مهین اعتمادی نیا

During their working process nurses are involved in extensive tensions which cause an increase in compassion fatigue and a decrease in empathy and optimism which has a negative effect on the quality of their clinical services.

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of group spiritual-Islamic mindfulness on nurses’ compassion fatigue, empathy and optimism.

This research was a semi-experimental study whose statistical population included nurses working in Arefian Hospital in Urmia city. In the year 1401, 60 nurses were selected randomly using available sampling method and were put into two experimental and control groups (30 people in each group). The experimental group received inervention during 8 sessions of 90 minutes, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The measurement tools were questionnaires from Figley's Compassion Fatigue (1995), Baron-Cohen's Empathy (2003) and Seligman’s Pessimism-Optimism (1982). The participants completed the questionnaires in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up phases. The data was analyzed using the repeated measures and SPSS22 software.

There was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores in the experimental and control groups in all three research variables. The intervention of group spiritual-Islamic mindfulness had a significant effect on nurses’ compassion fatigue (F = 10.980; P < 0.01), empathy (F = 53.071; P < 0.01) and optimism (F = 25.406; P < 0.01).

Group spiritual-Islamic mindfulness was effective on nurses' compassion fatigue, empathy, and optimism; Therefore, this intervention can be used to improve the performance and quality of clinical care of nurses.

The purpose of this research was to determine the difference among effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT), child-centered mindfulness instruction (Burdick) and incredible years program (IY) on decreased internalizing symptoms of first period elementary students in Tabriz. Necessary data was collected in the framework of semi-experimental design of pre-test, post-test kind and follow-up with three experimental groups and one control and administration of Achenbach' child behavior questionnaire (CBCL) – parents' version. The statistical population was all the first period elementary students of Tabriz and their mothers during 2020-2021. The sample included 40 students with their mothers that 30 people were selected as experimental groups and 10 people as control group through volunteer method and based on inclusion criteria. After holding treatment periods (parent-child interaction therapy, child-centered mindfulness and incredible years (IY) during three months and data analysis by mixed variance analysis, the results showed that treatment methods of parent-child interaction, child-centered mindfulness and incredible years program (IY) were effective on decreased scores of internalizing behaviors of the students since pre-test session till follow-up session.the results of Bonferoni's test showed that the method parent-child interaction is more effective than the treatment method of child-centered mindfulness on decreased internalizing symptoms of the students.

Rumination and poor interactive quality are among the most common psychological problems of women suffering from postpartum depression. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of a one-day workshop based on cognitive behavioral therapy on rumination and interactive quality of women suffering from postpartum depression.

It was a semi-experimental research design of pre-test-post-test type with a control group and a follow-up stage. The statistical population of this research included all women suffering from postpartum depression in Salmas city who were referred to health centers in 2022 to receive psychological services. The sample size includes 50 subjects (25 in the experimental group and 25 in the control group) from the statistical population selected by available sampling method and they were randomly divided into two groups, the control group and the experimental group. For the experimental group, a one-day workshop based on cognitive behavioral therapy was implemented, while the control group did not receive training. Two weeks after the end of the training sessions, the scale of rumination responses and the relationship quality scale were completed as a post-test and follow-up after two months. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements and SPSS-26 software.

The average rumination scores in the pre, post and follow-up stages were 42.16, 36.60 and 36.96, respectively in the experimental group and 40.12, 41.36 and 41.44 in the control group, respectively. Also, the average interactive quality scores in the pre, post and follow-up stages in the experimental group were 20.40, 28.28 and 29.40, respectively and in the control group were 21.28, 20.72 and 20.32, respectively. The results of analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that the one-day workshop based on cognitive behavioral therapy had a significant effect on rumination and interactive quality in the post-test and follow-up stages (p<0.001).

Findings of this study provide useful information about one-day workshop based on cognitive behavioral therapy and counselors and psychologists can use this intervention to improve rumination and interactive quality of women with postpartum depressive disorder.

The research aimed to validate the Iranian version of the mood rhythm. The statistical population was all the students of Urmia University in 2022. The sample size in the present study was 340 people and they were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. In this way, 10 faculties were randomly selected among the faculties of Urmia universities. Then, 34 students were randomly selected from each faculty and completed the Revised Mood Rhythm Instrument (MRhI; De Oliveira et al., 2021 The analysis method of this research was factor analysis. Investigating construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis showed that the scale has a three-factor structure including cognitive, physical, and emotional. It has favorable fit indices (CFI=0.926, GFI=0.919, RMSEA=0.061, p < 0.001) for reliability using Koder Richardson's method for physical factor 0.79, cognitive factor 0.76, the emotional factor was 0.73 and the total number of questions was 0.82 (p < 0.001), which indicates the acceptable reliability of the mood rhythm instrument. Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that this instrument has adequate validity and reliability in Iranian society and can be used to measure and screen circadian cycle disorders and for research and treatment purposes.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of pain stages of change algorithm & transdiagnostic treatment on comorbid symptoms in psychosomatic patients with migraine. The current study was a quasi-experimental. Statistical population included people with migraine in Urmia city. Forty-five people with migraine were selected by a specialist after final diagnosis, and randomly divided into three groups of fifteen. Experimental group 1 underwent pain stages of change algorithm, experimental group 2 underwent transdiagnostic treatment, and control group was placed in waiting list. Comorbid Symptoms in patients with migraine included distress intolerance, pain anxiety, and sleep disorders; to measure these variables, distress intolerance questionnaire (Simmons and Gaher, 2005), pain anxiety scale (McCracken et al., 1992), and sleep disorders questionnaire (Mohammadi and et al., 2009) were used. Mixed ANOVA analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the transdiagnostic treatment in the cognitive subscale of pain anxiety and the subscales of non-absorption, evaluation, and regulation of emotion were significantly more effective than the pain stages of change algorithm. But, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of transdiagnostic treatment and pain stages of change algorithm in sleep variables. The results of this study suggest that transdiagnostic treatment can reduce cognitive and emotional symptoms in patients with migraine and improve headaches. But in the case of sleep disorders in these patients both treatments can be used.

nurses, during their work process, are involved in extensive tensions that lead to increased compassion fatigue and decreased empathy in them; Therefore, therapeutic interventions to reduce compassion fatigue and increase empathy should be considered. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of group Islamic spiritual mindfulness and group mindfulness-based stress reduction on compassion fatigue and empathy of nurses.

The present study is a semi-experimental study. The number of 90 nurses working in Arefian Hospital in Urmia in the fall and winter of 1401, with the available sampling method, were selected randomly in 3 groups of Islamic spiritual mindfulness (30 people), mindfulness-based stress reduction (30 people) and the control group (30 people) and they completed the compassion fatigue questionnaires of Figley (1995) and Baron-Cohen empathy (2003) before and after the intervention and after 2 months of follow-up. The data was analyzed by repeated measure analysis of variance with spss22 software.

The results of the analysis of variance showed that in compassion fatigue, the mindfulness-based stress reduction group had a higher effectiveness than the Islamic spiritual mindfulness group (p < 0.05), but in empathy, the intervention of Islamic spiritual mindfulness had a higher effectiveness than the mindfulness-based stress reduction group (p < 0.05).

According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the interventions of group Islamic spiritual mindfulness and group mindfulness-based stress reduction were effective in reducing compassion fatigue and promoting nurses' empathy.

Nurses, as one of the important groups in the health field, are exposed to problems such as compassion fatigue, which requires empathy as an important characteristic. Thus, therapeutic interventions to reduce compassion fatigue and increase empathy should be considered. Therefore, this research aimed to study the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) group therapy on compassion fatigue and empathy of nurses.

The present study was a semi-experimental study. Sixty nurses working in Arefian Hospital in Urmia were randomly selected and divided into two Mindfulness based Stress Reduction (30 people) and control (30 people) groups in the spring and summer of 2022-2023. They completed the Figley’s Compassion Fatigue questionnaire (1995) and the empathy scale of Baron-Cohen (2003) before and after the intervention and after two months of follow-up. The data were analyzed by repeated measure analysis of variance with SPSS v.22 software.

The results of variance analysis showed that the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction group intervention was effective on compassion fatigue (p < 0.01) and empathy (p < 0.05) of nurses. Furthermore, the effects of therapeutic intervention on compassion fatigue and Empathy was maintained until follow-up (p < 0.01).

According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Group therapy effectively reduced compassion fatigue and increased nurses' empathy. Using this intervention in clinical settings is recommended to reduce the nurses' problems of being exposed to much stress in the work environment.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of a one-day workshop based on cognitive behavioral therapy of interpretation bias and hyperexcitability in patients with postpartum depression.

It was a quasi-experimental research design of pre-test, post-test and follow-up type with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all women with perinatal depression in Selmas city who were referred to health centers in 2021 to receive psychological services. The sample size includes 50 people (25 people in the experimental group and 25 people in the control group) from the statistical population were selected by available sampling method and divided into two control and experimental groups. For the experimental group, a one-day workshop based on cognitive behavioral therapy based on the Stark model (1996) was implemented, while the control group did not receive any training. The research tools included the Edinburgh Depression Questionnaire by Cox et al. (1996), the Ambiguous Scenarios Test for Depression by Brena et al. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance test with repeated measurements.

The results showed that the one-day workshop based on cognitive behavioral therapy on interpretation bias (F=258.60, P<0.001) and positive euphoria (F=120.70, P<0.001) and negative excitement (F=56.79, P<0.001) had a significant effect in the post-test and follow-up stages.

The findings of this research provide useful information regarding a one-day workshop based on cognitive behavioral therapy, and counselors and psychologists can use this intervention to improve interpretation bias and hyper-excitement in postpartum depression.

Background &

In the next 50 years, a large part of the world's population will be made up of the elderly over sixty years old. Demographers have estimated that by the year 2050, the population of people over sixty years old will reach 2 billion people in the world. This means that there is one elderly person for every 5 people. In this way, not only developed countries but also developing countries make up a large part of the population of people over 60 years old. This excessive increase in the elderly on the one hand and the industrialization of societies and forgetting on the other hand has caused the issue of the elderly and their problems to become an acute issue. After entering the aging stage, the human body suffers from many diseases, of which blood pressure in the elderly is one of the most important because high blood pressure carries the risk of heart attack. As high blood pressure is dangerous, low blood pressure is equally dangerous. Blood pressure in the elderly is a type of silent disease, and the patient almost does not notice that his blood pressure is high, and only realizes that the elderly person needs special care. Health promotion is the science and art of changing the lifestyle to achieve the desired perfection and it includes behaviors during which a person should eat properly, exercise regularly, avoid harmful behaviors and drugs, protect against accidents, and recognize the signs in time. Illness in the physical dimension, control of emotions, feelings, and thoughts and coping with stress and problems in the mental and psychological dimension, independence and adaptability, and correction of interpersonal relationships in the social dimension and the cause of many chronic diseases, lifestyle and human behaviors and performing health-enhancing behaviors is one of the most important ways that people can maintain their health. The six important components of a health-promoting lifestyle include health responsibility, physical activity, nutritional habits, stress management, spiritual growth, and interpersonal relationships. Neuroticism or neuroticism is one of the five big factors that make up the personality, it is usually considered as a tendency towards anxiety, depression, self-doubt, and other negative emotions. All personality traits, including neuroticism, lie on a spectrum only some people are much more neurotic than others. In the Big Five personality theory, neuroticism is sometimes described as low emotional stability or negative emotions. Many researchers have considered neuroticism as one of the important factors in predicting many important social factors such as marriage, strength of relationships, and physical characteristics and diseases. In a study that examined the models related to health promotion in middle-aged women, it was found that health promotion models that emphasize the role of culture in mental health are more effective in eastern cultures and could be more powerful in Promoting the health of middle-aged women should be effective. In this study, the factors affecting the improvement of mental health (reduction of depression, anxiety, stress, impulsivity and vulnerability to stress), improvement of health behaviors (exercise, hygiene, taking medicines on time, etc.) and the ability of a person to make decisions In the daily affairs of life, the most important predictors of health promotion were introduced. The purpose of psychological flexibility is that it gives a person the opportunity to face his current situation and evaluate it, and through such activities, a person makes sure that he can effectively deal with that situation. The position works. In general, resilience is a process of the ability or outcome to successfully adapt to threatening situations, thus meaning exposure to risk and better than expected outcomes, maintaining positive adaptation despite stressful experiences, and recovering well after It is damage. Therefore, it seems that psychological flexibility acts as a moderator in performing health behaviors among its predictors. But so far, researches have not directly investigated this role and determined its limits. In previous studies, the relationship between psychological flexibility and personality traits has been discussed and a significant relationship between them has been reported. In various researches, the relationship between neuroticism and health-promoting behaviors has been examined and it has been determined that anxiety is a negative predictor of health-promoting behaviors. The present research aims to predict health-promoting behaviors based on neuroticism in Elderly people with high blood pressure with regard to the moderating role of psychological flexibility.

The present research is a descriptive-correlation design. The statistical population of the research was all the elderly who referred to the clinics of Urmia city in 1401. For this purpose, 200 participants were selected on a quota basis. The average age of the participants was 65.7 (standard deviation = 5.92 years) and 55.33% were male. The participants completed the questionnaire of demographic characteristics, short form of big five factors of personality (NEO-FFI), health promoting behaviors (HPLP-2) and psychological flexibility (CFI-20).

The results showed that there is a significant inverse relationship between the subscales of health-promoting behaviors and neuroticism in the range (-0.73 to -0.9). Also, path analysis showed that neuroticism predicts health-enhancing behaviors through the mediation of psychological flexibility (NFI and CFI = 0.97) and (Chi-square = 56.3).

In explaining this finding, it can be said that personality factors, as the most influential dimensions and psychological traits, play an important role in determining the general and stable behaviors of humans, therefore, health-related behaviors and psychological health are influenced by important personality factors and personality traits. Since personality and personality factors are formed in early life and during development in humans, they play an important role in predicting behaviors related to human health, this effect is to the extent that when a person has high psychological flexibility However, neuroticism significantly causes health-damaging behaviors. Depression, anxiety, and stress in the elderly are a very important issue and to control their direct and indirect destructive effects, they should be directly prevented and treated. In this research, only elderly people with high blood pressure in Urmia City participated and also a questionnaire was used to participate in the research, it will be beneficial to conduct research with a wider community and use clinical interviews in future research. Mental health in the elderly with high blood pressure plays an important role in their health promotion behaviors.

Mood–related patterns show a daily rhythmic pattern. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the mood rhythm and personality factors of Hexaco among students. Global disease research reports that mental health conditions are among the leading causes of disability worldwide, and it is predicted that major depression will be the number one cause of disability by 2025. It has been well established that the abnormality in the sleep–wake cycle and circadian rhythms of activity–rest are related to changes in mood states, and this relationship has been observed at the molecular, physiological, and behavioral levels. However, little is known about the 24–hour rhythm of other behavioral and physiological functions, such as mood, cognitive abilities, appetite, and social interaction. On the other hand, a lot of evidence supports the idea that circadian rhythm disorders play an essential role in the pathology of mood disorders. Still, more research is necessary to understand this issue better. Circadian typology reflects individual differences in the biological rhythms of the biological clock. Studies have shown that five personality factors play a significant role in forming people's mood rhythms. In general, mood rhythms are the essential characteristics of people, related to a wide range of individual traits influenced by society, education, academic performance, aging, and sexual relations. However, despite the unique importance of mood rhythm, few research studies have been conducted on its relationship with personality traits. Also, based on the investigations conducted in this research, no study deals with the relationship between mood rhythm and personality factors of Hexaco.

The current research was analytical and of the correlational type. The statistical population included all students of Urmia University, Urmia City, Iran, in 2022. According to the minimum sample required for factor analysis, 250 people is enough; however, 340 people were selected by the multi–stage cluster sampling method. In this way, among the faculties of Urmia University, 10 faculties were selected randomly. Then, 34 students were randomly selected from each faculty and answered the Mood Rhythm Instrument (De Oliveira et al., 2020) and the Hexaco Personality Inventory (Ashton and Lee, 2004). The inclusion criteria were as follows: informed consent, age range of 18 to 36 years, and not taking psychiatric drugs. The exclusion criteria were as follows: providing incomplete information and refusing to complete the questionnaires. Also, to comply with the ethics of the research, while informing all the participants about the objectives of the research and obtaining informed consent from the units under study, the optionality of participating in the research, the right to withdraw from the study, and making the results available if desired, were mentioned. Ethical considerations were observed in all stages of the research. Also, issues related to the safety and well–being of participants and data privacy were monitored during the study. The Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis were used for data analysis in SPSS version 22 software. The significance level of all tests was 0.05.

The results showed that the cognitive component (mood rhythm) had a negative and significant relationship with conscientiousness (Hexaco) (r=–0.115, p<0.05) and had positive and significant relationships with emotionality (Hexaco) (r=0.176, p<0.01) and openness (Hexaco) (r=0.153, p<0.01). Also, the physical component (mood rhythm) had a positive and significant relationship with emotionality (Hexaco) (r=0.173, p<0.01) and had negative and significant relationships with agreeableness (Hexaco) (r=–0.130, p<0.05) and conscientiousness (Hexaco) (r=–0.262, p<0.01). Finally, the emotional component (mood rhythm) had a negative relationship with conscientiousness (Hexaco) (r=–0.266, p<0.01) and a positive relationship with emotionality (Hexaco) (r=0.300, p<0.01). The research results showed that Hexaco personality factors significantly correlate with mood rhythm.

According to the present research findings, there is a relationship between mood rhythm and Hexaco personality factors. This finding suggests that people with certain personality traits may be more prone to mood swings throughout the day. Further research is needed to determine this relationship's underlying mechanisms and potential consequences.

Migraine headache is a common, painful, severe and debilitating in chronic conditions which can be characterized by recurrent and unilateral moderate to severe attacks.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of transdiagnostic treatment on pain anxiety, distress intolerance and sleep disorders in psychosomatic patients who suffer from migraine.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study that benefited from a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included patients with migraine referred to a psychiatrist in Urmia in the second half of 2020, who were randomly divided into control and experimental groups with 15 patients in each group. Measurement tools included Distress Intolerance Questionnaire (Simmons & Gaher, 2005), Pain Anxiety Scale (McCracken & et al, 1992) and Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (Mohammadi & et al, 2009). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-26 software.

The results showed that considering ETA squares, there was a statistically significant difference between the control and experimental groups (p<0.001). Therefore; it can be claimed that changes and improvements in about 92% of pain anxiety, 91.6% of distress intolerance and 82.1% of sleep disorders have been due to the effectiveness of transdiagnostic treatment intervention.

The results showed that transdiagnostic treatment can be used in conjunction with drug interventions for migraine patients who can also be effective in reducing emotional symptoms, pain anxiety, distress intolerance and sleep disorders in these individuals.

Conscious listening not only requires maintaining attention to the external environment (i.e. the speaker), but also involves being present in one's body and observing the unapproachable and non-reactive inner experiences. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factor structure of the Persian version of the Pratscher (2018) Interpersonal Mindfulness Questionnaire, which is designed to measure individual responses in social interactions.

In this descriptive-analysis study, 248 students (164 boys and 74 girls) from Tehran and Tabriz universities were selected by convenience sampling method and the Pratscher Interpersonal Mindfulness Questionnaire (2018) And Brown (2003) Response Questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis and SPSS software version 22 and LISREL version 8.80 were used for data analysis.

The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the four-factor model (present presence, awareness, acceptance and reaction). The convergent validity of this questionnaire with Brown (2003) Mind-Awareness Scale was very favorable (0.71). In addition, Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the general scale of mindfulness were 0.84 and the four subscales of present presence, awareness, acceptance and reaction were 0.83, 0.83, 0.88 and 0.77, respectively.

The Pratscher Interpersonal Mindfulness Scale is a valid tool with good psychometric competence for measuring mindfulness in social interactions for use in research situations in the Iranian non-clinical population.

The purpose of this research was to determine the difference among effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT), child-centered mindfulness instruction (Burdick) and incredible years' program (IY) on decreased externalizing symptoms of first period elementary students in Tabriz. Necessary data was collected in the framework of semi-experimental design of pre-test, post-test kind and follow-up with three experimental groups and one control and administration of Achenbach' child behavior questionnaire (CBCL) – parents' version. The statistical population was all the first period elementary students of Tabriz and their mothers during 2020-2021. The sample included 40 students with their mothers that 30 people were selected as experimental groups and 10 people as control group through volunteer method and based on inclusion criteria. After holding treatment periods (parent-child interaction therapy, child-centered mindfulness and incredible years (IY) during three months and data analysis by mixed variance analysis, the results showed that treatment methods of parent-child interaction, child-centered mindfulness and incredible years' program (IY) were effective on decreased scores of externalizing behaviors of the students since pre-test session till follow-up session. the results of Bonferoni's test showed that the method parent-child interaction is more effective than the treatment method of child-centered mindfulness on decreased externalizing symptoms of the students. Also, the program of incredible years was more effective than child-centered mindfulness treatment on decreased externalizing symptoms of the students.

The main purpose of this research was to design and validate the organizational happiness model of Raja's employees with the foundation data theory approach. The purpose of the research was Fundamental research that was done using qualitative research methods. In this study, in order to collect information, 20 experts in the field of organizational behavior in Raja Company in 2020 were selected by purposive sampling method. Data collection tools included semi-structured interviews. In the present study, MAX QDA software was used to analyze the data using the Grand Theory (Grounded theory) method with category coding and the Delphi technique. Content analysis of specialized interviews was performed and 19 indicators were identified. Triangular fuzzy numbers were used to fuzzy the views of experts. In fuzzy Delphi screening, the score was not less than 0.7 and as a result, no pivot code was removed. In this research, the category of "job attitude" has been selected as the central category. In other words, other categories are grouped around job attitudes. Respondents referred to concepts such as "citizenship behavior", "job commitment", "job satisfaction", "organizational commitment", "job conflict", "psychological empowerment" and "managerial support" in various quotations. Based on the results of this study, the identified categories should be considered as variables related to the organizational happiness of Raja's employees.

The purpose of this research was to propose the causal model of adjustment to cancer based on attachment styles and mediating of causal attribution styles in women with cancer. Statistical population Included women with cancer in Urmia that were treated during the first six months of 2019. 360 patients were selected as sample by using purposive sampling procedure. The research design was a correlation of structural equations. Three questionnaires of Adult Attachment Styles (1987), Causal Attribution Styles (1983) and Mental Adjustment to Cancer (1989) were implemented to collect data. The data was analyzed via Partial Least Squares method for structural equation modeling and PLS software. The research results indicated direct and significant relationship between attachment and causal attribution styles and significant direct and indirect relationships between attachment styles and psychological adjustment to cancer(p < 001). Also, a significant direct relationship and effect was observed between causal attribution styles and psychological adjustment to cancer(p < 001). The overall result of the research showed that the model had the ability to predict and optimum goodness of fit and was well constructed.

The aim of this study was to determine the direct effect of early maladaptive schemas and the direct effect of causal attribution styles on psychological Adjustment to cancer.

The study type is structural equation (SEM) and was conducted on a sample of 400 women with cancer in Urmia using the Questionnaires of Young Schema (SF-YSQ), attributional Style (ASQ) and Adjustment to Cancer (Mini-Mac). PLS software was used for data analysis.

There is a significant direct relationship between the areas of early maladaptive schemas and causal attribution styles with the path coefficient of 0.617 (P <001). Also, there is a significant direct relationship between the areas of early maladaptive schemas and psychological adaptation to cancer with a path coefficient of 0.496, an indirect relationship with a path coefficient of 0.079 and a total effect of 0.575 (P <001). There is a significant direct relationship between causal attribution styles and psychological adaptation to cancer with a path coefficient of 0.20 (P <001). In the Q2 index, the value of Red CV obtained for the variable of causal attribution styles is equal to 0.252 and the variable of psychological compatibility with cancer is equal to 0.204.

The exogenous variable of early maladaptive schema areas has a direct effect on the endogenous variable of causal attribution styles and a direct and indirect effect through the variable of causal attribution styles on the endogenous variable of psychological Adjustment to cancer. The endogenous variable of causal attribution styles also has a direct effect on the variable of psychological Adjustment to cancer. The general conclusion is that the model has the ability to predict and fit and is well made.

The looming maladaptive style is a cognitive variable that increases the individual’s vulnerability to anxiety. Looming cognitive style is assessed by the Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire (LMSQ-R). This study investigated the structure, validity, consistency, and stability of a Farsi translation of the LMSQ-R in a sample of Iranian students. Three hundred and forty three students (152 men, 190 women) were included in this study. The participants completed the Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire-Revised (LMSQ-R), the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), and the Depression scale of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-42). Results provided evidence from factor analyses confirming a two-factor model of this scale (social and physical threat). Also, the results of partial correlations for assessing convergent and discriminant validity showed that LMSQ-R was independently associated with symptoms of generalized and social anxiety but it was not independently associated with depression. Furthermore, The LMSQ-R exhibited a good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. With respect to the findings of the present study, the Farsi version of the LMSQ-R has shown good psychometric properties in Iranian samples.

Due to deficiency in communicational skills, hard hearing children are liable to externalized behavior such as aggression. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of drawing-therapy on reducing aggressive behavior of deaf female students. The sample included 46 primary school hard hearing female students who ranked the highest in aggression in Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) questioner filled out by the teachers. These were randomly placed in two experimental and control groups. The control group did free drawing for 8 sessions and at the end teachers of both groups filled out the questionnaires again as post test. Analysis of results (Covariance) revealed the efficacy of intervention on redaction of aggression scores (P<0.05) of deaf students in experimental group. It can be concluded that positive effect of intervention (drawing-therapy) on reducing aggressive behavior of deaf female students is clear. Therefore, it can be claimed that employing art-therapy and in particular drawing-therapy for children with special needs can reduce their behavioral problems.

Many studies indicated that there is a positive relationship between experienced negative emotions, social inhibition and asthma disease. In present research, the relationship between anxiety, depression, anger and hostility, social inhibition and asthma disease in interaction with gender factor were investigated. For this purpose we selected 40asthma patients (20 males and 20 females) and 40 healthy subjects (20 males and 20 females).To collection of information about variables we used NEO personality inventory. The results showed that asthma patients and normal group were significantly different in fields of experienced negative emotion and social inhibition. Comparison of males and females with asthma disease has shown that women have more social inhibition and they show suppression of emotions. The results indicated that experience of negative emotions and social inhibition has an important role in asthma formation, aggravation andcontinuation. Gender differences just have a significant role in social inhibition so that can be as a risk factor for women. In general, not only experience of negative emotions is a risk factor for men and women but also suppression of negative emotions is an extra riskfactor for women's respiratory system safety.