مهدی فروزش

Medical malpractice increases with the increase of cosmetic surgeries. This study aimed to investigate the medical demands (physician's commitment and patient satisfaction) of injured people seeking cosmetic surgery from a forensic medicine commission.

 In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, 276 subjects whose medical malpractice was confirmed twice by the Forensic Medical Commissions of Tehran province in 2019 and 2020 were included. After being approved by Islamic Azad University, this study was also approved by Forensic Medicine Commissions of Tehran province (IR.IAU.SAB.REC.1400.290). A researcher-made questionnaire was used to check the physician's commitment and patient satisfaction of the participants. SPSS version 22 software was used for data analysis.

 The mean age of the patients was 37 years. Regarding gender, 18 respondents (6.5%) were male and 258 respondents (93.5%) were female. Regarding the frequency of surgery, 49.6% of the respondents had cosmetic surgery once and 31.9% had cosmetic surgery twice, and the mean number of surgeries was 2 times and the maximum was 8 times. The number of complaints among married women and respondents with high education was higher than other groups. Most respondents had liposuction surgery (18.8%) and rhinoplasty (18.1%). The results of the research indicated that between the amount of complaints about cosmetic surgery and medical demands; patient satisfaction (r=0.528) and physician commitment (r=0.751) have an inverse and significant relationship. In fact, with the decrease in patient satisfaction and physician commitment, the amount of complaints about cosmetic surgery also increases.

 According to the results of the study, two components of medical demands, including physician's commitment and patient satisfaction, are important predictors for cosmetic surgery complaints. Physician's commitment has the greatest impact on the amount of cosmetic surgery complaints. As each component of medical demands increases, the likelihood of a complaint after cosmetic surgery decreases and vice versa.

Today, the body has found a special place as the clearest and most obvious carrier and plays an important role in presenting itself in daily life and interactions. In fact, the body can be considered as an essential aspect of self-presentation, this is the same issue that Bourdieu calls physical capital. Harmful results caused by medical mistakes, in addition to material damage, include spiritual damage such as pain and suffering, emotional damage, loss of special power, loss of life's pleasures, change in the appearance of the human body, sadness and the suffering caused by a person's death for his relatives etc., which is sometimes irreparable, and the compensation of spiritual losses related to therapeutic operations, along with the ambiguities and complexity regarding the way of evaluating and compensating them, legal systems also have a specific method. Medical malpractice increases with the increase of cosmetic surgeries. For this purpose, by examining this research, it is possible to find out what are the individual demands (social acceptance, self-expression and improvement of appearance quality) of the injured and damaged cosmetic surgery patients from the forensic doctor and what most clients evaluate the malpractice in, so that Based on that, he presented a scientific and practical solution to reduce injuries caused to the victims of cosmetic surgery and the Taliban.

In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, the effect of the components of social acceptance, the amount of self-presentation (self-presentation) and the improvement of appearance quality (matching the surgery to the desired model of the patient) with the complaints of people about cosmetic surgery in the structure of forensic medical commissions of Tehran province was examined. All the people studied were cosmetic surgery victims who filed complaints to the Forensic Medicine Commission in 2018 and 2019 and their medical malpractice was confirmed twice. After preparing the list of plaintiffs (980 people), the forensic doctor organization contacted 276 of the plaintiffs who were available and completed the mentioned questionnaire with them. The sample size was calculated according to Morgan's formula. Three components of social acceptance, improvement of appearance quality and self-expression were investigated. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to check the social acceptance, self-expression and improvement of the appearance quality of the participants. SPSS version 22 software was used for data analysis.

The mean age of the patients was 37 years; 18 respondents (6.5%) were male and 258 respondents (93.5%) were female. Regarding the frequency of surgery, 49.6% of the respondents had cosmetic surgery once and 31.9% had cosmetic surgery twice, and the mean number of surgeries was 2 and the maximum was 8 times. The number of complaints among married women and respondents with high education was higher than other groups. Most respondents had liposuction surgery (18.8%) and rhinoplasty (18.1%). The results of the research indicated that there is an inverse and significant relationship between social acceptance (r=-0.364), self-expression (r=-0.271), and appearance quality (r=-0.395). In fact, with the reduction of social acceptance, self-expression, appearance quality (incompatibility of surgery with the patient's wishes), the amount of complaints about surgery also increases.

The decrease in the quality of life and the quality of appearance and the support received after the operation and the incompatibility of people's expectations with the reality and the malpractices in the surgery increase the level of dissatisfaction and complaints, and in this case, the person incurs additional material and emotional costs. Surgery applicants go for cosmetic surgery with the aim of achieving a better life and appearance and achieving their dreams. As the results also show, the life situation of the plaintiffs has worsened after the surgery, and besides the cost of reconstructive and care surgeries, the person also loses his previous position in work or family life and suffers more mental and spiritual damage. See that this cannot be compensated at any cost. A significant part of the complaint is due to the failure to achieve individual demands, and individual demands were both a reason for the trend towards cosmetic surgery and a factor in increasing the complaints of the injured. Most of the respondents find popularity, acceptability, approval and social acceptance from family, friends, peers and society and improve their living conditions and achieve better life and career opportunities and attract others and find social respect and dignity and present a favorable image and representation. The special image is based on the advertising criteria of cosmetic surgery. According to the results of the study, the three components of individual demands, including social acceptance, self-expression, and improvement of appearance quality, are important predictors for complaints about cosmetic surgery, so with the increase of each component of individual demands, the probability of complaints after cosmetic surgery decreases, and vice versa. It is better to consider some measures in future studies in this regardin including developing coherent indices in the country to measure the complaints and demands of cosmetic surgery victims, to access the file of complaints. Lack of cultural perspectives and the roadmap of cultural organizations in recognizing and introducing the amount of cosmetic surgery and medical malpractice (number malpractice and physisians with malpractice cases and causes) should be resolved.

The statistical yearbook of forensic medicine shows an annual increase in the number of cases referred to medical commissions due to complaints of "misdiagnosis in abortion cases. Although perhaps one of the reasons for the increase in the number of complaints is the increase in the number of clients, considering the updating of maternal and fetal indications for therapeutic abortion and the development of new guidelines, the performance evaluation of forensic experts in relation to the extent of compliance with the latest approved laws in order to find the causes of the trend The rise of complaints seems necessary.

In this Existing data study, all the opinions issued in the cases referred to the medical commissions department of Tehran province due to the complaint of "diagnostic error in abortion cases" from March 2016 to March 2020 were reviewed. Diagnostic error in complaint files regarding abortion treatment regarding fetal indications means not requesting timely tests or sonograms related to the complaint, such as echocardiography of the fetal heart - gene screening test - genetic tests (karyotype - cytogenetic - rapid test) Consultation request with a perinatologist - consultation requests with the relevant specialist depending on the type of maternal disease or fetal anomaly, etc.) by the obstetrician and gynecologist; failure to diagnose fetal abnormalities by radiologists or Perinatologists;              Non - diagnosis and incorrect reporting in the cases of gene testing - genetic tests (karyotype - cytogenetic - rapid test by genetics specialist and laboratory and regarding maternal indications for abortion therapy, failure to timely diagnose the mother's underlying disease by specialist and subspecialist doctors in the field Medical treatment depends on the type of mother's illness.

Out of a total of 22 existing cases, the opinions issued in all cases were in accordance with the latest laws approved in Iran. The highest number of complaints (40.9%) was from gynecologists and obstetricians. Review of issued ideas indicated 6 cases (27.3%) of disciplinary error, 15 cases (68.2%) of acquittal, and 1 case (4.5%) of the impossibility of issuing a theory due to the lack of evidence and documentation in the file.

It seems that the views issued by the Tehran Medical Commission do not conflict with the laws of medical abortion. It recommends conducting more studies in other medical commissions.

Considering the increase in complaints and its negative impact on the quality of dental services, it seems necessary to review complaint files.The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of complaints referred by patients to dental professionals in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery, periodontal, oral & maxillofacial medicine, oral & maxillofacial pathology to the Department of Forensic Medicine Commissions of Tehran Province in the years 1397-1399.

This descriptive study was performed by referring to the center of Tehran Forensic Medicine Commission and reviewing the relevant files and available data. Data collection was done through an information form that included the demographic characteristics of the complainant, the defendant, the type of treatment and the outcome of the first and second commissions.

Among the 245 complaints that have been registered in the Forensic Medicine Commissions of Tehran Province in the years 1397-1399 in relation to the mentioned fields of treatment, most of the complainants were in the age group of 30- 39 years (34.9%), women (58.4%), diploma (30.3%), unemployed (34%) and married (69.3%). 13.2% of therapists were non-dentists. Most therapists were 50-59 years old (30.9%), male (73.3%) and had a doctor of dental surgery degree (74.1%). Most complaints were from oral & maxillofacial surgery (82.9%).

Most of the complainants appear to be women, married, in the age range of 30-39, and have a diploma. Most therapists are male, general dentist and in the age range of 50-59 years. Most complaints are about oral & maxillofacial surgery.

Spousal abuse is defined as any kind of violence by a spouse or sexual partner and today is one of the social problems observed in the form of physical violence, emotional psychological violence, and sexual violence. This study aimed to investigate the patterns and risk factors of spousal abuse in patients referred to forensic medicine in Tehran during the years 2020 to 2021.

This study was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 322 people were included in the study over 2 years. Data collection had two sections: demographic variables and a short form of spousal abuse experience questionnaire. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS software version 24.

According to the questionnaire scores, the most common pattern of spousal abuse is verbal violence. Heavy physical violence has the lowest frequency pattern. In terms of ranking, the pattern of emotional violence, light physical violence, and sexual violence are after verbal violence. In the study of factors relevant  to spousal abuse, a significant relationship was found between the age of the victim's spouse, education level of women and their spouses, type of residence, number of children, and history of spousal abuse with the incidence of spousal abuse (P<0.05). There was, however, no difference between the age of women victims of spousal abuse, place of residence, and previous years of marriage with the incidence of spousal abuse (P>0.05).

Although in previous studies, emotional or psychological violence has been the most common, in the present study, verbal violence has been realized as the most common type of spousal abuse; therefore preventive policies and design of required interventions at different levels of society are relevant.

Spousal abuse is defined as any kind of violence by a spouse or sexual partner and today is one of the social problems observed in the form of physical violence, emotional psychological violence, and sexual violence. This study aimed to investigate the patterns and risk factors of spousal abuse in patients referred to forensic medicine in Tehran during the years 2020 to 2021.

This study was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 322 people were included in the study over 2 years. Data collection had two sections: demographic variables and a short form of spousal abuse experience questionnaire. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS software version 24.

According to the questionnaire scores, the most common pattern of spousal abuse is verbal violence. Heavy physical violence has the lowest frequency pattern. In terms of ranking, the pattern of emotional violence, light physical violence, and sexual violence are after verbal violence. In the study of factors relevant  to spousal abuse, a significant relationship was found between the age of the victim's spouse, education level of women and their spouses, type of residence, number of children, and history of spousal abuse with the incidence of spousal abuse (P<0.05). There was, however, no difference between the age of women victims of spousal abuse, place of residence, and previous years of marriage with the incidence of spousal abuse (P>0.05).

Although in previous studies, emotional or psychological violence has been the most common, in the present study, verbal violence has been realized as the most common type of spousal abuse; therefore preventive policies and design of required interventions at different levels of society are relevant.

Today, despite the efforts of the medical community and health staff, the rate of dissatisfaction and complaints among patients is increasing and this highlights the importance of evaluating its related factors. The aim of this study was to analytically investigate complaints against ophthalmologists which were referred to the Legal Medicine Organization of Iran in Tehran during 2017-2019.

In this cross-sectional (analytical-descriptive) study, the demographic data of patients and physicians including age, gender, marital status and academic degree, type of treatment measures leading to complaints, last decision of the medical commission, characteristics of protesting of patients and vote of revision commissions for all the complaints of ophthalmology were recorded and analyzed.

During 3 years, 176 complaints were recorded in the field of ophthalmology. Of these, 90(51.1%) complaints were from medical interventions which took place in university or government hospitals and clinics. Also, 27(15.3%) cases of malpractice were reported, among which negligent was the most common type, with 22 cases (81.5%). The highest number of complaints was for cataract surgery and the most frequent treatments with malpractice of the physicians were cornea transplantation. Although the most protests to the first decision were from the patients, the effectiveness of physicians’ protest was significantly higher (P<0.001).

Nowadays, with advances in treatment methods and technologies in ophthalmology and enhancement in the knowledge of patients about their rights, their expectations from medical staff have changed. The findings of the present study suggest that due to the rise in the number of complaints in ophthalmological treatment while a decrease in malpractice rate, applying intervention actions such as good communication between physicians and patients and patient’s right perception of treatment and possible side effects can lead to less number of complaints. In addition, due to different opinions in consecutive commissions, utilizing a single approach based on new information and evidence seems necessary.

The aim of this study was to compare perfectionism in transsexual demanders and transgendered individuals referred to Fars province general administration of forensic medicine. The sample consisted of 66 transsexual volunteers (38) and transgendered people (28) that by purposive sampling method were selected. To measure the variables, Frost perfectionism questionnaire was used. Perfectionism and its components were similar in both groups and on average there was no significant difference between them in perfectionism and its aspects. The perfectionism score in 66 persons was obtained between 2.46 to 4.11 with gender identity disorder was an average of 3.17 ± 0.44, respectively. All the options of perfectionism were correlated together and the total score with a significance level of 0.01. The highest correlation between perfectionism and personal standards of 0.930 and the lowest correlation between worrying about mistakes and individual standards were obtained at a rate of 0.341. Perfectionism and demographic variables showed correlation between education and transgendered people 0.37 and transgender people applying correlation there .041. The correlation between perfectionism and variable transgender people applying for jobs there and transgendered people was observed 0.39. The study showed that there was no correlation that between perfectionism and job status in individuals with sexual dysphoria. There was a relative correlation between perfectionism and variable transgendered people and transgender applicants. Since this is the first study in Iranian society, need to be replicated in larger sample size, so that its findings be interpreted with more confidence.

Motorcycle-related traffic crashes are a major public health problem and one of the important causes of disability and mortality in Iran. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of fatal traffic crashes among Iranian motorcyclist.

This cross-sectional study was conducted using available data in the Forensic Medicine Organization, which are related to motorcyclist population of Iran who died in traffic crashes in 2017. All of received data were analyzed using SPSS 25 software for epidemiological variables.

During the year 2017, 3862 people died due to motorcycle crashes, of whom 3704 (95.9%) were men and 158 (4.1%) were women. The highest rate of mortality was observed in 18-24 years age group with 1071 (27.8%) cases. Most of the victims died in hospital (52.7%) and because of head injury (53.6%). Mortality rate was higher in those with high school diploma and less (92.4%) education and self-employed (39.7%). The main mechanism of motorcycle crashes was collision with moving vehicles (79.5%). Of the deceased people, 78.38% were drivers and 20.3% were pillion passengers. In addition, most crashes occurred out of city (48%).

Due to the high mortality rate of motorcycle crashes in Iran, preventive measures and precise planning to control predisposing factors and reduce the burden of these crashes are considered necessary.

The foundation of the legal or scientific system governing organizationschr('39') management is the theories and rules of the school of Islamic management. This study aimed to explain the role of Islamic values in the better and more correct implementation of the forensic medicine organizationchr('39')s policies.

The present study is a descriptive and correlational study conducted by survey method. The studychr('39')s statistical population was physicians and non-physicians of Ardabil, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Tehran, Ilam, and South Khorasan provinces. Sampling was done by cluster method and data analysis using descriptive and inferential statistics (correlation test and structural equation modeling) through Amos 23 and SPSS 23 software.

The components of responsibility, competitiveness and overtaking, honesty, respect for others, inner interest in values and norms, empathy with people and loyalty, observance of justice and fairness, especially the dimension of justice and fairness, had an impact on the better and more correct implementation of medical organization policies.

The Islamic value system affects the better and more correct implementation of the forensic organizationchr('39')s policies.

Motorcycling is one of the major causes of road traffic accidents and motorcyclists are the most vulnerable road users. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiology of fatality caused by motorcycle accidents in Tehran province.

In this cross-sectional study, all the information of deaths related to motorcycle accidents during 2011-2016 were collected and investigated by the Legal Medicine Organization. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 25.0.

Of the 2098 dead cases in motorcycle accidents, 95.8% were men and 4.2% were women. Mean age of the deceased was 28/9±17/7 years with the highest frequency in the age group of 18-24 years (30.6%). The most important cause of death was head trauma (64.1%). In terms of the deceased’ status, 73.7% of the deceased people were drivers and 22.6%were pillion passengers. The highest rate of fatality was observed among those with under-diploma education (62.8%) and self-employed (38.2%). The major mechanism of motorcycle accidents resulted from collision with moving vehicles (76.6%). Most of the accident cases occurred in urban areas (80%) and the majority of deceased people died in hospital (53.9%).

Given the high mortality rate among men, younger ages, people with low education, urban roads and the fact that head trauma were the leading cause of death for most deceased, appropriate preventive measures seem to be essential for reducing motorcycle accidents.

In recent years, fictitious accidents have become a serious problem for the insurance and judiciary. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of traffic accidents in referrals to Bandar Abbas forensic medical center with detecting of fictitious injuries in the one year period from 2016 to 2017.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 58 injured of traffic accidents referred to the forensic medicine department of Hormozgan province were investigated by submitting a letter of judicial authority from 2016 to 2017. The collected data were analyzed by Stata 12 statistical software.

The mean number of the injured was 2.55±0.83, the mean amount of atonement determined was 31.17±2.70 million tomans and the mean interval between the events until the first referral to forensic medicine was 13.49±5.00 days. 31.0% of the accidents occurred between 00-3:59 Am. The highest frequency of injuries vehicle was related to motorcycles (77.6%) and the most frequent of beater vehicle was car (69.0%). 52.2% of the accidents occurred on the routes within the city. In 82.8% of cases, the emergency department was present at the scene and in 87.9% the injured were taken to hospital. In 29 cases (50.0%) the judicial sentence was fictitious accident.

The mean interval between the events until the first referral to forensic medicine is about 14 days. Most accidents happen in the early hours of the morning. The highest frequency of injuries vehicle is related to motorcycles and the most frequent of beater vehicle is car. The most of accidents occurrs on the routes within the city. The judicial sentence in half of the cases has been in line with the forensic expert theory (fictitious accident).

According to articles 493 and 539 of the Islamic Penal Code, it is important the time interval between behavior of the perpetrator and its consequence, as well as death due to contagion of injury or unintentional injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the one-year requests by the judicial authorities of Tehran for contagious and non-contagious injuries in death.

In this descriptive study, a total of 77 files of deceased persons were examined in the autopsy room of forensic diagnostic and laboratory center of Tehran province in 2018, and required information was extracted.

The judicial authority requesting injuries was most often the special investigator for the murder and in most cases, the interval between injury and death was less than a week. The amount of contagious injuries was higher than non-contagious injuries. 16 deceased (20.8%) died at the scene. In addition, 14 (18.2%) cases of contagion were reported as having a relative effect.

The deceased who died on the scene do not fall under the category of contagion. It is also incorrect to declare the contagion of the damage in the form of a relative impact on the authors' beliefs; therefore, injuries are merely divided into contagious and non-contagious. In any case, it will be up to the forensic doctor to determine whether the death is due to contagion.

People's satisfaction from the services provided by government agencies in the executive and administrative systems in Iran is considered as one of the main indicators of efficacy in the growth and development of the system. Achieving public satisfaction with receiving services from the organization increases public confidence, which is the largest capital and support for the administrative system. The aim of this study was to assess the client satisfaction rate with the performance of physicians in the top 10 provincial centers of the forensic medicine organization in Iran.
Instruments & This descriptive research with a survey method was carried out among people referred to the top 10 provincial centers of the forensic medicine organization in Isfahan, Fars, North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Kermanshah, Kerman, Gilan, East Azarbaijan, Tehran and Mazandaran provinces in 2015-2016. The subjects were selected using the simple random sampling method, and they completed the researcher-made questionnaires. 1785 questionnaires were completed. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software through the one-sample t-test.
The mean score of clients 'satisfaction with physicians' performance, informativeness, specialty and skill, commitment, courtesy and respect, space and medical and non-medical equipment of the organization were 4.25±0.62, 4.19±0.72, 4.17±0.70, 4.13±0.67, 4.27±0.73 and 4.24±0.74, respectively.
From the viewpoint of the clients, the performance of physicians in the top 10 provincial centers of the forensic medicine organization of the country is at a favorable level.

Considering the high rate of factitious injuries in Iran and in order to identify such injuries and providing solutions to reduce fraud in the use of insurance, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating injury patterns, personal characteristics, and traffic accident coordinates.
Instruments & This cross- sectional study was conducted from July 2016 to the end of June 2017 on factitious injuries diagnosed in the Forensic Medicine office in Hormozgan province. A checklist containing demographic variables and the type and location of injuries were used to collect the data. The criminal records of individuals were investigated by Police Criminal Investigation Department of Hormozgan Province. The data was analyzed in Stata 12, using Chi-square. Out of 58 cases of factitious injuries, 57 cases were male (98.3%) and most cases (51.7%) were from the age group of 20 to 30 years. Most individuals were self- employed (72.4%) and had the level of education below the diploma (65.5%). The most common site of superficial injury was the forearm (60.3%), the most common site of fracture was Distal Ulna (25.9%), and the most common manifestation of factitious injury was abrasion. The most cases with factitious injuries were male in the age group 20 to 30 years, self- employed, and with elementary of education and criminal record. With regard to the pattern of injuries, the most common site of superficial injury and fracture are forearm and Distal Ulna, respectively, and the most common manifestation of factitious injury is abrasion.

Background and Carbon monoxide poisoning is one of the common causes of mortality in developing countries, during the cold months of winter. At the moment, the final diagnosis is based on positive test of spectrophotometry. Considering that there are not laboratory facilities available all the time for carrying out this test. Therefore, we decided to review sensitivity and specificity of clinical findings in examination of corpse in comparison to spectrophotometry test in diagnosis of death due to carbon monoxide poisoning. All corpses with suspicious history of carbon monoxide poisoning, which were referred to the anatomy hall of the Tehran Laboratory Diagnostic Center from Aban to Esfand month of 1395, were examined. A blood sample from all of these bodies was taken to examination and conducted spectrophotometric testing in the toxic laboratory. Other information needed for this study was extracted from physician’s examination and autopsy of body and interview with relatives. Information of the cases were extracted and written in the prepared forms by an experienced physician. Data analysis was done using version 21 SPSS software. 107 bodies of males and 31 bodies of females were investigated. 112 cases died from carbon monoxide poisoning, and in 26 cases the cause of death were apart from carbon monoxide poisoning. In the study of clinical findings, in 110 cases bright red color of the hypostasis, in 92 cases bright red color of the conjunctiva, in 91 cases bright red color of the oral mucosa, in 99 cases bright red color of the nail bed and in 135 cases bright red blood were seen. In 110 cases spectrophotometric tests were positive and in 28 cases tests results were negative. On the other hand, 95 cases had positive clinical findings and 36 cases had negative clinical findings. Considering to the sensitivity of 94% and the specificity of 100% of the findings of clinical examinations in people who died due to carbon monoxide poisoning, as well as the positive predictive value of 100% and the efficiency of 94% of these findings, it can be concluded that if a body with the history of carbon monoxide poisoning refers to the anatomy hall and after examination of the corpse in sufficient light by the experienced physician, bright red color of the hypostasis, the nail bed, the blood and the oral mucosa and conjunctiva are observed, diagnosis of the carbon monoxide poisoning is suggested

Despite the improvement in life methods and standards, divorce is a pathetic fact in almost all of the developed and developing countries. Given the different aspects of the reasons for divorce and its bad effects, knowing the main reasons of it according to the spouses is necessary. This study aims to survey the reasons according to women who referred to forensic centers of Hormozgan province.
This is a case-control study on 1442 women asking for divorce who referred to forensic centers of Hormozgan province to do a pregnancy test from March 2015 till March 2016. To identify the main reasons of divorce a control group including 1442 married women who had never got divorced were chosen. The information was collected through face to face interviews and was used to fill the questionnaires for final statistical analysis.
Findings: The main reasons for divorce according to these women were: age (P=0.001), duration of marriage (P Youth and mental immaturity, dislike in pregnancy, financial problems due to the husband’s unemployment, dysfunctional family council sessions, physical violation in the family, drug and alcohol abuse and the family’s unjustified intervention in the process of choosing the spouse are the reasons leading the couples towards divorce.

The purpose of the study was to compare forensic psychiatric setting in Iran with European countries.
First a qualitative study (experience expression) was done, interviewing the forensic psychiatrics. Then to understand the sections of forensic psychiatry department, articles, scientific references and the relevant sites were reviewed. Their work was analyzed using emails and phone calls. Recording data forms that included different services, the way they worked and human resources’ potential in forensic psychiatric system in any of the chosen countries were filled accordingly.
Findings: In most studied European countries, the examination method, treatment, rehabilitation and post discharge care are the same. Observing the patient’s behavior and social interactions is one of the most important diagnostic tools. In Europe, forensic psychiatric activities’ focus is on criminal matters: risk assessment, treatment and rehabilitation of criminal patients. The more executive diagnostic facilities of forensic psychiatry and secure mental hospitals with special deparments are important factors that make significant difference.
Despite the differences that exist in European departments of forensic psychiatry’s activities, similarities are observed in factors such as mental patients’ examination method, diagnostic and treatment facilities, preparing a psychiatric report for the court. The activity of Iranian’s system isn’t functional enough in comparison to European system, due to factors like lack of standardized and secure diagnostic facilities, and limited access to criminal patients and courts. To improve the system, our country should consider some actions such as: establishment of standardized sections in prisons and psychological hospitals, longterm program to establish special hospitals, using common and standard tools of risk assessment and establishment of follow up clinics and nursing (guardian) houses for post discharge care of criminal patients.

Termination of pregnancy aided by therapeutic abortion has been practiced since ancient times with the main goal of preserving mother’s life. Determining legislation relating to therapeutic abortion in each community along with identifying the main factors affecting the issuance of abortion permits is essential. This study aimed to determine main indications for licensing therapeutic abortion by forensic medicine organization in Hormozgan province.
This cross-sectional study was conducted among 281 pregnant women who referred to forensic medicine organization in Hormozgan province, from April 2016 to March 2017 for licensing therapeutic abortion (enumeration method). All medical records related to mother or fetus were correctly reviewed and were referred to the university hospitals for further clinical or paraclinical assessments if required. Authenticity of licensing therapeutic abortion was consulted with three specialists.
Findings: The license for therapeutic abortion was issued for 77.9%. The most common disorders in mothers requiring abortion were renal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, breast cancer, and hypertension. Also, the main neonatal disorders indicated for abortion were central nervous system disorders (especially anencephaly and microcephaly) and major thalassemia. The main reasons for the lack of licensing included high gestational age (over 19 weeks and 1 day), lack of follow by mothers, lack of patient's name at referral list, disapproval of deformities or malformations, and no likelihood for life-threatening.
More than two-third of requests for therapeutic abortion are licensed in forensic medicine organization in Hormozgan province. The main maternal causes for licensing therapeutic abortion are renal disorders, cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer while the most frequent fetal reasons for issuing abortion include central nervous system abnormalities such as anencephaly.

First degree murder as a dangerous social phenomenon can threat the safety of society and families. Examination its origins and effective factors can be helpful to prevent the broad prevalence of this destructive phenomenon. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the emotion control and executive functions between criminals and none-criminals.
This was a casual-comparative study. The statistical population consists of all first degree murdered criminals habituating in Yasouj prison in 2015-2016. 40 persons among the prisoners, were selected by using available sampling method and 40 persons of normal people participated in the study based on normal matching method. In order to collect data, emotional inhibition and executive functions questionnaire were used. The collected data were analyzed by using multivariable variance analysis test.
Findings: The results of multivariable variance analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the mean score of emotional inhibition and executive functions in people who committed first degree murder and none-criminals.
the present research showed that the criminals who committed first-degree murder acquired higher scores than control group in emotional inhibition and executive functions scales, therefore, it’s necessary to investigate these factors. Through knowing aforesaid factors, criminals’ families and all of related organizations which involved in maintenance and rehabilitation of criminals gain more knowledge and thereby can help criminals in restoring inhibitory ability, cognitive flexibility, self-sustaining, emotional inhibition and accommodative strategies by using educational programs and related mental treatments (individual therapy, group therapy, family therapy and social counseling). Also, in order to prevent committing crimes in society, it seems necessary to begin the related educations to control crime in early ages in schools and educational centers.

Reliable information about death causes mentioned in death certificate, is one of the basic resources for fundamental researches, epidemiological studies, public health services programming and the way of resource allocation in all countries. So, it seems, that is necessary for physicians to have enough knowledge and understandig in how to issue a death certificate. This study is descriptive cross sectional survey of all the physicians who were working in hospitals of Zanjan university of Medical Sciences. Data Gathering Tools: A two-part questionnaire containing demographic information and 25 questions about permissible and impermissible cases of issuing death certificate has been used. Achieving 18 to 25 marks in Questionaire is a good mark. The SPSS 16 statistical Software Were used in data Analysis. 192 physicaions including 63 female and 129 male. were studied in this Study. In 180 (93.8 %) of cases knowledge was sufficient in 10 of then level of knowledge was moderete, and in others was low differences based on sex way significaut (P < 0/05) The results suggest that most of the physicians are completely and sufficiently knowledgeable about identification of death cases which are premisive to issue death certificate. and that only in cases such as aging, heart attack, stroke, unexpected events, death in sanatorium, and kidney failure instead of referring the case to the coroner, the death certificate would be issued. It is suggested that in retraining courses these cases are to be pointed out.

One of the cases that clearly can be seen in human societies is risk of violence in the family. It will certainly put the health of society in danger. This is a cross sectional analytical study. Questionnaire were given to 1121 women that due to wife abuse had referred to forensic medicine of Zanjan province in 2010. The questionnaire were analyzed by K2 and، Binomial tests and statistical year book of the province. Significant statistical difference at 99% level was between age groups of women، women''s education، women''s birth rank، women''s job، men''s education، men''s occupation and number of children. Most frequency of differences were due to financial trouble with their wives about 23. 2%. In 46. 3% of cases the first wife abused was one month after morrtage. 81% of women were abuse more than five times، while 65. 6% of them had referred once to forensic medicine. It can be helpful to provide the necessary training to youth in schools، higher education institutions and media، get help from Islamic orders، premarital counseling، consultation during marital life for reducing differences، strengthen the spirit of consultation and advice، the introduction of women''s participation as much as possible in economic and social activities، efforts to promote gener equality، enactment and enforcement of women''s protecting laws، efforts to improve economic and social situation، planning and implementation of economic activity for increase employment opportunities.

Although social and cultural variables are widely used for describing behavior of wife abuser mens, but increasing awareness is evident in current researches that personality characteristics might also be useful for that purpose. In this regard, the present study examines the relationship between personality characteristics and demographic factors with wife abuse. In this ex post facto research, 100 wife abuser men (with accessible sampling) and 100 normal groups (with cluster sampling) were selected and administered by demographic questionnaire and NEO-Five Factor Inventory. Data were analyzed finally using chi-square and multiple- analysis of variance statistical methods. The findings indicated that there was significant difference between wife abuser men and normal groups in neuroticism (p=0.000), agreeableness (p=0.000) and conscientiousness (p=0.000), but in extroversion and openness there wasnt significant difference between two groups. Also, the results revealed that there was significant relationship between men's education (p<0.000), income (p<0.009), unemployment (p=0.002), alcohol consume (p<0.01), addiction (p<0.000), psychological problems (p<0.001) and wife abuse against women, but there wasn’t such a relationship between men's vocation and wife abuse. The findings provide empirical support for the proposition that personality characteristics and demographic factors may influence wife abuse.