مهدی احمدی

The extent of mountainous and desert areas in Iran has caused the emergence of well-known geomorphological phenomena. Alluvial fans are landforms found in various locations. Identifying and evaluating their impacts can be valuable for natural hazard management and land use planning. In this study an attempt hs been made  to evaluate the status of tectonic activities in the south of the slopes of the Kharqan mountain range in the northeast of Hamedan province. Different maps were utilized to examine the development process of alluvial fans and present evidence of tectonic activity, including the Gozal Valley, Karafs, and several smaller alluvial fans. The findings of this study revealed that tectonic activity in the Gozal Valley cone remains active, while the alluvial fans located between the Gozal Valley are inactive. Further evidence in the bed of the Gozal Valley cones suggests tectonic changes caused by fault activity, resulting in the alteration of the riverbed's drainage pattern and subsequent destruction and erosion of the surrounding areas. Additionally, changes in drainage patterns and sediment depth on the surface of alluvial fans can be attributed to tectonic activities within these fans. Geological logs illustrate both prolonged, slow periods and active periods during various geological eras in the study area. Ultimately, tectonic activity initiated with a lengthy, sluggish phase, followed by continued tectonic activities and fluctuations.

The COVID pandemic imposed very adverse and irreparable effects on human societies. Meanwhile, nursing students as the future personnel of healthcare centers were facing a lot of stress on the front line of pandemics and epidemics, and maintaining their physical and mental health affects the way of providing health services and ultimately the satisfaction of patients 

The present study aimed to assess the general health of nursing students in a military university in the post-covid era. 

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022-23 a military nursing school in Tehran, Iran, involving 130 undergraduate nursing students recruited through a census method. Data were gathered using an individual characteristics questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), then analyzed with SPSS software (version 14) using descriptive and analytical statistics, including Pearson’s test, Fisher’s exact test, and chi-square.

Most students reported moderate levels of physical complaints (57.7%), sleep disorders (49.6%), and social functioning (64.6%), while their depression levels were within the healthy range (53.8%). There were no statistically significant differences in the general health levels based on academic semester (P=0.121) or marital status (P=0.261). However, female students had a better overall health status compared to male
students (40% vs. 60%, P=0.004).

The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted the health of many, including nursing students. Assessing their health can offer valuable  insights for authorities to enhance their well-being by improving the educational environment, organizing health promotion workshops, and providing counseling.

 The migration of Iranian labor to the South Caucasus experienced a growing trend during the last years of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, with hundreds of thousands of Iranians travelling to these areas every year in search of work. Many of these immigrants were employed in factories, mines, oil industries, wharves and agricultural lands in Baku, Ganja, Tbilisi, Erevan and Batum. Some were engaged in peddling, construction, etc. and lived in the workplace or on the outskirts of cities. The aspects of health and safety in these two locations significantly influenced the lives of these workers.

 This article employs an approach of "history from below" and relies on library and archival sources to investigate the conditions in which the Iranian immigrant workers lived in terms of their health status and the effects it had on their physical health.

Ethical Considerations: 

In this research, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in the use of historical sources.

 The social life experienced by Iranian workers in the Caucasus was accompanied by a high rate of physical injuries and even deaths compared with workers of other nationalities. Consequently, some of them lost their lives and some suffered from diseases such as cholera, plague, malaria, shortness of breath, or physical disabilities.

 Iranian emigrant workers in the Caucasus undertook the most difficult jobs due to lack of material capital, production tools, knowledge and skills as well as living in huts and sheds or workplaces. These two places were dangerous and inappropriate in terms of health and hygiene, leading to a high incidence of physical injuries and even fatalities among Iranian workers.

In this paper, an applicable control-relevant nonlinearity assessment method is proposed for nonlinear dynamic systems. In this method, nonlinear system is decomposed to a bank of linear systems using gap metric, a smart tool for measuring the distance between two linear systems. Then, the ability of each local linear model is investigated to stabilize all linear models. A criterion is proposed to measure the nonlinearity of nonlinear system based on gap metric and maximum stability margin values which bounded between 0 and 1. Unlike most of the current nonlinearity measurement, the proposed method could be used for both integrating and unstable nonlinear systems. Besides, the presented method supplies to distinguish that a single linear controller is adequate to control the nonlinear system or it is necessary to employ the multi-model based controllers design methods. Therefore, the redundancy problem could be avoided by employing the proposed method. A nonlinear Continues Stirred Reactor Tank (CSTR) process is studied that the results confirm the capability of presented nonlinearity assessment method..

Cyanate esters are one the most suitable matrixes for production of high temperature composites with carbon fibers due to their excellent thermo-mechanical properties. Since the curing of this resin has a high heat release, applying a suitable curing cycle has the ability to control the heat release during the curing. Cyanate ester provides high adhesion to carbon fibers even in less resin content, so cyanate ester can be used as a matrix for preparing advanced composites. 2,2'-bis(4-cyanatophenyl)propane resin was synthesized by the reaction of cyanogen bromide and bisphenol A. The synthesized resin was characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopies. The curing behavior of cyanate ester resin was determined by DSC and a suitable curing cycle was defined and it’s efficiency was monitored by FT-IR. Cyanate ester/carbon fiber composite with 30% and 44% resin contents was prepared and their ILSS was determined and thermal and mechanical properties were investigated by DMTA and TGA. The defined curing cycle for 2,2'-bis(4-cyanatophenyl)propane had the ability to control the high heat release of cuing reaction with the curing ability of the resin up to 95.6%. Cyanate ester has a high adhesion to carbon fibers in the composite even in the relatively low resin content 30%. Hence, the amount of ILSS was increased about 9% compared to the ILSS for composite with 44% resin content. At temperatures as high as 250 °C, composite had only 16% decrease in flexural modulus. The cyanate ester/carbon fiber composite had a char yeild of 82.6%.

The issue of work-family conflict has received much attention in today's organizations, because it affects the organizational success and the personal life of employees. Studies in this field emphasize its two-dimensionality: work family conflict (WFC) and family- work conflict (FWC). Therefore, the research seeks to identify the affecting factors and consequences of both of the conflicts.

This interpretive research has used the systematic literature review (SLR) method to answer the main research question. Its information sources include related articles that have been published in international scientific databases from 1992 to 2023 and entered the systematic review process based on acceptance criteria. Finally, after evaluating their quality based on Q and H indexes of publications, 91 articles were analyzed using coding method.

The identified antecedents of work-family conflict were classified into four categories: nature of job, time-related antecedents of the job, job requirements and work conditions, and social pressure of the job, which lead to two categories of consequences: weakening of the family role and Weakening the quality of family life. The antecedents affecting family-work conflict are also classified into three categories: family status of employees, role-oriented family antecedents, and family social pressure. The consequences of these antecedents include: psychological job consequences, behavior-oriented job consequences, and performance-oriented job consequences.

The findings of this research can help managers and organizations to better understand the antecedents and consequences related to both areas of the conflict so that they can effectively take steps to solve the problems of the working and family life of employees. Additionally, the findings of this study, by integratingng the findings of previous studies, have helped to improve the richness of existing knowledge in this field.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of lesson study training on the professional competencies of primary school teachers.

The present study was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test follow-up design with a control group. With the available sampling method, 30 people were selected and randomly divided into two equal groups of 30 people. They were replaced by the experimental group of lesson study training for primary school teachers and the subjects of the control group did not receive any intervention until the end of the follow-up phase.  Data collection was done with the help of standard questionnaire of teachers' professional competencies. The data analysis of the research was done using Covariance Analysis of Intergroup Effects.

After comparing the data obtained in the pre-test and post-test between the experimental and control groups and performing the analysis of covariance between the groups, the results showed that there was significant difference between the total scores of the teachers' professional competencies in the experimental and control groups after the implementation. There was a significant difference in the lesson study training course compared to the group that did not receive lesson study training, so lesson study training has increased the professional competence of the trained teachers at a significant level. Also, the professional competencies score of teachers who have received lesson study training has improved more.

The effectiveness of lesson research training on the professional qualifications of primary school teachers has been influenced by dimensions and components such as content knowledge, educational knowledge, experience, reflective and critical thinking, mass collaboration, student learning, problem solving and innovation, empowerment and ownership, which work together to promote Teacher development, student learning, and overall amelioration of school education are applied.The indicators of professional competence of primary school teachers include: teaching skills, expert knowledge, classroom management, interpersonal communication, motivating and motivating students, and the ability to assess and evaluate. These indicators play an important role in determining the quality of teaching and the academic progress of students.In pedagogy, teachers can ameliorate their skills in teaching subjects by using their professional competence indicators. By analyzing the pros and cons of the courses and providing proper solutions, they can increase the quality of their teaching and strengthen the students' learning, and by examining the main topics and educational methods in providing the content, they can make the necessary changes and improvements in their teaching programs.According to the above explanations, it can be concluded that there is a direct relationship between the indicators of professional competence of primary school teachers and pedagogy. The indicators of teachers' professional competence affect the quality of students` teaching and learning, and the research enables teachers to improve the quality of students` teaching and learning by applying these indicators. Eventually, in order to improve the quality of teaching and learning in elementary schools, it is essential for teachers to pay attention to their professional competence indicators and to study, analyze and improve their teaching programs by applying case studies.Since lesson study training has an effect on the professional qualification competencies of teachers, it is recommended to pay attention to lesson study training to grow and strengthen the professional competencies of teachers. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of teaching and learning in elementary schools, it is necessary for teachers to pay attention to their professional competence indicators and to study, analyze and improve their teaching programs using lesson research.Regarding the results and considering the positive and constructive effect of the pedagogy on an important category such as the teachers` professional competence, it is recommended that this curriculum is widely taught to teachers in all schools and educational levels; additionally, the teachers apply them in their teaching method.The findings indicate that under the pre-test statistical control conditions, with 95% reliability, the ratio between the total scores of the teachers' professional qualifications of the experimental group and the control group after carrying out the training course via applying pedagogy for primary school teachers, a significant difference was observed in the group which had not been exposed by training. Thus, the pedagogy has an impact on the professional qualifications of elementary teachers.

The defense-security strategy of the countries is not possible without taking into account their ability, capability and behavioral orientation at the domestic, regional and international level in the field of foreign policy. The above research was of a fundamental type with a qualitative-interpretive method and inferring information through existing documents with a descriptive-analytical approach and gathering information and data through a library. It seems that Iran's defense-security strategy has a special importance and position in its foreign policy strategy in the region and axis under influence, and in the plans made and using the resources and parameters at its disposal, Iran is determined to be the first power. and potentially become the region (regional hegemon). The defense-security strategy in the military dimension by using its potential facilities and affected by parameters such as: expansion of security-defense borders (operational environment), proxy wars (strengthening aligned proxy groups), defense of Shia geopolitics (Shiaism) and advancement of field goals ( Military diplomacy (with the help of foreign policy strategy) in order to realize this important matter (regional hegemony) is the result of research findings. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the role and position of the Islamic Republic of Iran's defense-security strategy in Iran's foreign policy strategy in the region and axis under influence.

The migration of Iranian labor to the Caucasus began in 1850/1266 AH, so that every year several thousand people left the country and worked in factories, oil industries, farms and docks in the worst conditions. One of the most important issues that these immigrants faced as soon as they arrived in the Caucasus was the issue of how to live and its conditions. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to investigate the housing situation of Iranian workers in the Caucasus. The following article, with the approach of history from below and with the inspiration of "Edward Palmer Thompson" (1924-1993 AD), tries to answer the question of what kind of settlements were chosen by Iranian migrant workers in the Caucasus, and this was influenced by What were the components? The results of the studies show that the workers in the Caucasus had three types of housing, i.e. housing at the workplace, rented housing and dormitory buildings. Considering the low wages of Iranian workers (between 12 and 21 rubles per month), most of them did not have the financial ability to live in dormitory buildings. For this reason, some farm and garden workers lived in their workplaces, and some A significant number of workers in the oil industry and factories rented cottages, basements and crypts on the outskirts of the cities and lived in them collectively

Airborne wind energy system (AWES) is a novel approach in wind energy harvesting. It has several advantages against conventional horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT), like using less material and thus lower manufacturing cost, higher efficiency, stable electricity output and higher capacity for energy harvesting. It is obviously embedding a complex control system which makes the appropriate flight trajectory for the vehicle. These systems need to be carefully designed so using virtual flight simulators in design process is crucial. The main components of a typical AWES are: tether, flyer, and rotors. The flyer is designed to have a tether-constrained flight across the wind in a circular path. Consequently, the mounted rotors on the flyer’s wings will capture energy and this mechanical/electrical energy would be sent back to the ground via the same tether. It is notable that the flight path and the special design of the flyer, would make it capable to have a sustained motion in the circular loop with no energy consumption. A tethered drone equipped with several rotors is an example of such devices, already has been built and tested. In previous literature, the flight simulators usually contain some simple aerodynamic models for predicting the forces and moments generated by the rotors. It is derived by constant aerodynamic coefficients. In the current study, it has been developed a flight simulator for a typical AWES having onboard rotors. To make this flight simulator more accurate and to improve its fidelity in different environmental conditions, proper estimation of the external forces, particularly the aerodynamic forces and moments, seems to be necessary. Therefore, toward developing a high-fidelity simulator, Lagrangian dynamics and a new algorithm for estimation of the rotor aerodynamics, has been utilized. This new method is shown to have more accurate approximations of the system performance and also better description of the vehicle trajectory. By this framework, one could design optimized blades of the rotors and also the rotors arrangement. Implementing the new simulator, a single drone, as the flyer in AWES, having 3m wing span, would experience 40 percent improvement in the average power extracted which is near 2 KW.

This research was conducted to study the effectiveness of the lesson study method on the self-efficacy of primary school teachers.

The research method was quasi-experimental and pre-test-post-test design with two experimental groups and a control group. The statistical population included sixth grade teachers of primary schools in Tehran and the sample size included 60 teachers who were randomly selected and replaced in the experimental (30 people) and control (30 people) groups. The data collection tool included the job self-efficacy questionnaire (Riggs and Knight-1994). In the pre-test stage, the dependent variable (job self-efficacy questionnaire) was conducted on both experimental and control groups. Then, the independent variable (lesson study training) was implemented on the experimental group during 12 sessions of 90 minutes, and the control group did not receive any training. Then, in the post-test stage, the dependent variable (job self-efficacy questionnaire) was administered again for both groups (experiment and control). The validity of the questionnaire was checked and confirmed by experts. The total reliability of the job self-efficacy questionnaire according to Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.86 and the reliability coefficient of its sub-scales including individual self-efficacy beliefs was 0.86, individual outcome expectations were 0.88, collective efficacy beliefs were 0.88 and collective outcome expectations were 0.85. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (analysis of covariance test) were used in SPSS software version 22.

The analysis of covariance test showed that there is a significant difference in the pre-test scores of teachers' self-efficacy between the effect of the two experimental groups (lesson study training ) and the control group (P=0.000 and F=28.678), which means that the self-efficacy score in teachers who They have received the lesson study training, it has improved more.

Since lesson study training has an effect on teachers' self-efficacy, it is recommended to pay attention to lesson study training to grow and strengthen teachers' self-efficacy.Key words:lesson study training, self-efficacy, collective efficacy beliefs, individual self-efficacy beliefs, primary school teachers.

The effectiveness of Azotobacter-enriched vermicompost tea and non-chemical treatments were investigated on the control of tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta. The experiment was performed in greenhouse with five treatments (vermicompost tea, azotobacter-enriched vermicompost tea, takumi pesticide, Azotobacter and control) in four replications under a completely randomized design. Three days after spraying, the numbers of larval tunnels on leaf and thirty days later, the numbers of adult moths of T. absoluta were counted. The results revealed that tomatoes treated with Azotobacter enriched vermicompost tea and Takumi had the lowest number of adult moths (9.35 and 13.75 per plant respectively). As well as, azotobacter treatment was able to reduce the adults moth by up to 50% compared to the control. The results of the number of larval tunnels showed that the mean number of larval tunnels/plant for Azotobacter enriched vermicompost tea was 19.50, which compared to other treatments, had the best effect in reducing the damage of tomato leaf miner. Vermicompost tea and Azotobacter as biological fertilizers, besides being able to increase the yield of tomatoes, have an effective role in reducing the population and damage of the tomato leaf miner pest, and they can be used in sustainable agriculture as an alternative with pesticides.

The conventional approach to River Basin Flood Management (RBFM) focuses on increasing the safety and security of drainage systems against heavy rainfalls. Recent floods in urban catchments have highlighted the need for a more resilient approach that also considers the floods consequences. Resilience of a RBFM system refers to a systems ability to withstand various precipitation events, reduce flood damage, and restore normal conditions. This study proposes a framework for selecting flood management options in a hierarchical system based on social resilience indicators, focusing on social aspects. In this study, behavior of RBFM systems in response and recovery from varying rainfall events defines the resilience. To operationalize the framework a set of social response, social recovery capacity, resistance point, and warning point-related indicators have been defined. A hierarchical fuzzy system has been developed to quantify the indicators, considering the uncertainties in social variables and avoiding dimensional incosistency. Using this approach in the Gorganrood river basin demonstrated the effectiveness of selected flood risk management options in terms of resilience, by considering various social resilience indicators, as compared with traditional decision-making methods. Comparing the response-recovery curves for different management options has highlighted the importance of defining different resilience indicators to determine the behavior of the RBFM system after performance failure. Finally, the results of this study suggest that the proposed indicators can be employed as decision-making criteria in selecting various management options based on the behavior of the river basin system under rainfall events with different return periods.

 The purpose of the current research was to develop a model of the functions of social networks in the control of the psychological security crisis of the family (the post-crisis phase of the Khuzestan flood case study). This research was done in two parts, qualitative and quantitative. 

 in the qualitative part, by interview and grounded theory method, the components of the model of social network functions effective on the control of the psychological security crisis of the family in the post-crisis phase were categorized into 6 data networks of the foundation, including: The central phenomenon, causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences were categorized. The statistical population in the qualitative part includes academic professors specializing in crisis management and the functions of social networks, as well as experienced experts in the field of flood crisis management in Khuzestan province who are active in this field (such as managers of the crisis management organization). Sampling method in the qualitative part was obtained from saturated and targeted level equal to 20 people. In the quantitative part, the qualitative model presented in the previous part was tested by questionnaire and structural equation method. The statistical population in the quantitative part was the experts and employees of the crisis management organization in Iran. 

 Sampling in quantitative part was obtained by simple random sampling equal to 384 people. Based on the results of the qualitative section, the identified codes were categorized into 6 main networks, 16 main components and 87 sub-components. Based on the results of the quantitative part, causal conditions with a factor load of 0.588 have an effect on the central phenomenon. The central phenomenon, contextual conditions, and intervening conditions are effective on strategies with factor loadings of 0.515, 0.309, and 0.419, respectively, and strategies are effective on outcomes with factor loadings of 0.558. 

 Based on the obtained results, it is suggested that in the post-crisis phase such as Khuzestan flood, the internet should be provided to the people of the society so that they can receive news and information quickly through social networks. Society must be ready to accept social networks; Therefore, for this purpose, the government should create the necessary culture for using social networks among the people.

The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of the outbreak of Covid-19 virus on the sports industry. The present study was descriptive-survey in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection method. In the first (qualitative) part for conducting field interviews, the statistical population of the research, prominent professors in the field of sports management as well as some executive managers of sports organizations (sports boards, sports and youth departments, sports federations, sports producers) These individuals were purposefully selected for qualitative interviews on the subject of research (18 interviews with 18 people and continued to the point of theoretical saturation) and in the second part (quantitative) after collecting information from qualitative research, made a questionnaire. And this questionnaire (33 items in the form of two central codes of positive and negative consequences) was distributed among all sports professionals and sports economic activists in the country (384 people). Use elongation and skewness indices to check the distribution of data (normal or abnormal) and to review and answer research questions and draw and develop a measurement model and structural model of SPSS software version 24, Smart PLS version 2.0 and Max QDA Pro version software were used. The results showed that economic and sports factors are negative consequences and managerial, sports and economic factors are positive consequences. It is hoped that by considering each of the positive and negative consequences of the outbreak of Quid-19 on the sports industry,

This study aimed to examine the mediating role of rumination and self-control in the link between perceived stress and mobile phone addiction during the COVID-19 epidemic. The present study was conducted using a correlational method and a structural equation modeling approach.The statistical population of the study included Tehran province college students which 230 people were selected voluntarily and answered the online scales include Depression-Anxiety-Stress, Smartphone Addiction, Ruminative Responses and Self-Control. The results the structural equation model showed that during the COVID-19 pandemic, perceived stress predicts the students addiction to cell phone positively. Rumination plays a mediator role between perceived stress and cell phone addiction. Moreover, self-control moderates the effect of the mediator role between perceived stress on rumination, and effect of rumination on cell phone addiction. This study focuses on the importance of rumination and self-control in understanding a probable association between perceived stress and cell phone addiction, that can be used to develop the interventions to reduce the problematic behavior among the students the COVID-19 pandemic.

One of the issues faced by the Qajar government in the second half of the 13th/19th century was the mass migration of the people. The migration took place from 1266 AH/1850 AD and to a relatively larger extent, from 1286 AH/1870 AD, from different provinces of Iran to other lands, especially the Southern Caucasus. Consequently, several thousand people left their homeland every year to work. As soon as they arrived in these areas, the migrants were employed in the worst conditions in factories, oil industries, villages, farms, docks, etc. in the worst conditions. In this article, an attempt has been made to use a descriptive-analytical approach based on collecting data from archival sources and adopting the theoretical framework of attraction and repulsion models based on the opinions of thinkers such as Ravenstein, Thomas, and Everett S. Lee, to explain the causes of the Iranian labor force migrates to the Caucasus. This research proposes that the economic, political, and social factors as push and pull factors in the origin and destination created a sort of imbalance that caused the migration of Iranian labor to the Caucasus and this process continued over the years.

The purpose of this study was to predict the depression symptoms in male students by childhood trauma. The research method was descriptive correlational. The study population consisted of all male elementary and secondary high school students in public schools of Robat Karim (Tehran Province) during the academic year of 2020-2021. 310 students were selected by multi-stage random sampling and answered to the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Children's Depression Inventory. Data were analyzed through the Pearson correlation and standard regression. The results of this study showed that the linear combination of childhood trauma variables (emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect) predict student depression significantly. Among childhood traumas, emotional abuse and physical abuse  predict depression in students significantly. Physical neglect, emotional neglect and sexual abuse did not predict depression symptoms significantly. The present model was also able to explain 25% of the variance of depression in students. Findings of this study support the significant role of emotional abuse and physical abuse on depression symptoms. Therefore, considering the childhood trauma is recommended to clinicians in the treatment of student depression.

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting employees' sense of self-efficacy based on the precious book Nahj al-Balaghah. In this research, the qualitative method of thematic analysis was used, which includes the collection and analysis of qualitative data. The data source used in this research was the text of Nahj al-Balaghah, from which the relevant narrations were extracted. Then, by referring to the book Sharh Nahj al-Balaghah (Imam's Message), the extracted narrations were analyzed. In this research, messages were coded based on 16 sermons, 30 letters, and 30 sayings. These messages were then categorized into 56 concepts, 10 sub-themes, and 3 main themes. Finally, the most important factors affecting employees' sense of self-efficacy were classified as three main categories, including individual factors (self-knowledge and self-awareness, trust in God, rationalism and pragmatism, strategic thinking, moderation in work, perseverance, and patience), managerial factors (service-providing leadership and justice-oriented leadership), and social factors (learning from the experiences of others and supporting colleagues).

During the Covid-19 pandemic, most students experienced problems such as home quarantine, being away from school, online classes, and the fear and anxiety of contracting Covid-19. Anxiety may be directly linked to disrupted sleeping habits and cell phone overuse. The present study aimed to evaluate the correlation between anxiety level, cell phone addiction, and declined sleep quality in elementary school students during the Covid-19 pandemic.

This correlational study was conducted using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. In total, 210 male fifth-grade elementary school students of District 19 of Tehran Province, Iran in the academic year 2021-2022 were selected by convenience sampling. The participants responded to the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (2003), Owens’ Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (2000), and Koo HY’s cell phone addiction scale (2009). To test the research hypothesis, hierarchical multiple regression and SPSS version 26 were used.

The obtained results indicated a positive significant correlation between anxiety and cell phone addiction and between the anxiety and sleep quality of the students. Further, sleep quality can better explain students’ anxiety compared to cell phone addiction.

During the Covid-19 pandemic, increased anxiety levels in children lead to poor sleep quality, while also increasing their tendency to use smartphones. Therefore, child psychologists must pay special attention to the destructive effects of anxiety and its negative consequences, such as declined sleep quality and cell phone dependency.

It is related in the Qur’an that after being expelled from the divine sanctuary, Iblis attributed his misguidance to God by the phrase bi mā aghwaytanī (As you have consigned me to perversity). Some interpreters have considered the statement by Iblis to be true and some have considered it to be false, and made this confirmation or denial the basis for bringing up the issue of predestination and free will.This research has reached the following conclusions by examining the interpreters’ opinion:Some interpreters have kept silent due to lack of dealing with the issue.Believers in predestination have considered ighwā’ (perversity) as meaning misguidance and have implied jabr (predestination) from it.Some believers in Divine Justice, despite having considered Iblis’s claim to be true, have interpreted ighwā’ in such a way that it does not imply God’s Injustice and creatures’ predestination towards sin.Some other interpreters have considered Iblis as false and malicious in this claim due to sensing predestination from the word ighwā’.Although having considered Iblis’s words to be true, Allāma Ṭabāṭabā’ī, in order to avoid predestination, has considered ighwā’ to be a secondary perversity and the result of Iblis’s own wrong choice.