منیره رضایی

Obesity and overweight in addition to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, greatly effects reproductive health as well. Although the positive effects of exercise on weight control and minimizing cardiovascular risk factors has been proven, the effects may vary depending on the type and intensity of the exercise. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of 6 weeks of aerobic, resistance and combined training on the serum leptin levels and cardiovascular risk factors in inactive obese girls.

Twenty-eight obese inactive girl volunteers of age between 20-27 years old participated in this study. The subjects were randomly placed into one of four groups (aerobic, resistant, combined and control). Serum levels of leptin, body mass index, body fat percentage, lipid profile and WHR were measured at baseline and after exercise training. Training program lasted for six weeks and it was carried out 3 times per week. Data analysis was performed using one-way analysis at a (P < 0.05).

After 6 weeks of exercise training, serum levels of leptin in all three groups decreased significantly compared to the control group
(P < 0.001). Also, six weeks of aerobic, resistance and combined training significantly reduced body fat percentage, body mass index, cholesterol and triglycerides (P < 0.001). In comparison between the groups, combined exercises had a more favorable effect on reducing leptin levels and cardiovascular risk factors.

Combined exercise appears to be more effective in reducing serum leptin and cardiovascular risk factors in inactive obese girls

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of peer educationadherence of dialysis patients l.

The present study is a clinical trial that was conducted in 1398 with the participation of 60 dialysis patients by available sampling method and random allocation of samples in two experimental and control groups (30 people in each group). . Before the intervention, information about the samples was collected through demographic questionnaires and adherence to diet and medication of dialysis patients. Then, the peer education intervention was designed based on the educational needs of patients in different areas for the intervention group. Face-to-face and solo procedures were performed during two sessions of dialysis. One month after the end of the second session, the diet and medication adherence questionnaire of dialysis patients was given to both groups again and the data were analyzed using SPSS software version 19.

In the pre-test, independent t-test did not show a significant difference in the scores of diet and medication adherence between the control and intervention groups (p> 0.05). While in the post-test stage, there was a significant difference in the scores of diet and medication adherence between the experimental and control groups (p <0.05). Paired t-test also showed a significant difference between before and after the intervention in the experimental group (p <0.05). Discussion and

Peer education promotes adherence to diet and medication of dialysis patients, so the use of this educational method for dialysis patients along with other educational methods is recommended.

Execution of medication orders is one of the most common nursing activities and is considered as the most important duty of the nurse, a task that is associated with high risk and always requires care and observance of safety points by the nurse. To safely prescribe drugs in the clinic, the ability to calculate drugs is one of the basic skills needed by nurses. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an integrated approach using drug dose calculation software and traditional methods on the rate of medication errors in the neonatal intensive care unit of Shahid Motahari Medical Center in Urmia in 2020

In this quasi-experimental study, 55 nurses working in the neonatal intensive care unit of Shahid Motahari Medical Center in Urmia in a group with pre-test and post-test design were included in the study. The sampling method was easy (available). First, a pre-test was performed on 55 subjects, then the intervention was held in the form of a workshop, and immediately after the intervention, three weeks later, and one month after the test a researcher-made questionnaire was utilized to evaluate the capability, level of knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding the prevention of drug errors. The validity and reliability of the instrument were determined by calculating the reliability coefficient of Spearman-Brown equal to 0.93. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26 and Wilcoxon, Friedman, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests.

The results of the study showed that the majority of participants were within the age group of 22 to 30 years, female, married, with a bachelorchr('39')s degree, the number of patients under care in each shift was 5 patients, mostly rotating shifts, 11 to 15 years of work experience, GPA 15 Up to 17 and were experimental diplomas. The results showed that after the intervention, there was a statistically significant difference in the mean score of knowledge, interest, and attitude in calculating the drug dose electronically and mentally. The mean score of attitude in the electronic method increased significantly compared to mental method (p <0.001). After the intervention, there was a significant difference between the electronic method and the traditional method in the error rate of nursing staff in the calculation of drug dose by routine and software methods (p=0.000). Also, there was a significant difference between electronic mathematical anxiety compared to the traditional and mental methods (p <0.001). The use of software helps create long-term learning and increases learning stability, accuracy, positive attitude and correct performance and empowerment in nurses.

The electronic method helps improve the positive attitude of employees and also it can improve the safety and quality of nursing services. The use of different types of information technologies can significantly reduce the rate of medical errors and improve the quality of services provided to patients by preventing medical errors and mistakes, and by evaluating errors and the care system.

This study aimed to determine the effect of peer education on the self-efficacy of dialysis patients referred to Urmia Teaching-Medical Hospital, Urmia, Iran.

This clinical trial was conducted on 60 dialysis patients who were selected using the convenient sampling and random allocation methods in 2019. They were then divided into two experimental and control groups of 30 cases per group. Before the intervention, demographic characteristics form and dialysis patient self-efficacy questionnaires were utilized to collect information. Subsequently, peer education intervention was designed based on the educational needs of the patients in different domains. The experimental group was then subjected to the intervention during the two sessions of dialysis individually and face to face. One month after the end of the second session, the self-efficacy questionnaire of dialysis patients was given to both groups, and the data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 19).

At the pre-test stage, the independent t-test showed no significant difference between the control and experimental groups in terms of self-efficacy scores (P>0.05). However, a significant difference was observed between the control and experimental groups in terms of the self-efficacy scores at the post-test (P<0.05). Moreover, according to the results of the paired t-test, the experimental group indicated a significant difference before and after the intervention in this regard (P<0.05).

Peer education improves the self-efficacy of dialysis patients. Therefore, it is recommended to utilize this educational method for dialysis patients along with other educational methods.

Palliative care is of great importance for improving the quality of life of chronic patients and providing palliative care education to nurses is one of the important ways in the development of such care. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of spiritual counseling and hope therapy on self-efficacy of palliative care of nursing students.

This was an experimental study. The statistical population consisted of senior nursing students of Urmia Azad University, Urmia, Iran. The samples were selected from the complete list of students using census sampling and then divided into intervention and control groups. Data were collected using a two-part questionnaire including demographic information and clinical practice self-efficacy questionnaire. The intervention group received 9 sessions of training on hope and spiritual counseling but the intervention group did not receive training. The intervention results were re-gathered after 9 sessions using the same questionnaire.

Independent-sample t-test showed that the mean scores of overall clinical self-efficacy scores of nursing students before spiritual counseling and hope therapy were not significantly different (P>0.05), while the same test showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of clinical self-efficacy between intervention and control groups after spiritual counseling and hope therapy program (t=63.6, P=0.02).

The results of this study showed that spiritual counseling and hope therapy training is effective on self-efficacy of palliative care of nursing students and can be used in palliative care teaching and pattern-based nursing care for a variety of patients.

Missed nursing care is a common threat to the safety and quality of patient care, and investigating the influential factors in this regard could prevent or minimize this issue. Missed nursing care could lead to patient readmission and extra costs imposed on patients and healthcare organizations. Supervisor support plays a pivotal role in the commitment of nurses to the organization. The behaviors and activities of health supervisors could promote the positive attitude of the subordinates, thereby leading to their moral commitment. Although missed nursing care is considered to be a highly challenging issue for nursing managers, few studies have evaluated perceived care support and the associated challenges. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between missing nursing care and perceived supervisory support.

This descriptive-correlatinal study was conducted on 139 nurses employed in the inpatient wards of Imam Reza Hospital in Urmia, Iran during May-March 2019. The participants were selected via census sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire, the first section of which consisted of demographic data, the second section was the missed care nursing questionnaire, and the third section included the standard tools for the assessment of perceived supervisory support. The missed care questionnaire was designed and psychoanalyzed by Kalish in 2006, and the items are scored based on a five-point Likert scale (Never=0, Always=4). The scale has four domains of review, interventions and personal care, interventions and primary care, and planning. The family supportive supervisor behaviors (FSSB) perceived support questionnaire consists of 14 items and was designed and psychoanalyzed by Hammer in 2009. The questionnaire items are scored based on a five-point Likert scale, with the higher scores indicating higher parental support. The main dimensions of the FSSB are emotional support, instrumental support, and role models. After obtaining the required permit for sampling, the questionnaire was distributed among the nurses working in different shifts and on different days. With their consent, the contact number of the participants was obtained. The questionnaires were collected from the respondents in the same or the next work shift and with proper coordination. The inclusion criteria were having a bachelorchr('39')s degree (or higher), informed consent to participate in the research, employment in the hospital as a nurse, and minimum work experience of six months. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Pearsonchr('39')s correlation-coefficient, independent t-test, and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the significance level of P˂0.05.

The highest mean scores of perceived supervisory support achieved by the nurses were in the items regarding time allocation to listening to the problems of nurses, listening to the problems of nurses about work difficulties and unemployment, creativity in task assignment to improve teamwork in the ward, ward management to meet the needs of each nurse separately, and welcoming suggestions to facilitate the balance of the professional and routine needs of nurses. The most significant aspects of missed nursing care were helping patients in the toilet within less than five minutes after the patientchr('39')s request, meal preparation for the patients who are able to eat without help, changing patientschr('39') position every two hours, and the oral care (mouthwash use), skin care, and bathing of patients. Pearsonchr('39')s correlation-coefficient indicated a significant, weak, inverse correlation between the total scores of perceived support and missed nursing care (r=-0.19; P<0.05). Furthermore, significant, inverse correlations were denoted between perceived support and the subscales of missing nursing care (r=-0.167; P<0.05), as well as perceived support and the primary care subscale (r=-134; P<0.05). However, no significant associations were observed between perceived support, the personal care subscale, and planning (P>0.05).

According to the results, perceived supervisory support was correlated with the dimensions of assessment and interventions and primary care regarding missed nursing care. Nursing managers are advised to pursue and implement the support of clinical nurses as a major hospital policy to prevent the loss of care and improve patient safety. As the first-line managers of the clinical environment, nurses may further contribute to nursing care by adopting supportive strategies, thereby increasing patient satisfaction and reducing the treatment costs imposed on patients and the healthcare organization. Our findings could lay the groundwork for monitoring the supportive role of nursing managers, as well as designing and developing effective support models for nursing managers and nurses to improve the primary indicators of nursing care quality.

Operational objective number 11 of the Fundamental Reform Document of Education, Act 4, calls for the establishment of a system of competency evaluation of teachers comprised of moral, revolutionary, and professional beliefs and consistent with the goals and foundations of the document. In order to identify these competencies and their constituents, reliable library sources were initially reviewed and experts interviewed. Then the identified set was given to a group of 14 specialists and policy makers in the areas of teaching and teacher training and familiar with the reform documents, in order to be validated. The results are indicative of high degree of correspondence between the identified competencies, their constituents, and the reform documents, based on which 8 areas of competency and 36 constituents are identified, among which are morality and professional devotion, and educational knowledge and skills.

The purpose of this paper is to review the expected professional competencies throughout the history of teacher training in Iran. As such it covers both the past, covering the period from teacher training inception in 1918 to the Islamic revolution in 1979; and the present, since the revolution. Of course the future is covered as well, since in the light of the accelerated developments in all aspects of life, most certainly, the future teachers are influenced by such developments as well. According to the available documents, from the early years of teacher training programs, mastery of the subject matter and the methods of teaching it are the most outstanding competencies emphasized. In post-revolutionary teacher training further emphasis is put on moral competency and the role modeling of a teacher. As for the future teachers, not only the current competencies ought to be emphasized, but humanistic and meta-cognitive competencies become necessary.

Hypothermia induction has been proposed to improve the recovery process of stroke in the last two decades. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mild hypothermia on the recovery of patients with acute stroke. This single-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 60 patients with acute stroke in 2018 in Hamadan, Iran. The patients were selected by available sampling method, and then randomly assigned into two equal-sized groups of intervention and control. Mild hypothermia was induced using a cooling device applied on the patients' head for a period of 72 h. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was used to collect the data. The results of both groups were compared with each other following the intervention. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22). The results showed no significant difference between the mean scores obtained before and after the intervention in the control group (P>0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of the pre-intervention mean scores (P>0.05). However, the results revealed a statistically significant difference in the mean pre- and post-intervention scores of the intervention group (P<0.05). In this regard, the mean score of NIHSS was significantly reduced in the intervention group after the induction of hypothermia. Finally, the results were indicative of a statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups after the intervention (P<0.05). As the findings of the present study indicated, noninvasively induced hypothermia has a significant clinical effect on acute stroke. Therefore, it can be argued that the use of hypothermia leads to the enhancement of consciousness level and reduction of mortality risk in patients with acute stroke. Consequently, this intervention is suggested to be considered the main therapeutic approach of acute stroke.

The pyranopyrazoles and their derivatives, are an important biological active compounds in pharmaceuticals, and used as major structure for a lot of bioactive products in organic synthesis. Herein, we report an efficient synthesis of a new class of pyranopyrazole derivatives via a catalyst free one-pot reaction in ethanol at reflux. We have prepared new pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives by using catalyst-free one-pot reactions. The mild reaction conditions, short reaction times, good to high yields, simple workup procedure, and no need to chromatography are the significant advantages of this study. The structure of the synthesized compounds were recognized from their IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectra data.

The incentive behind the present study was to explore the relationship between school organizational culture and organizational commitment of high school teachers in Varamin، Iran. This study was of a descriptive and correlational research type. The selected population of the current study included 415 male and female high school teachers in Varamin in 2010-2011. On the basis of Krejcie and Morgan’s table of sampling، 201 individuals were selected as the study sample through cluster sampling. To measure organizational culture and organizational commitment، a use was made of organizational culture questionnaire developed by Hosseini (2005) and organizational commitment questionnaire developed by Mowday، Steers and Porter (1979). The collected data were subsequently analyzed using SPSS. For checking the relationship between organizational culture and organizational commitment variables، Pearson correlation coefficient method was used. The research findings revealed that there was a significantly positive correlation between organizational culture and organizational commitment. Moreover، analyzing the relationship between each of the components of organizational culture and organizational commitment suggested that there was a significantly positive correlation among them.

Although, the high efficacy of Apgar score to find the neonates who have respiratory distress, a low number of Apgar score couldn’t determine asphyxia definitely, and other factors could reduce it, too. For this reason, we tried to determine the relationship between Apgar score, PH& Base Excess in the first hour of birth in neonates. In a prospective cross-sectional study we completed the questionnaires from 200 newborns regardless of birth method (i.e.; NVD versus Caesarean section); considering mother’s records and neonate’s conditions. Apgar score at birth carried out and immediately after the delivery of the fetus, umbilical cord arterial blood sample was aspirated and sent to the hospital laboratory to determine PH& Base Excesses. Finally we used SPSS20 software for data analysis. This study showed that between first minute and 5th minute Apgar scores, and Arterial blood gas there is a significant co-relationship. (p<0.001). The multifactorial analysis showed that, a meaningful result between weight at birth (p<0.05) meconium excretion (p<0.001), need for resuscitation (p<0.001), admission to NICU (P<0.001) with Apgar score and also PH and Base Excess exist. But newborn’s sex, mother’s age, multiple pregnancies and delivery method didn’t had a significant association to Apgar score, PH and Base Excess (p>0.05). According to the findings, exist a meaningful association between Apgar score and umbilical artery’s blood gases which has clinical importance. So in newborns with low Apgar score it is pertinent to investigate blood gases but not necessary in normal Apgar score.

The artistic and aesthetic dimensions are two aspects of being a human being which are developed through art education. This article aims at analyzing and evaluating current situation of such trainings in educational system of Iran. The weak and strong points of this system will be identified according to the main components of education. The challenges and solutions will also be discussed. Qualitative-analytic approach is used in this research. For gathering the data, the researcher has referred to deeds and documents in addition to research reports in the field. The findings show that there are lots of weak points in respect to managing system, supplying and educating the human resources, and curriculum development. At the end, main challenges are mentioned and some solutions will be offered.

The objective of the present study was to identify teachers’ problems at work. The research followed a descriptive method. The research sample were chosen among guidance school teachers in Iran, using a multi-stratified cluster sampling method. At first, provinces were classified into groups. Then, one province was selected randomly from each group. A questionnaire was administered to gather the data needed after approving its content validity. Moreover, the reliability of the instrument was estimated based on Cronbach Alpha procedure. The results showed that teachers’ problems from the most to least faced ones were as follows: use of instructional aids and materials, application of different methods and approaches, teacher-student interaction, familiarity with school and work affairs, assessment and evaluation of students’ academic achievement, repair and improvement of learning situation and classroom management. Hence, the problem which most of the teachers faced, was the use of instructional aids and materials, but the least-faced problem was classroom management. So, the policy makers of education system should have particular emphasis on designation and development of pre-service, and inservice teacher training of those issues that teachers had the most problem with them.

This study aimed to determine the role of parenting styles in moral development of adolescent girls. The statistical population of the research consisted of all fifth, eighth, and eleventh graders in Tehran (11, 14, and 17- year-old students) as well as their parents. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used and as a result 90 students were selected (30 students in each grade). The parents of the selected students (180 individuals) comprised the other sample of the study. The instrumentation included parenting styles questionnaire as well as Kohlberg’s moral development test. Results of the study were consistent with Kohlberg’s theory according to which moral development has a universal pattern and its sequence is invariant in all cultures. More specifically, adolescent girls moved through the stages of moral development in the same constant order. In addition, there was a significant relationship between moral development and parenting styles in the 10 to 11 age group. However, this association was not observed in the other two age groups. Furthermore, the findings of the study indicated that students’ moral development was affected more by maternal parenting style in the 10 to 11 age group.

As a natural environment، family affects various aspects of children's growth and creates their individual and social prosperity. Although the role of family is quite clear in children's development، it is ignored facing some challenges in formal and general curriculum of training. This research is intended to investigate whether the Islamic government of Iran، which is responsible for the administration of formal and public training، believes in the continuous role of family in various formal and public training periods. If the answer is yes، what are the prerequisites for playing this role and participation? What are its limitations and outcomes? This qualitative research is conducted by analyzing documentary data through analytic method. Documentary data revealed that both religion and scholars at different disciplines، such as psychology، sociology and social psychology believe in the continuity of training role of the family in the formal and public training system. Both fields believe in 'trust' as a factor of continuity، with limitation of 'participation in policy making' and 'administration'. The outcome can be 'controlling infinite dominance of the government on formal training systems'، 'making the system responsive about its performance'، enhancing ownership feeling in the families'، and increasing the abilities of families'.

The present study was carried out in order to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership among high schools principals in Varamin. This correlational research is an applied one regarding its objectives. The statistical population of the study comprised the entire population of high school principals and teachers in Varamin (65 principals and 550 teachers). Multi-stage sampling was utilized and as a result 56 principals and 225 teachers were chosen. The instrumentation consisted of Schering Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire and Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and they were used for assessing emotional intelligence and leadership, respectively. The research hypotheses explain the relationship between five dimensions of emotional intelligence and transformational leadership. Accordingly, the main hypothesis of the study is indicative of the relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership. Findings of the study revealed that there is a direct correlation between emotional intelligence and self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills components. Furthermore, the general results indicated that there is a relationship between emotional intelligence and principals’ transformational leadership.

The present study investigated the relationship between organizational commitment and academic performance of students at female guidance schools in district no. 6 in Tehran. The study, with of a pragmatic objective, adopted a descriptive approach of correlation type. Participants of the study were 125 teachers. Instrumentation consisted Allan and Meyer's validated questionnaire for organizational commitment and a demographic questionnaire comprising personal details as well as the educational background of the teachers such as degree, age, experience, origin, education background, and type of employment. The average of each and every end- of- the- year grade of the students were calculated for the questionnaires filled up by the teachers. Method of data analysis consisted of Pearson moment correlation, non-parametric Spearman correlation as well as Analysis of multiple Regression (Stepwise Regression) all of which were done by utilizing SPSS package. The results reveal that: 1. There is a positive correlation between organizational commitment and academic performance of students. 2. There is a positively significant relationship between affective commitment and academic performance of the students. 3. There is a significant and positive correlation between continuous commitment and academic performance of students. 4. There is a positively significant relationship between normative commitment and academic performance of students. 5. There is a positively significant relationship between overall performance and educational degree of teachers, yet there is no positively significant relationship between overall commitment, work experience and age. 6. Results from Regression Analysis indicate that academic degree and native origin are of negative effect in making prediction of overall commitment, But employment status, work experience, age and major may not have a significant impact on the overall commitment of teachers. 7. Of the very three components of organizational commitment (affective commitment, continuous commitment, and normative commitment), the normative commitment is a significant predictor of the student's average grades.