میترا امین لو

Iran's, national policy documents and appeared in science policymakers' orations however there is no consensus on definition and indicators to evaluate it. Previous studies tried to dedicate a comprehensive definition but there is no common image of the concept of scientific authority. This research aimed to discuss different aspects of the concept of scientific authority based on a qualitative research method using experts' judgments (a selection of Iranian scientists affiliated with the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology who are listed in ESI 1% and the annual ISC list). Semi-structured interviews and content analysis were implemented to present a definition of scientific authority and characteristics to identify a person or system with authority in science. Moreover, major challenges as initiators of the science and technology policymaking process were identified and prioritized. Findings showed it could be claimed that for evolving concepts, such as scientific authority, which are context dependent lack of a consensus definition is not a defect, but the best explanations are expected to present by research communities. Moreover, it has been revealed that scientific authority emerged at both individual and institutional levels that can facilitate national scientific development if they interact systematically. Also, findings showed reinforcing communication networks and respond to the society stabilize the scientific authority.

One of the main strategies for the transition to the entrepreneurial university is the establishment of technology transfer offices (TTOs) which enhance the interaction between university, industry, and society and therefore improve the economic and social conditions of society by identifying the needs of the market and society and defining demand-driven research projects in the universities. Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) is one of the leading universities of Iran which intends to complete the transition to an entrepreneurial university as its third mission. So, this research was conducted to identify the rationales, objectives, challenges and functions of the technology transfer office of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, through applying a qualitative approach and case study strategy. Analyzing the data collected from a group interview (focus group) with 10 academic experts through thematic analysis method has led to the identification of 46 basic themes and 44 organizing themes that have been gathered around four global themes, namely, rationalities, challenges, goals, and functions.

According to the driven role of knowledge and technology in the development of countries and the public goods of knowledge, the economic exploitation of knowledge and technology requires their proprietary. Policy-making on protecting and its requirements is important and policy setting, on the one hand, encouraging innovation processes for creators and entrepreneurs, and, on the other, modifying these policies in such a way that the rete of development and dissemination of knowledge overshadowed the strong regulation. These policies vary depending on the development situation of each country. Therefore, government involvement in setting innovation policy in the intellectual property system is essential issue. This intervention will be at the level of the components, namely, regulations, Institution, organizations and actors, and at the level of functions. Therefore, in this chapter, after a brief introduction, the role of intellectual property in economic growth and the scope and the role of each intellectual property protection type will be presented. Then, the necessity of government intervention will be expressed in policy making and institutional norm settings, depending on the different approaches from the perspective of the type of government intervention. In continuous, the intellectual property system will be described in terms of its structures, laws and actors, and then some policies regarding to the intellectual property infrastructure will be presented. In the end, the status of Iran in the aforementioned points will be discussed along with two examples of areas of application and significance importance.