ناصر شیخی

Methamphetamine is a stimulant of the central nervous system that is usually misused. This study aimed to determine the effects of methamphetamine on the diameter and thickness of seminiferous tubules of adult male rats’ main gonad.

Twenty adult male rats weighted 200 to 220 gr were used in the current study. They were divided into study and control groups, each consisting of 10 rats. The study group received 2 mg per body weight of methamphetamine in the first three days and 5 mg in the next four days in peritoneum. The control group, on the other hand, received 0.5 ml per rat of physiologic serum in the the peritoneum. Twenty-four hours after the last injection, the rats were killed, and the main gonad was taken out of the scrotum. After tissue passage and dying with hematoxylin and eosin, the main gonad was observed with an optic microscope, and the results were analyzed using an independent t-test. A value of P<0.05 was considered to determine the level of significance between the two groups.

The findings showed that using methamphetamine significantly decreases the average diameter and thickness of the epithelium of seminiferous tubules of rats. It was also found that the weight of rats and gonads decreased, but it was not statistically significant.

The results of this study show that methamphetamine is a poisonous compound for the main gonad of male rats due to the degeneration and atrophy of seminiferous tubules

Health promoting behaviors are one of the key determinants of health. One of the most important situations in which health promoting behaviors are of particular importance, is about female marginalized households. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the mean scores of health promoting behaviors and its six dimensions, and also its relation to self-efficacy, social support and demographic factors in the women-headed families of Urmia suburb in 2017.

This was a descriptive-analytic study and its statistical population was all the female heads of the suburban families of Urmia of which 384 were selected. Data were collected through demographic questionnaires, perceived social support, general self-efficacy and Walker Health Promoting Behavior Inventory. Descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviation were used to describe descriptive characteristics and, Pearson and Kendall's correlation tests were used to describe analytical features.

The mean of total health promoting behaviors was 111.62±20.45. Self-efficacy, perceived social support and demographic characteristics of marriage and education had a significant positive correlation with health promoting behaviors (P<0.001), but there was no significant positive correlation between occupation and age with health promoting behaviors.

According to the findings of this research, health authorities and health care providers can found self-efficacy increase for female heads of households by designing health promoting education programs. Also governmental organizations and families with supplying necessary emotional supports can provide an area of social support increase and consequently, a change in behavior, for suburbanized female heads of households.

Medication errors are the main cause of harm to hospitalized patients. Medication reconciliation is an intervention designed to reduce adverse drug events. It is also a strategy to identify a wide variety of medication discrepancies. This study aims to compare the medication history obtained by medical team with the best possible medication history (BPMH) among cardiac patients hospitalized at Seyyed-Al-Shohada Therapeutic Educational Center in Urmia in 2018. In this descriptive study, the BPMH of 220 patients was obtained and then compared with the medication history obtained by nurses and assistants. The samples were selected using convenience sampling from mid-February, 2017 to late April, 2018. The data collection tool included a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of demographic information, medication history form of the medical team, and the medication discrepancies checklist. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20. According to the results, the discrepancies identified by comparing the medication history obtained by the medical team (nurses and assistants) with the BPMH were considerable. The medication discrepancies were observed in all examined areas such as the generic name, trade name, form, dosage, consumption time, frequency, and deletion of medication. The results also showed a statistically significant difference between the medication history obtained by the nurses and the one obtained by the assistants. (p<0.05). Given the difference observed between the medication history obtained by the nurses and assistants and the BPMH, medication errors are likely to occur. Thus, the role of administration authorities in medication reconciliation and consequently reducing medical errors is of great significance.

Adolescence is a critical and most vulnerable age in terms of mental health problems a crucial period for developing obesity and associated mental health problems. Inappropriate eating behaviors and obesity in adolescence is a great concern which can be associated with the risk of many chronic diseases in adulthood and in fact main base of obesity in adolescents is wrong eating behaviors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between eating behaviors with body mass index among high school female adolescents in Khoy.
The method of study is descriptive- correlation. 264 girl's high school students in Khoy to multi stage random sampling were selected and enter the study. The Data were collected with Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire DEBQ, meters and digital scale. The Data were analyzed with using Spearman correlation.
Our results indicated that 64/8% of body mass index to normal levels and a total of 35/2% of samples are non-normal body mass index. A negative relationship existed between eating external stimuli and body mass index (-0/13) and positively associated between dietary restraint and body mass index (0/46)(p Results show that eating external stimuli and dietary restraint is effective on body mass index. Therefore Because the critical period of adolescence is important, focusing on eating behaviors and eating styles is important for the prevention of overweight and obesity in adolescents.

Self-care management is one of the most important determinants in the prognosis of heart failure, which can improve the symptoms of disease, function and reduce mortality in these patients. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of applying follow-up care model on self-care management in heart failure patients admitted to Abbasi Hospital in Miandoab.
In this clinical trial study, 80 patients with heart failure hospitalized in cardiac units were randomly divided into two groups of 40 patients (follow-up care model) and control (routine care). In the intervention group, a follow-up care model was implemented for three months from the beginning of April to the end of June 2016 and self-care management rate in heart failure patients in the two groups before and after the appalling of follow-up care model were analyzed. Data collection tools included two parts: Demographic characteristics and specific questionnaire of self-care heart failure index. The data were analyzed by SPSS v. 20, chi-square, independent t, and paired t-test.
The mean score of self-care management before appalling of follow-up care model in intervention group was 35.52 ± 14.69 and in control group 33.00 ± 14.75 that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P-value= 0.451). But after appalling of follow-up care model, the mean of self-care management score in the intervention group (55/38 ± 15/6) was significantly higher than the control group (34/50 ± 24/10), (P According to the findings of this study, it follows that the appalling of follow-up care model can lead to effective self-care management in patients with chronic heart failure.

Cardiac intensive care nurses play a vital role in facilitating the initial evaluation of susceptible Patients with myocardial infarction and their caring behaviors is of utmost importance. The present research seeks to study the level of performance of cardiac intensive care nurses with rotating shift work in the care of patients with acute coronary syndrome.
Material & This study is a descriptive – analytical cross sectional study in which 74 nurses with rotating shift work in the cardiac intensive care units of Urmia hospitals that met the inclusion criteria, selection and was recruited as census.The tools used for data analysis were divided into two parts: first, the demographic features, and secondly, the author-made checklist composed of 38 statements in caring for the patients with acute coronary syndrome. The performance of all the participants in the three working shifts in the morning, afternoon and night was studied and their average performance scores were calculated in three shifts. The data was analyzed by SPSS v.19, using descriptive and inferential statistics (ANOVA repeated measurements).
As the results indicated, the average score of the nurses was 21.04 ± 2.33. Also significant differences was obtained in mean performance of nurses in different shifts (P=0/048).
Since in this study the performance of nurses in the care of patients with acute coronary syndrome was at moderate level; it is essential that hospital administrators and nursing officials were aware of the factors affecting performance of nurses and efforts to improve it.

One of the major challenges in methadone maintenance treatment that leads to relapse in patients is lapse. Craving is also the most important factor of lapse and return to drug use after the treatment periods. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of applying continuous care model on lapse and craving of patients that are treated with methadone maintenance therapy in Razi Psychiatric Hospital, Urmia, Iran.
Material and This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 95 patients (N=95) who were selected through the census sampling and randomly assigned to intervention (N=48) and control (N=47) groups. Continuous Care Model which consisted of four stages (orientation, sensitization, control and evaluation) was conducted on intervention group over a period of 3 months. At the end, two groups were compared. Craving questionnaire and lapse-and-absence check list were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed via SPSS.v22 using the dependent and independent t-test and Pearson correlation and Chi-square tests.
At the end of third month, the mean of the lapse reached in the experimental group from 2.07±0.89 to 1.57±1.1 and the mean of craving reached from 53.73±13.58 to 50.47±15.1 that showed a significant difference compared to the control group. (P-value The findings showed that continuous care model is effective to reduce lapse and craving of patients that were treated with methadone maintenance therapy. Therefore, it is suggested that this model should be implemented along with a medical treatment to prevent lapse and craving of patients.

Admission to the hospital and waiting for the invasive procedures like coronary angiography is an extraordinary source of anxiety that causes detrimental behavioral and cognitive effects. This study aimed to determine the effect of pre-operative supportive care plan on physiological indicators of patients undergoing coronary angiography in Urmia Seyed-Alshohada university hospital.
In this experimental study with pretest-posttest design, 124 patients undergoing coronary angiography in Urmia Seyed-Alshohada university hospital who met the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated into two groups as control and experimental. The control group received conventional routine care but the experiment group received interventions based on nursing care plan before angiography in addition to the normal cares. The patients’ anxiety score was measured through Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS), their blood pressure measured by a Richter mercury sphygmomanometer and a Litman stethoscope and their heart rate measured by a digital pulse oximetry (Bitmos-Sat 805 Model). The collected data was analyzed by SPSS v.13 software using descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test).
The results showed that the physiological indicators (anxiety scores, heart rate and blood pressure of patients undergoing coronary angiography) in the experimental group was significantly less than the control group (P It seems that supportive care plan before coronary angiography has considerable clinical advantages and reduces the level of anxiety in patients undergoing coronary angiography significantly. Therefore, it is recommended to apply the holistic nursing developed supportive care plan presented in this study as a key to reduce the level of anxiety in patients undergoing coronary angiography.

There are numerous errors in food-drug administration through feeding tube. Appropriate performance of nurses can improve patient safety and prevention of complications. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of small group teaching on the nurses’ performance of food-drug administration.
This was an experimental study that was done in Urmia Emam Khomeini hospital. 80 nurses were enrolled in the study by using census method. The intervention group was divided into four groups, and for each group, four training sessions (one and half hour) with the creation of thoughtful learning situation was held. Knowledge and performance in relation to food-drug administration were evaluated before, and one month after the training program.
The results showed that before training, status of nurses’ knowledge was poor in the control (90/6 percent) and intervention groups (80 percent). After the implementation of training for the intervention group, 97/1 percent of status of nurses’ knowledge in the intervention group was good. Before the training, most of the nurses did not have good performance in both groups. Implementation of the training for the intervention group caused improving the performance of the nurses.
There are errors in the time of food-drug administration through feeding tube. This can cause adverse effects. Hence, improvement and use of proper techniques in food-drug administration can increase efficacy of drug feeding and nutrition, it can increase patient safety and reduce the occlusion number of tube feeding.

Infertility causes lots of psychosocial consequences for many couples. Being aware of infertility and treatment failure, marital conflicts begin to occur, which leads to violence against women. The present study aimed to determine the factors associated with violence against infertile women in various aspects such as domestic violence, social pressure, punishment, frustration, and traditional violence practices. The study inducted on 384 infertile women with primary infertility in infertility centers affiliated to Urmia University of Medical Sciences in 2015. Random Sampling was used. Researcher made Questionnaire (demographic couples, infertility information), and General Health Questionnaire as well as scale for determining violence against infertile women were used as tools to collect the data. The data were analyzed with SPSS software (version 22). Results showed that the mean scores of violence were 87.47±41.88. There were significant association between the ages of the subjects and the age of the wife. In families with infertile women and husband with primary education and below, and in women with lower economic status, the violence rate was significant (Pvalue <0.001). By lengthening the duration of marriage, and awareness of the infertile women, the rate of the violence was high (Pvalue <0.001). And relatively, there was strong relationships between all the components of the violence, and the total score of public health (r>0.5). Several factors are involved in violence against infertile women. So identifying the factors associated with violence against infertile women can help the public health care providers to reduce these kinds of violence.

Hypnosis is one of the psychological approaches that used in multiple sclerosis patients. The effect of hypnosis depends on individual hypnotic susceptibility. Hypnotic susceptibility is degree of response to the hypnotic suggestions and is a stable personal characteristic.The aim of present study was to determine correlation between personal characteristic and mental health with the degree of hypnotic susceptibility. This correlation study was carried out on 60 women with multiple sclerosis referring to the MS Society of Urmia. The data collection tools that used here include demographic questionnaire, General health questionnaire (GHQ) and Stanford hypnotic susceptibility scale (SHSS). In the investigation of the correlation between the variables and the hypnotic susceptibility of the samples, the Pearson correlation test result showed a statistical correlation between age and the degree of hypnotic susceptibility(r=-0.29,p value=0.023). In investigation of the correlation between the level of education and hypnotic susceptibility, the independent t-test results showed no statistically significant correlation between the two variables (p value>0.05). The results of ANOVA test also showed that there is no significant correlation between employment status of the samples and their hypnotic susceptibility (p value = 0.420). In analysis of relation between mental health and the degree of hypnotic susceptibility, Pearson correlation test results showed weak correlation between two variables (r=0.089, p value=0.499). In general it can be concluded that among the personal characteristics, the only significant correlation is between age and degree of hypnotic susceptibility of samples and hypnotic susceptibility is not influenced by other personal characteristics. It can also be concluded that hypnotherapy is a effective and safe treatment which could well be used in MS patients.

Loneliness is one of the major psychosocial concerns among patients with cancer. Diagnosis, acute treatment and complications of breast cancer may create experience of loneliness. Hope is an essential factor in the lives of cancer patients. Realistic hope, felt with the awareness of the problem, is an important factor for coping with the problems of the patient in an efficient manner. Social support is an important aspect of modern cancer cares. Social support plays a major role in adaptation with chronic and serious illnesses, such as cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dimension of social support on hope and loneliness in patients with breast cancer.

The method of study was descriptive-correlation. 100 patients with breast cancer were selected randomly and enter to study. The data were collected with GHQ, Miller Hope Scale, the UCLA Loneliness Scale and Social Support Questionnaire -Sarason. Data were analyzed with using Pearson correlation.

A positive relationship existed between social support and hope (r = 0/88) and negatively associated with loneliness (r = - 0/91). A negative correlation between hope and loneliness was found (r = - 0/93) (p<0.05).

The findings suggest that social support influence on hope and loneliness. Planning should be considered for social support of patients with breast cancer in order to heal psychological problems such as loneliness and hopelessness and to enhance the quality of life of patients.

In patients with chronic diseases, self-esteem is very high, so education should not be ignored in these patients to raise their self-esteem. This study was designed to compare the effect of two different methods of face to face training and video training on self-esteem in hemodialyzed patients of Imam Khomeini and Ayatollah Taleghani Hospitals in Urmia. This study is a before and after quasi-experimental study. 120 under treatment hemodialysis patients were selected randomly, and they were entered to the study, then they were divided into three groups of control (40), face to face training (40) and video training (40). Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale questionnaire was completed before and two months after the intervention. Face to face training sessions were performed individually for each person based on the patient needs for 35 to 45 minutes during a week. Meanwhile, a CD was produced with similar concepts of face to face group for the group of video training. Data analyzed was performed by SPSS software version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistical tests. The results showed that the average scores in self-esteem in video training group has increased from 5.95 to 29.12, and in face to face training from 4.51 to 29.15. The difference between the two was not statistically significant (P<0.05), i.e., by comparing the two groups of face-to- face and video training by using Tukey test, it was shown that the difference is not statistically significant (P =0.449). The findings of this study demonstrated that the performance of both methods of face to face training and video training in hemodialysis patients can improve self-esteem. Therefore, it is recommended to use these two methods to increase self esteem in hemodialysis patients.

Pain is one of the common and detrimental clinical feature of multiple sclerosis (MS). Hypnotherapy is one of the effective psychological approaches. Hypnosis is a safe, effective and non-invasive method that can alleviate both emotional and affective aspects of pain. It seems necessary to conduct the present study with the aim of effect of self-hypnosis on degree of pain in patients with MS, in terms of severity and quality. This clinical trial was carried out on 60 patients with MS in Urmia University of Medical Sciences. The tools were general health questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (SHSS), numerical rating scale (severity of pain), McGill pain questionnaire (quality of pain), and record of pain pills. After initial assessments, patients were randomly assigned into two groups of intervention and control. Education of Self-Hypnosis for the intervention group was performed within 6 half-hour sessions, with no intervention for controls. Then change of pain severity and quality and amount of pain pills were evaluated after one month. Data were analyzed by SPSS using of independent t and Chi-square tests. Self-hypnosis was significantly effective in terms of severity and quality of pain in patients with MS (p<0.05) as mean score of pain severity decreased from 5.63±1.01 to 2.70±1.07 and, score of pain quality decreased from 1.50±0.47 to 0.93±0.29 in the intervention group. This effect was maintained four weeks post-intervention (p<0.05). Amount of pain pills had a decreasing trend. Changes were not significant in controls (p>0.05). Results of this study showed that self-hypnosis is effective in decreasing pain severity and alleviating its quality in female patients with MS.

Today breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women، hence measuring the quality of life of patients with breast cancer is of great important. Chemotherapy is one of the common treatment procedures that cause several side effects. Patient who received outpatient chemotherapy need active measurements to control these side effects. It is necessary to get enough information from the patients and their family''s education. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the effects of educational package on controlling the complications of chemotherapeutic agents on symptom scales of quality of life in patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy This is a quasi-experimental study. Patients were 106 women with breast cancer candidate to chemotherapy referred to ward of Oncology in Omid and Imam Khomeini hospitals. Eligible patient selected as available sampling. They were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Questionnaire measured the quality of life using the European Organization for Research and treatment of cancer Quality of life Questionnaire (EROTC QLQ_C30) and its breast cancer supplementary measure (QLQ-BR 23) at two points in time; baseline (pre-chemotherapy)، 12 weeks after chemotherapy (within four cycle of chemotherapy). After two chemotherapy cycle intervention group received the educational package for control of chemotherapy side effects. The results showed that educational package for controlling the side effects of chemotherapy in intervention group reduced the symptom scales of quality of life and increased the global quality of life (p<0. 005)، in comparison with the control group. According to the results، codification of an integrated educational program by oncology nurses will have significant positive impact on the promoting quality of life in patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy.

New educational strategies are needed in learning the basic issues in nursing education. Developed concept mapping is a strategy to facilitate the thinking, teaching, learning and evaluation. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of education in the form of concept mapping method on learning of health assessment lesson in nursing students.

In an experimental study with two groups, pre-test post-test design, 40 nursing students of the third semester were selected through convenient sampling method, and they were randomly divided into two groups of experiment and control. The pretest students in the experimental group were trained by using concept maps for six sessions of two hours, and the control group received conventional method training for five sessions of two hours. Then, they took the post-test. Data gathering tool was a researcher made test consisted of two parts: The first part included demographic characteristics and, and the second part consisted of forty multiple-choice questions to assess learning on health assessment. The results were analyzed by using binominal test, independent and paired t-tests by SPSS19 software.

The mean and standard deviation of the students’ scores before and after applying the conventional method were (8.4 ±1.57) and (9.05 ±1.71) respectively, whereas it was (8.55±2.31) and (12.15±3.74) in the concept map group, respectively. The study results revealed a significant difference between the pre and post training scores in concept map group (P<0001), and in conventional group (P=0/008). Post training scores in concept map group (12.15±3.74) revealed a significant difference comparing to the conventional group (P=0/001).

Due to the effectiveness of concept mapping teaching methods in learning and performance of the students, it is highly recommended to use this method in order to enhance students'' critical thinking and deep learning.

Today، with medical advances and higher levels of health، number of elderly people has increased. Mental disorder by serious depression، anxiety and social isolation is prevalent in the elderly. The aim of this study was to evaluate of reminiscence group therapy effect on the depression of elderlies in 4 different nursing homes of Urmia. This study was an experimental study in which elderly people in nursing homes of Ferdous، Azahra، Ara and khane sabz after having the conditions to be included in the study were enrolled. After balancing the two groups، they were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. Reminiscence group therapy sessions in the intervention group at each center consisted of 8 sessions، held twice a week. Geriatric Depression Scale questionnaire were completed by seniors both before and after the intervention. The data Analyzed by using SPSS software. Results showed that the mean of depression decreased in the intervention group after group reminiscence therapy. The difference between mean numbers of the intervention and control groups was statistically significant (P<0/001) comparing before to after intervention. Implementing of reminiscence group therapy had a positive influence on the depression of elderlies. This technique can be used in a simple، inexpensive and applicable way in all nursing homes.

the use of innovative learning methods in nursing schools is necessary to improve the educational process. Using audience response systems are one of the ways can be used to enhance of learning components and more improvement in student learning. The aim of this study was to evaluate nursing student''s perception to use audience response systems in the classroom learning process. This study was a quasi-experimental intervention conducted during the training sessions in a period for 44 final year Nursing students in 2013، that the audience response system was used as an active learning technique. Data have been collected by the questionnaire included demographic information، 14 items with a Likert scale and 2 open-ended questions to assess students'' views of the strengths and weaknesses of this system And finally analyzed by SPSS statistical software (ver. 16) and using descriptive and chi-square tests. Most students have positive perception to the using of audience response systems in lecture. 79/5% of students assess this system effective to improve student learning، 68/2% to help identify strengths and weaknesses، 86/4% to measurement of understanding rate of the content، 88/6% in make enjoyable learning experience and 93/2% in helping to focus and understanding of key issues. In open-ended questions، learning improvement as the major strength and potential fraud were cited as a major weakness for the system. Students have positive view to the use of audience response systems in the learning process and this can result in greater use of active learning techniques can be helpful in nursing education.

Acceptable communication performance is essential for safe, effective, and suitable care. Proper communication is essential for data collection, diagnosis, treatment and patient education. This study aimed to determine the communication function of nurses with patients in critical unit of educational and non educational hospitals in Urmia. This descriptive-analytical study was carried out with census sampling method with participation of 167 nurses working in Urmia city critical unit. Data were gathered using nurse communication function with patient questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical testes and spearman coefficient and independent T test. The average score of nurse communication with critical patients was 91.64 from 105, in other words, nurses working in critical unit of Urmia city evaluated their function about communication with patients in good level. A result of this study showed verbal communication of nurses working in non-educational hospitals was better than nurses working in educational hospitals, as respect, non verbal communication of nurses working in educational hospitals was better than nurses working in non educational hospitals and had a significant difference (p=0.012). Appropriate communication of nurses with patients in critical unit, reduce anxiety of patients and improves their treatment process. Although nurses evaluated themselves in a good level of relationship with patients of critical parts but it is important to improve nurses’ education about communication skills.

The clinical education and evaluation of nursing education is a fundamental pillar. This study aimed to assess the achievement of nursing students in clinical skills.

This quasi-experimental study was done on 28 nursing students who were passing ICU courses and they were selected by statistic sampling and then using simple randomization method to case and control group. pre and posttest for cognitive skills and clinical skills for both group, with questionnaire and clinical skills was conducted for the check list. At the end of the 28 students’ course, their clinical skills were evaluated through same check list by their educator.

The mean scores of all ICU skills achieved by the experiment group whit competency based education were significantly higher than of the control group (P= 0.000<0.05).

Findings of this study showed that using competency based education whit Logbook method in experiment group could be an effective due to identify educational and evaluation objectives and providing guidelines for directing students toward improving clinical skills learning and the high quality of education. it is recommended to apply this methods to education and assessment in clinical education nursing students.

Poisoning is a important problem in public issues and is one of the relatively common causes of medical emergencies that is probably the most common cause of mortality in adults. Due to the increasing production of poisons and toxic drugs, poisoning receives more attention and research. In addition, epidemiologic studies are conducted to evaluate the appropriateness of outcomes on other populations at risk. This epidemiologic study was carried out to evaluate poisoning in adults admitted to Talegani hospital of Urmia during 2004-2008. This study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey. All of the 1208 poisoned adults hospitalized in talegani hospital during four years were studied. The required data were collected using a checklist. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that %53.6 of poisoned adults were female %64.4 were male %42.6 patients were single %57.4 were married %63.3 patients were 16-25 years and %43.4 were housewives. Drugs were the major cause of poisoning %66.4 and %86 patients were self inflicted, The commonest method used by females for committing suicide (16-25 years) was by drugs. It is recommended to teach families right skills for a peaceful life. It is necessary to train families about intoxication and emergency care to poisoned patients.

Improved learning needs a balanced study schedule, reliable resources, continuous efforts and appropriate methods of the studying. The aim of this study is to investigate the learning styles and sources of curriculum. Methods & Materials: This Descriptive analytical study covered 326 students that were selected.The data were collected using questioners and then analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS statistical software. The students referred to libraries once a week, 83% of students preferred pamphlets to prepare for final exam. 91% were completely prepared for final exam. 55.3% were less informed about critique-learning method. There was a weak correlation between the hours of study and reading times per day. (1%. R=27% p=0.00 n=302) It is suggested to hold learning workshops for both students and professors on studying methods and learning styles.

Identifying research obstacles, assessment of faculty members’ ability in research skills and faculty members’ satisfaction of research services are essential in research promotion. The present study aimed to evaluate research obstacles and satisfaction rate of educational services in Urmia University of Medical Sciences. The research was a descriptive-analytic study and statistical population was the faculty members of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. 175 faculty members were selected as the study samples. Data collection procedure was by a questionnaire. Data processing and statistical analysis was done by SPSS soft ware via descriptive statistics, T-test, and unilateral variance. In personal obstacles lack of time, treatment of patients, teaching, etc. were dominant, and organizational obstacles were lack of access to resources and advice. Faculty members’ ability was more in statement of a problem, literature review, and search in the electronic sources. However, their skill in data processing and statistical analysis was medium or low. The difference between the average obtained in the organizational obstacles was significant (t=7.92, P=0.00) in personal obstacles was insignificant (t=1.78, P=0.07). It seems that organizational obstacles create more difficulties than personal obstacles. It's necessary to reduce such obstacles considering the structure of an organization