample through purposeful sampling until theoretical saturation. The method of data collection, in-depth interview, and the method of data analysis was grounded theory. The results of the research showed that, as a result of "sustainable empowerment", women have adopted the "situation control" strategy, which is influenced by two groups of factors including contextual conditions (individual contextual variables, paternal family contextual variables , socio-economic base and physical disability) and intervening conditions (psychological characteristics of the individual, support of the family institution, interaction with the capable model, their structures and interactions, multi-dimensional, long-term, research-oriented policy making and justice-oriented in the field of women and the unity of responsible organizations) and the consequences of adopting the aforementioned strategy including controlling social harms at three macro levels (research and theorizing, design and law-making), middle level (education and culture) creation, implementation and operationalization, evaluation and modification) and micro level (self-other care and safety and self-empowerment and other-empowerment).

Today, using fungi as source of bioactive compounds such as proteins for biosynthesis of different types of nanoparticles is being developed. In this study the characteristics of the biosynthesized zirconia nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were compared. Extracellular biosynthesis of ZrO2 NPs was carried out by adding 1 mM of K2ZrF6 to S. cerevisiae and C. gloeosporioides culture medium separately. Nanoparticle biosynthesis was confirmed by visual observation of color and transparency changes in the culture medium, UV-Vis spectrophotometry and XRD. FTIR results demonstrated the effects of some possible secretory compounds of the fungi such as protein, phenol and alcohol in the biosynthesis and stability process of the biosynthesized ZrO2 NPs. The results of elemental analysis (EDAX) confirmed the biosynthesis of zirconia nanoparticles as well as the presence of some elements in organic compounds participating in the biosynthetic process. The effect of time on the biosynthesis of the nanoparticles was also investigated. The color and transparency changes of the culture media, peak formation at less than 300 nm in spectrophotometry confirmed the extracellular biosynthesis of ZrO2 NPs and also XRD results confirmed the crystalline nature of the biosynthesized ZrO2 NPs based on their crystallite size. The FESEM results showed that the most of the nanoparticles were amorphous and some were monoclinic in shape with sizes (19.49 and 35.60 nm) for C. gloeosporioides and (45.81 and 74.07 nm) for S. cerevisiae. The monoclinic structure of the biosynthesized nanoparticles was confirmed by UV, FTIR and XRD results.