مهدی نوروزی

Cracks increase the combustion level and naturally increase the pressure in the combustion chamber, which leads to a decrease in the optimal performance of the rocket engine. By increasing the mechanical properties, the possibility of cracking decreases, because by increasing the mechanical properties, the tip of the crack becomes rounded and prevents crack advancement in the propellant grains. By increasing the number of cracks, the burn level increases, which increases the burn rate. By increasing the number of cracks and holes in the propellant grains, the density decreases. In this research, samples of double base propellant were prepared by rolling from a Walz machine and a laboratory machine. The samples prepared from different areas of the Walz press and laboratory press at different temperatures and speeds were examined by testing mechanical properties, burning speed and density. The results of the mechanical properties test for the samples from the rolling machine showed that the favorable conditions for the preparation of the engine coincide with the increase of the uniformity of the rolling machine. As the uniformity increased, the tensile strength (TS) and elongation (EL %) increased to 83.5% and 19.7%, respectively. In the continuation of the propellant production process, the samples prepared from the laboratory press at different speeds showed that TS and EL% at the speed of 10 mm/s of material movement in the press are 14.1 MPa and 12.83%, respectively, with the optimum value. Also, the burning speed and density were measured at the speed of 10 mm/s material movement in the press with the optimum value of 3.3 cm/s and 1.62 gr/ml, respectively. In the preparation of the press sample, by increasing the temperature from 60°C to 75°C, significantly optimal results were observed in TS, EL%, burning speed and density.

One of the significant matters in research is the issue of copyright. In spite of the long history of intellectual property, it has not been officially debated in Islam, but Islamic jurists have started discussing and researching it. This research aims to scrutinize the juridical and legal foundations of copyright and its intellectual property. Via inspecting jurisprudential texts and using the library method, the results were attained that the copyright or authorship is the exclusive right to exploit a work of literature, art, or science for the author or the person to whom the author has assigned this right and this right is granted according to the law. Copyright is property and can be transferred to another. The transactional nature of the mentioned rights is due to work and benefit and is accepted by Islamic jurists. The difference is in the private ownership of the rights because there is no connection between transactional nature and ownership. On the other hand, based on numerous evidences such as no harm, fulfilling contracts, etc., the legality of the mentioned rights is inferred that they are mentioned as basic conditions, and as well as the contract, they are mandatory conditions in addition to the contract, and its accessories must also be adhered to.

Accurate simulation of geometrical properties of fractures is an important goal in rock engineering. One of the most capable methods for simulating the random nature of geometrical properties of fractures is Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) random modelling, which presents the heterogeneous nature of fractured rock mass with statistically defined geometrical properties. Up to now, all properties of fractures such as location, shape, orientation, size (persistence), spacing, and opening of joints have been simulated and applied in 3D DFN modelling. In this research, a statistical solution based on Kernel’s non-parametric distribution is used for simulating roughness. Through this method, even those geometric properties of fractures which do not have their own specific distribution functions can be simulated. After simulating the roughness value, the roughness geometry should also be simulated in a way that evokes the roughness value. Therefore, in order to simulate the surface of fractures in this research, the DRS method is applied in 2D and then, developed into 3D. At the end, simulation of discontinuity’s roughness is added as a separate package to DFN-FRAC3D computer program. DFN-FRAC3D computer program, as one of the most capable tools in this field, is able to develop a 3D fracture network block model by using the surveyed data and then simulating geometrical properties of the fracture; thus, by applying the results of this research in this compute software, all geometrical properties of fractures can be simulated. Finally, in order to explain the results of this research, outcomes of DFN-FRAC3D computer program for both with and without applying the roughness property on DFN are compared.

In this research, the hydrodynamic effects of the flow around a submerged rectangular surface near the bed and the free surface of water has been investigated. This analysis was done using FLUENT and the multiphase method of volume of fluid (VOF) and the standard k-ɛ model was used to simulate turbulence. After checking the mesh and computational space independency, first the effects of changing the depth of the geometry immersed in water from the free surface and also changing the velocity of the fluid flow on the waveform of the free surface and hydrodynamic coefficients were investigated and then the effects of close This geometry has been evaluated on the floor. The results of the present research show that as the submerged rectangular plate moves away from the free surface (increasing the depth) at a specific water velocity, the drag coefficient and negative effect increase, and on the contrary, with the increase of the fluid velocity at a specific depth from the surface, the performance The hydrodynamics of the system increases. Also, as the geometry approaches the water bed (floor), the hydrodynamic performance is improved, while there is no significant change in the drag coefficient. In addition, at a certain depth from the floor, the hydrodynamic performance increases significantly with the increase in fluid velocity.

Respecting the rights of patients is one of the care priorities that should be paid attention to by nurses. In this regard, cultural nursing interventions are one of the effective ways to preserve and promote it. This study was conducted to determining the effect of implementing care based on cultural competence on the attitude towards respecting patients' rights among nurses working in Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah.

The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group, the research community of which was formed by nurses working at Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital in Kermanshah in the first half of 1400. 60 nurses who met the entry criteria entered the study through available sampling and were randomly classified into two test and control groups. To collect data, the nurses' demographic information form and the attitude questionnaire toward respecting patients' rights were used, which were completed by the participants before and two months after the implementation of the intervention. The intervention group received skills based on cultural competence, including its concepts and components, dimensions, principles and prerequisites, and practical skills to increase it during one month in four sessions in person and virtually. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 20 statistical software and using descriptive and inferential statistical tests.

There was no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of demographic characteristics. The attitude towards respecting patients' rights in nurses before the intervention was 43.50 ± 7.11 in the nurses of the test group and 42.10 ± 4.10 in the nurses of the control group, which did not have a statistically significant difference (p=0.73). However, after the intervention, it reached 49.96 ± 6.93 in the test group and 42.00 ± 4.39 in the control group, which was significant in the test group (P<0.001).

Considering the effectiveness of training and implementation of care based on cultural competence in the attitude toward respecting the rights of patients in nurses, it is suggested that health trustees and nursing managers use the results of this research to preserve and respect the rights of patients and empower nurses in the field of cultural competence.

 Nowadays, in the Post-COVID-19 period, paying attention to related psychological issues, such as loneliness and subsequent death anxiety among the elderly, is of particular importance. This study was conducted to determine the relationship of loneliness with death anxiety in the Post-COVID-19 era among the Older People in Ilam Province in 2023.

 In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, 384 elderly men and women in Ilam province were included in the study after checking the inclusion criteria by cluster and simple random sampling methods. To collect data, demographic information questionnaires, the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3), and Templer's Death Anxiety (DAS) were used. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman's correlation coefficient tests in SPSS version 22 software with a significance level of P< 0.05.

 The mean and standard deviation of loneliness and death anxiety scores were 51.88 ± 14.17 and 10.93 ± 4.55, respectively. A significant direct relationship was found between loneliness and death anxiety. Also, there was a significant direct correlation between age with loneliness (r = 0.29) and death anxiety (r = 0.88) and a significant inverse correlation between the number of children with death anxiety (r = -0.1). There was a statistically significant difference between loneliness and death anxiety with gender, insurance status, residence, and housemate segregation, and there was also a statistically significant difference between death anxiety with marital status, education level, underlying disease, and experiencing a stressful event.

 Considering the positive relationship between loneliness and death anxiety and the influencing factors in this study, health policymakers must plan to reduce loneliness and subsequent death anxiety in the elderly while paying attention to these factors.

The needing or not needing a master is one of the important issues to be considered in spiritual journey.A master is a person who is cognizant of the issues and can guide the person along the path of spiritual journey. Knowing the science of jurisprudence, having an accurate knowledge of the religious law, understanding divine sciences and intuition is necessary conditions for being a master. The wayfarer needs a general master at the beginning of the path and a special master until the end of the way.The religious way and reaching the truth is not possible except through the Sharia.The master who know Sharia will smooth the path and then will help the follower to reach his goal faster. Some do not believe in the necessity of following the master in spiritual journey. Allame Tehrani has critiques on the theory of not needing a master in spiritual journey.He declares the necessity of master, benefits and ways of knowing the master and problems and threats of the master&rsquo;s absence, as well. Allame Tehrani scrutinizes not needing a master as being astray in spiritual journey and he has considered full obedience to the perfect master in diverse stages of his spiritual journey

In this paper, three-dimensional code has been developed to simulate the partial cavitating flow around projectiles with various heads (blunt, hemispherical, and conical) using the BEM. For this purpose, after generating the geometry using quadrilateral elements with four control points, using the integral expression of Green's theory, source and dipole have been distributed on elements, and using an iterative algorithm, simulation is done and results are compared with the available experimental data and other numerical results. Despite the low computational cost of this method, the results have a high accuracy and convergence rate. One of the main contributions of this work is to present a correlation between the properties of cavity around projectiles with different heads (in the limit of 0.075≤σ≤0.5). Also, Analysis of the results shows that the method has a suitable ability to predict the properties of cavitation flow at non-zero angles of attack (up to 8° angle of attack) in the shortest time. Of course, by increasing the angle of attack and getting away from the potential assumption, the results are associated with some errors (15% in geometrical characteristics and 12% in aerodynamic coefficients). Due to high convergence rate and acceptable accuracy, this method can be used for initial design and optimization of subsurface projectiles with cavitation.

The burning speed can change in the presence of crack. Cracks cause an increase in the burning level and then increase the pressure in the combustion chamber, which will lead to a decrease in the optimal performance of the engine and sometimes accompanied by an explosion. In this research, samples of double base propellant were prepared by performing mixing operations in Kent, rolling in Walz machine and laboratory press. In order to check the cracks in the engine, sampling was done in the Walz machine at four different points of the engine. Also, the propellant press was performed in a laboratory press in different temperature conditions and with different material movement speeds. After that, crack detection was done by X-ray micro CT scan on engine samples. Results obtained for the press samples showed that the optimal conditions for the preparation of the propellant are the material movement speed of 10 and the temperature of 75 ˚C. Also, the results of Walls samples showed that by increase in homogenization process, the cavity radius in the sample decreases from 25.15 to 16.6 microns and the percentage of voids decreased from 3.5 to 0.5%.

Stress is an inevitable reality in life that can have a significant impact on one's physical and mental health and can suppress the immune system.The imperative need to examine the well-being of the elderly is that they are exposed to a lot of risks in the effects of events such as the end of employment and retirement, loss of spouses and friends, separation of children from their families, loneliness, rejection, and the pressures resulting from the industrialization of societies that leads to emotional detachment and psychological problems. Stress depends on the cultural and social aspects that vary from country to country. Nationality is one of the indicators of cultural difference. Culture includes ethnicity, race, religion, age, gender, family values, area in which a country is located and many other features that can affect psychopathology. This study aimed to determine the level of stress and related factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in the elderly and adults of the Zoroastrian community residing in Tehran.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 123 elderly and 201 adult Zoroastrians residing in Tehran, using data collection through online questionnaires. The study gathered data through a two-part questionnaire comprising a demographic questionnaire and the Covid Stress Scale (CSS). The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 25 statistical software.

Findings indicate that the level of COVID-19 stress in the elderly, with a mean of 16.59 ± 47.16, is lower than in adults with a mean of 16.93 ± 56.93, showing a significant difference (t(322) = -4.908, p < 0.001). In both elderly and adults, stress is mild.

The study results suggest that in general, the elderly experience less stress compared to adults. Additionally, being female, married, having children, having a chronic illness, and exposure of relatives to COVID-19 or their death due to it contribute to increased COVID-19 stress.

In double base propellants, due to inherent instability of nitroesters compunds, ageing occurs. Stabilizer using, is one of the common method in order to increase propellant's lifespan. Considering that there is no ideal stabilizer compound, stabilizer mixtures have been used to increase stability. In stabilizer mixtures, the higher eutectic point leading to lower immigration of them from propellants matrix to surface. In this research, eutectic point of five stabilizer mixtures contains (diphenylamine + ethylcentralite), (2-nitrodiphenylamine + methylcentralite), (diphenylamine + methylcentralite), (acardite II + methylcentralite) and (2-nitrodiphenylamine + ethylcentralite) were calculated as 289.31, 336.52, 294.41, 371.19 and 325.15 K, respectively. The mixture of acardite II and methyl centralite is more favorable than other mixtures due to its higher eutectic point. In the continuation of this article, the behavior of the mixed phase of stabilizers was analyzed by ideal, Wilson and UNIQUAC models. Results determined that Ideal, Wilson and UNIQUAC models can be correlated experiential melting point with maximum 11.97, 5.6 and 2.69 % error.

Sleep disorders are among the most common problems in the elderly. Guided imagery is a non-pharmacological treatment that can be effective in treating these problems and improving the health of the elderly. This study aims to determine the effect of guided imagery therapy on sleep quality and general health of older adults suffering from sleep disorders.

This is an interventional study on 70 older adults aged >60 years referred to a health center in Ardabil, Iran in 2021. They were selected using a convenience sampling method and were randomly allocated to the intervention (n=35) and control (n=35) groups after obtaining informed consent. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and Goldberg’s general health questionnaire (GHQ) were used before and after the intervention for data collection. The control group received the routine care, while the intervention group received the guided imagery therapy as well by listening to an audio file. Data analysis was done in SPSS software, version 22.

There was no significant difference in the mean score of PSQI and GHQ between the two groups before the intervention (P>0.05). However, a significant difference was observed in sleep quality (P≤0.001) and general health (except for severe depression and social dysfunction domains) after the intervention (P≤0.05).

Guided imagery is efficient in improving sleep quality and general health of the elderly with sleep disorders and can be used as a non-pharmacological nursing intervention.

 Increased prevalence of Alzheimer's disease is one of the consequences of elderly and these people are dependent on others to perform normal life activities due to impaired cognition, behavior and performance. The variety and intensity of care roles leads to psychological problems (anxiety, fatigue and depression) and increases the care burden in caregivers. This study aimed to determine the study relationship between fatigue and caregivers’ burden of elderly caregivers with Alzheimer's disease in Birjand city. 

The cross-sectional method was used. The statistical population consists of all the elderly caregivers with Alzheimer's disease in Birjand city in year 2019. In this study, according to convenience sampling method, 150 elderly caregivers by formula Plant of Tabachnick, Fidell and Ullman (2007) were selected as samples and they were asked to fill revised fatigue scale of Piper and et al (1998) and caregiver burden inventory of Zarit and et al (1998). The data were analyzed by tests of Pearson correlation and multivariate regression. 

 Findings showed that there was positive and significant correlation between fatigue and caring caregivers (P<0/01). Also, findings showed that %55/7 of variance of caring caregivers was explained by fatigue.

 This study confirmed the significant contribution of fatigue on caring caregivers of elderly caregivers with Alzheimer's disease.

The health system's responsiveness to provision of health services displays the ability of the system to meet the non-medical needs of people. The present study aimed to assess Iran's health system responsiveness in providing rehabilitation for people with disabilities (PWD).

This population-based cross-sectional study included 1537 PWD referring to physical rehabilitation centers in all provinces of Iran by using a multistage cluster sampling method in 2019. A valid self-administrated questionnaire was used for data collection. Stata software (version 14.0) was used for data processing and analysis.

The frequency rate of good responsiveness to meet physical rehabilitation needs was 64.5%. The health system's highest and lowest frequency rates of good responsiveness were related to rapid response (74.5%), independence  and participation in decision-making (52.5). Having basic health insurance coverage (OR=1.97, 95% CI:1.20-3.25), severity of disability (OR=2.02, 95% CI:1.14-3.60), economic status of individuals (OR=2.04, 95% CI:1.17-3.56), and household size (OR=0.82, 95% CI:0.72-0.94) were significant determinants in regard to poor responsiveness of the health system.

To maintain and enhance responsiveness and eliminate inequalities, interventions such as expanding the rehabilitation facilities, holding special skills training courses for rehabilitation-related assistants, general practitioners, and health workers, and also, empowering PWD are recommended. Further studies are also recommended to identify the causes of poor responsiveness and take measures that can make the health system more responsible.

pressure ulcer (PU) as one of the serious complications of hospitalization in health care centers increases the caregiver burden, morbidity and mortality of patients, the frequency and duration of hospitalization, and reduces the quality of treatment, and imposes huge costs on health systems and increase the pain and suffering of patients. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the level of knowledge and attitude of pressure ulcer prevention among rehabilitation team members in Rafidah Rehabilitation Hospital.

This research was a cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2022 in Rofeydeh Rehabilitation Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Demographic information of 107 members of the rehabilitation team working in Rafidah Rehabilitation Hospital using the full count method during a period of 8 weeks and using the Piper Pressure Ulcer Prevention Knowledge Test (PPUKT) and the Beckman Pressure Ulcer Prevention Attitude Tool (APUP) were gathered. The collected data were analyzed in Spss software version 28 using chi-score and independent t tests at a significance level of 0.05.

The majority of the rehabilitation team members were women (78.5%), were over 30 years old (52.3%), and had a bachelor's degree (51.4%) and clinical work experience of more than 5 years (66.4%). and not having a history of participating in pressure ulcer training courses (70%). The average score of knowledge of team members was weak (56.71) and the attitude of team members was favorable (76.04). The findings showed that there was no significant relationship between the knowledge and attitude of rehabilitation team members with gender, age, education level and clinical work experience. While there was a significant relationship between the knowledge and attitude of the rehabilitation team members with the history of participating in pressure ulcer training courses.

Based on the results of the present study, the rehabilitation team members had poor knowledge and favorable attitude. Considering the poor knowledge of the rehabilitation team members, it is recommended that the nursing and rehabilitation field administrators plan training and practical workshops on the prevention of pressure ulcers to improve the knowledge level of the team members.

Existence of appropriate leadership style to the proper functioning of employees as the most important asset of the organization Assist and perform beyond their assigned tasks and role has a great impact on their job descriptions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of employee leadership on organizational citizenship behavior and employee performance by considering the mediating role of organizational culture and organizational commitment. The statistical population of the present study is all managers and employees of justice in Tehran province, Ghods complex. Their number is 520 people. According to the statistical population size, Cochran's formula was used to determine the number of sample sizes. Therefore, 221 of all managers and employees of the judiciary in Tehran province, Ghods Complex was selected as a research sample. Sampling method in the present study was simple random sampling method. Descriptive and inferential tests were used to analyze the data of this study. SPSS and SMARTPLS software were used to analyze the research data. The results showed that employee leadership has a positive and significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior, employee leadership has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, organizational culture mediates the relationship between employee leadership and organizational citizenship behavior, organizational culture has a relationship between employee leadership and It mediates employee performance, organizational commitment mediates the relationship between employee leadership and organizational citizenship behavior, and organizational commitment mediates the relationship between employee leadership and employee performance.

According to the general theory of obligations, the guarantees of the obligation remain with it in the transfer process through the transfer of the obligation to others. However, in Iran's legal system, the fate of guarantees after the transfer of the obligation is not clear. This is because the Iranian legislator, under the title of conversion of obligation in Article 292 of the Civil Code, has included phrases that seem to define the examples of transfer of obligation (transfer of debt and demand) and then in the next article, it has decreed the fall of guarantees in the conversion of obligation. This has become the source of disagreement among jurists and some believe that guarantees remain in absolute transfer of obligation, and some believe that it falls, and some have even generated the fall of guarantees to guarantee and remittance contracts as well. This study, while explaining the important problems in the interpretations of articles 292 and 293 of Civil Code, first explored the issue in detail from a jurisprudential point of view, and then presented a new interpretation of these two articles and made them refer to a certain contract known as "transformation of obligation" which is specific to Iran's legal system. Based on the jurisprudential history of the issue, it shows that the general rule in Imamiyah jurisprudence and the legal system of Iran is the remaining of guarantees in the transfer of the claimant, and their fall in the transfer of debt.

Nitride compounds are among the most important and widely used compounds in life. The high chemical, thermal and mechanical stability of nitride compounds is due to the interaction of two factors, such as very strong bonds between the elements and the existence of completely covalent structures. Triphosphorus pentanitride (P3N5) is an important nitride compound. Three structures of alpha, gamma and delta are known from Triphosphorus pentanitride, which are synthesized at low to high pressures, respectively, but the most well-known and used structure is alpha triphosphorous pentanitride. P3N5 synthesis methods generally include ammonolysis, thermal compaction, thermal vapor deposition, plasma and photochemical techniques. P3N5 is used in various military, electronic, and construction fields. In this article, first an introduction of P3N5 compound is presented and then physicochemical properties, thermodynamic data, synthesis methods and important applications of P3N5 is provided.

There is little evidence of access to health services among people with disabilities (PWD) in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to examine access to physical rehabilitation services among PWD in Iran.

A population-based cross-sectional survey of 2177 PWD was conducted in all provinces of Iran using a multistage cluster sampling method in 2019. The number of sample zones was determined by dividing the country into four socioeconomic zones and considering the share of the population in each zone. Data were obtained by a valid self-administrated questionnaire and analyzed.

The frequency of need for physical rehabilitation services among PWD is %16.6. Among the types of physical rehabilitation services, the highest frequency of needs was related to physiotherapy services. About 28.1% of PWD did not have access to the required rehabilitation services. The third zone has more need and less access to required rehabilitation services. Lack of access to information and financial inability were the most common reasons for lack of access to services. Basic health insurance coverage, low disability rate, high level of education, and socioeconomic status were the determinants of access to rehabilitation services.

Given the gaps in the fair access of PWD to physical rehabilitation services, it is suggested that policies and programs be designed to increase the coverage of rehabilitation services and their costs to achieve the goal of universal health coverage in Iran. The implementation of these policies should be evaluated.

Peace and tranquility among humans are two of the ideal teachings of Islam which are emphasized in religious doctrines. Still, considering the current situation between Muslims and infidels who are not people of the book, as for a peace treaty between them, there are two maximal and moderate views among the jurists of Islamic schools of thought. The early scholars consider jihad with infidels who are not people of the book to be obligatory until they convert to Islam or are killed. They do not allow the conclusion of a cease-fire agreement with them except in case of necessity. But some of the later scholars consider it permissible to fight only with infidels who are sedition seekers, aggressors, and treaty breakers and believe that it is permissible to make peace or remain on a compromise agreement with non-seditious infidels and non-treaty violators who want peace and a peaceful life with Muslims. The latter view is more consistent with the totality of Islamic teachings. Therefore, in this research, while presenting the reasons for the former view and its criticisms, the latter view has been proven by citing several reasons from the Quran, hadiths, and traditions.