نعیم عرفانی مجد

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feed form and various sources of fiber on small intestine histology of broiler chickens in completely randomized design with factorial arrangement 2×5 with 10 treatments and 4 replicates for 42 days. Treatments consisted of different sources of fiber (3% sunflower hull (SFH), 3% wheat bran (WB), 3% sugar beet pulp (SBP) and 0.5% Arbocel) with control diet and 2 feed forms (mash vs. pellet).  The results showed that SBP in mash form increased villus height of duodenum and jejunum. In the duodenum, SBP and in the jejunum, SFH increased villus height. Duodenal villus height increased significantly in birds fed with mash form compared to the birds fed with pellet form of diet. SFH increased the villus diameter, epithelial thickness, and mscle thickness. In the jejunum, control treatment in pellet increased the villus diameter and epithelial thickness and in the duodenum SFH, SBP and Arbocel in mash form decreased crypt depth. WB in pellet form significantly increased the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio in the duodenum.  According to the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that the use of fiber sources in mash form in compare to the pellet form, improved histlogical parameters of small intestine in broiler chickens.

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of slow release urea and molasses on eating behavior and feed intake rate in fattening lambs. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments (experimental diets) including, control (without sources of non-protein nitrogen), two sources of non-protein nitrogen (common urea and SRU) with or without molasses and 7 replicates and with using 35 Arabian lambs. Forage to concentrate ratio of diets was 30 to 70. During the fattening period, the lambs were fed the total mixed ration, individually and ad libitum, twice daily at 8 am and 4 pm. At the end of the fattening period, eating behavior was measured visually every 5 minutes over a 24-hour period and feed intake rate over a 8-hour period. The results showed that the addition of molasses reduced the ruminant duration (P<0.001) and increased the feed intake rate (P<0.05), but the duration of chewing activity was not affected by the nitrogen source and the addition of molasses. Diets containing non-protein nitrogen sources reduced the eating duration compared to the control diet (P=0.02). Compared to the control diet, using common urea, reduced the feed intake rate (P<0.05). The results of this experiment showed that the replacement of common urea with slow-release urea and the association of molasses with it, did not have adverse effects on eating behavior and feed intake rate.

Betaine has improving role in adipose tissue function and insulin activity. On the other hand, a highcalorie diet has complex effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of betaine on pituitary histomorphometry and oxidative index of rats fed with high-calorie diet.

24 wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of control, fed with standard food, obesity with 10 weeks of feeding with high-calorie diet and then intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (20 mg/kg), obesity/betaine with 10 weeks of feeding with high-calorie diet, intraperitoneal streptozotocin, and then oral betaine for 28 days, and betaine with oral betaine for 28 days. At the end of the study, the histomorphometric structure of the pituitary glands [using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)] and oxidative stress indices such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and malondialdehyde (MDA) [using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)]were evaluated.

Body weight, blood sugar, insulin level, and insulin resistance index increased significantly in the obese group compared to the control group. The number of acidophilic and basophilic cells in the peripheral and central parts of the posterior pituitary gland decreased in the obese group. Serum levels of SOD, GPX, and catalase showed a significant increase in the obese group compared to the control group and in obese/betaine group compared to the obese group. Serum MDA levels increased in the obese group compared to the control group, and decreased in the obese/betaine group in compared to the obese group.

It is seems that betaine consumption had beneficial and protective effects on the pituitary gland and antioxidant capacity in rat fed with high-calorie diet, by reducing insulin resistance, reducing oxidative stress, and improving the pituitary tissue structure.

Sesame seeds contain phytoestrogens and antioxidants that can affect the reproductive system. As the seminal vesicle is important in male reproductive activity, in the present study, effects of Sesame seeds consumption on histomorphometric structure of seminal vesicle in young adult rats were evaluated. 

In this study, 40 adult and young rats were divided into 4 groups. Each young and old control group, were divided into 2 groups (30 days and 60 days) and fed with pellet (28 grams) daily. The treatment group was divided into two groups (30 and 60 days old) and fed with 8.5 grams of Sesame seeds and 19.5 grams of pellet (30% and 70% of the diet) daily. At the end of study, rats were euthanased and seminal vesicle were collected. The tissue sections of samples were prepared using standard tissue sectioning (thickness of 5-6 μm) and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin. Blood testosterone levels were measured too. 

Histomorphometric evaluation of seminal vesicle in young rats fed with sesame for 30 and 60 days showed that the thicknesses of the epithelial tissue, muscular and whole wall layer were significantly increased. In old rats fed for 30 and 60 days, the thickness of muscular layer and whole wall were significantly increased. Testosterone level was increased in young rats fed with Sesame. There were no significant effects in the structure of the seminal vesicle in older rats compared with young rats following sesame consumption.

Following age, a little tissue changes were seen in the seminal vesicle structure and it seems that Sesame can increasing the thickness of seminal epithelial tissue.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of source and level of non-protein nitrogen, as well as the level of molasses added to high concentrate diets on gas production parameters. A completely randomized design with factorial (2×2×3) arrangement of 12 treatments with 5 replications was used. Factors were two types of non-protein nitrogen sources, common urea and slow-release urea (Nitroza) each in two levels (0.8 and 1.6%) and (0.9 and 1.8%) on dry matter basis of ration respectively, and molasses at three levels (0, 10 and 20%). With increasing of molasses, the amounts of cumulative gas production up to 24 hours of incubation, metabolisable energy, truly organic matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acids, increased (p < 0.05). Cumulative gas production was not affected by non-protein nitrogen source and its levels. Truly organic matter digestibility was higher in diets containing slow-release urea than conventional urea, but in other parameters there was no difference between the two non-protein nitrogen sources. In general, the results showed that the rate of ammonia release from conventional and slow release urea in the culture medium does not have a significant effect on in vitro fermentation, but adding 20% molasses on dry matter basis of ration, improved the gas production parameters.

Considering alfalfa as a source of phytoestrogens, and the positive effect of phytoestrogens on bone, the aim of this study was to evaluate effect of the ethyl acetate extract of alfalfa on the osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy.

Thirty 3-Month-Old female Wistar rats were accidentally divided to 5 groups, including sham, ovariectomy (ovx), sham+4 (4g/kg extract in diet), ovx+2 (2g/kg extract in diet) and ovx+4 (4g/kg extract in diet). Two weeks after ovariectomy or sham operation rat received ethyl acetate extract of alfalfa for 75 days. Then, the levels of alkaline phosphatase, calcium and phosphorus in serum and femur, and magnesium and estrogen in serum were measured. Thigh bone mineral density and tissue changes were also compared in the study groups.

The amounts of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and mineral density were not significantly different in the study groups. Estrogen concentration in ovx group was lower than the sham and the sham+4 groups. Among the experimental groups, rats in ovx group showed maximal activity of alkaline phosphatase in serum and the minimal activity in femur (p˂0.05). The bone density, thickness of spongy bone blade and diameter/ number of hoarse system decreased in ovx group. However, they were increased in ovx+2, ovx+4, and sham+4 groups.

It seems that the ethyl acetate extract of alfalfa decreases osteoporosis by modification of increase in the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase, and estrogen deficiency in ovariectomized rats.

According to the high phytoestrogens content of alfalfa and the effect of phytoestrogens on CNS, the effect of ethyl acetate extract of alfalfa on spatial memory and anxiety like behaviors of ovariectomized rats were accessed.

Forty-five female Wistar rats (three-month old) were accidentally divided into 5 groups, including sham, ovariectomy (ovx), sham+4 (4g/kg extract in diet), ovx+2 (2g/kg extract in diet) and ovx+4 (4g/kg extract in diet) two weeks after ovariectomy or sham operation. Memory and anxiety like behavior were elevate using Morris water maze and plus maze, respectively. MDA and antioxidant enzymes were also measured in hippocampus.

concentration of estrogen in plasma and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) in hippocampus were reduced in ovx group, but consumption of alfalfa extract increased SOD activity while decreased catalase activity. Performance of ovx+2 group was decreased in training trial of Morris water maze, while consumption of alfalfa extract in ovariectomized rat increased percentage of open arm time (OAT%) in elevated plus maze.

The findings revealed that the five-factor model of the Mc health-related quality of life questionnaire (SF-36) has satisfactory validity and reliability. Thus, this questionnaire can be used in future studies to assess the quality of life of patient’s type 2 diabetes.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of slow-release urea in comparison with conventional urea, with or without the addition of molasses, on rumen fermentation, histomorphometrically and cellular parameters of rumen and abomasum of growing lambs. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments including control, two sources of non-protein nitrogen (1.6% conventional urea and 1.8% slow-release urea) with or without molasses (0% and 20%) and 7 replicates with using of 35 Arabian lambs during 105 days. The diets included 70% concentrate and 30% forage. Using slow-release urea reduced the concentration of acetate. Adding molasses to the ration increased the concentration of butyrate and total rumen volatile fatty acids relative to the control diet. In control, rumen pH was lower than non-protein nitrogen sources. Compared to conventional urea, using slow-release urea with or without molasses in the diet increased stomach glands depth and decreased thickness of tunica submucosa, and also tunica vascularizes. The addition of molasses was increased epithelial cell height and decreased numbers of parietal cells and chief cells in the abomasum. At the cellular level, the addition of molasses had damaging effects on epithelial cells, and increased diffuse lymphatic tissue was observed. In general, there was no significant difference between non-protein nitrogen sources on gastrointestinal tissue. Because of the undesirable effects of using a high level of molasses on the tissue structure of the digestive tract, the inclusion of 20% ration dry matter molasses in a high concentrate diet is not recommended.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of using hydroalcoholic sage extract after experimental copper poisoning on performance and blood metabolites of Japanese quail, in a completely randomized design with 320 one-day old Japanese quails in 4 treatments with4 replicates and 20 birds per each replicate. Experimental treatments were: 1) control (basal diet), 2) basal diet + 750 mg/kg copper sulfate, 3) basal diet + 10 g/kg sage extract and 4) basal diet with 750 mg/kg copper sulfate and 10 g/kg of sage extract. The feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured weekly and calculated for starter, grower and whole periods. The results of this experiment showed that in starter period, FI was highest in control group compared to other treatments (P <0.05). In the starter and total periods, the average BWG of birds that received diet contained copper was significantly lower than birds in control and the birds that received diets supplemented with sage extract (P <0.05). In the starter period, the FCR was improved when diets supplemented with sage extract in comparison with the birds that received copper (P <0.05). Higher levels of blood glucose and triglyceride and lower levels of HDL and LDL were observed in birds receiving copper in their diet (P <0.05). The results of this experiment showed that supplementation Japanese quail’s diet with sage extract can improve BWG and FCR in starter period, and it may alleviate harmful effect of copper poisoning.

Cereals are the major part of a poultry diet and primary sources of feed energy Because of the worldwide high cost of corn, the use of barley and wheat grain in broiler diets has become more appealing. However, the use of barley in poultry diets because of its high content of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) is limited. NSP increased intestinal viscosity, reduced litter quality and poor productive performance. Most of the adverse effects of barley in poultry feed have been attributed to the content of β-glucans. The NSP fraction of the cereal protects lipids, starch, and protein, thereby compromising the access of digestive enzymes to dietary components. Therefore, the processing of barley grain to remove anti-nutritional factors and improve its nutrient bioavailability before including it in the diets of one-stomach animals is beneficial. However, information concerning the effect of electron beam radiation on nutritional and anti-nutritional components of barley grain are scarce. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the effects of electron beam radiation on the chemical composition and metabolizable energy of barley grain.

The barley samples (cultivar Fajr) were packed in nylon bags and exposed to electron beam irradiation (Rhodotron TT200 accelerator, IBA Co., Belgium) at the Yazd Radiation Processing Center (AEOI, Yazd Center, Iran) at doses of 10, 20, 30, and 40 kGy at room temperature. Chemical composition of the raw and electron beam irradiated barley grain was determined. In order to estimate AMEn Chicks were fed a standard broiler diet for a 15-d pre-experimental period and, after four h of feed deprivation, were randomly distributed into experimental groups (16 treatments, 4replicates and 5 birds in each) in such a way that all groups had a similar average weight. All diets were given in mash form with birds having free access to water and feed throughout the experiment. The basal diet used during the experimental period was based on corn and soybean meal as major ingredients. The raw and electron beam irradiated barley grain (as test ingredient) was included in the basal diet at levels of 7, 14, and 21% to form test diets. The 16 experimental diets, evaluated in a balance trial to determine the AMEn content which contained 0.3% chromium oxide as an indigestible marker. The precision-fed cockerel assay of Sibbald was used for determining the TMEn of the raw and electron beam irradiated barley grain. The birds were housed in individual metabolism cages, following a period of 24 h without feed, 30 g of the different ground barley samples were fed by intubation to 20 (4 per treatment) adult cockerels (Rhode island reds). At the same time, another 4 cockerels were deprived of feed to estimate the endogenous energy losses. Total excreta over the following 48-h period were dried and ground for subsequent analyses, Roosters were assigned to treatments at random.

The results showed that percentage of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, ash, β-glucan, ADF, and starch of barley grain were not affected by radiation. However, electron beam irradiation in all doses significantly decreased (P<0.05) the NDF of samples compared to raw barley grain. The AMEn of barley was calculated by extrapolation of the linear regression equation to a 100% of barley inclusion. These equations indicated that with increasing dose of irradiation, AMEn of barley increased. The AMEn value of raw and irradiated barley at doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 kGy were 2593.80, 2628.30, 2663.10, 2730.70 and 2795 kcal/kg, respectively. The electron beam irradiation numerically increased (P>0.05) AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn of barley grain in cockerels at doses above 20 kGy. Previous studies using gamma or electron irradiation show a reduction in anti-nutrient content of canola meal, barley, and cottonseed meal and an improvement in their utilization increase in broilers. Gamma and electron radiation can denature proteins, decrease starch crystallinity and increase digestibility of barley and canola meal. Therefore, increased AMEn and TMEn of barley grain were expected in this experiment.

The present study showed that electron beam irradiation reduced NDF and increased AMEn and TMEn of barley grain. It seems that radiation is an effective processing method for improving the nutritive value of barley, but more experiment is needed to evaluate radiation.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of electron beam-irradiated barley on viscosity, microbial population, digestive enzyme activities, histomorphometrical structure of broiler chicks. Treatments were barley at levels of 25% and 50% (raw and irradiated at 40 kGy) and corn-soya bean meal diet (as control, without barley) that used with five dietary treatments, four replicates and 12 birds of each for 42 days in a completely randomized design. Increasing levels of barley to 50% (raw or irradiated) in the diet significantly increased ileal viscosity compared to the other treatments. Broilers fed 50% irradiated barley diet had significantly lower viscosity compared to the broilers fed 50% raw barley. The inclusion of barley in the diet resulted in significantly decreased ileal pH when compared with a control diet. However, radiation of barley had no significant effect on ileal pH of broilers. Caecal populations of Coliform, E. coli and total aerobic bacteria were not influenced by the experimental treatments. Also the caecal population of Lactobacillus was decreased in broilers fed on 50% raw barley compared to 25% irradiated barley and control diet. No significant differences were observed among dietary treatments on amylase and protease activities of the jejunal digesta and in pancreatic tissue. Broilers fed 50% barley (raw or irradiated) diet had significantly higher lipase activities in pancreatic tissue compared to the other treatments. The villus height, villus width, crypt depth, crypt width, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth, epithelial thickness, muscle thickness, number of goblet cells and a total wall thickness of the duodenum and jejunum were not affected by the experimental treatments. The results of this study showed that radiation significantly decreased viscosity at the level of 50% barley. However, radiation was no significant effect on pH, microbial population, enzyme activities, histomorphometry of duodenum and jejunum.

One of the limitations of conventional urea usage in ruminant diet is rapid hydrolysis and increase in ruminal ammonia concentration and its lack of synchrony with carbohydrate degradation and microbial growth in the rumen. An alternative strategy is continuous supply of nitrogen using slow release urea (SRU) and gradual release of ammonia in the rumen. Sugar-containing liquid feeds can increase the energy density of the diet, stimulate dry matter intake (DMI), and serve as carriers for fat, non-protein nitrogen (NPN), and other ingredients. Sugars can change the ruminal fermentation pattern, typically decreasing ruminal NH3 concentration and increasing ruminal butyrate concentration. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of SRU in comparison with conventional urea, with or without the addition of molasses on the growth performance and rumen fermentation of fattening lambs.

The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments including control, two sources of non-protein nitrogen (conventional urea and SRU) with or without molasses (0 and 20 % of ration DM) and 7 replicates using 35 Arabian lambs. Forage to concentrate ratio was 30 to 70. The length of the fattening period was 105 days, including 15 days for adaptation and 90 days of data collection. At the beginning of the main period of fattening and then once a month, weighing the lambs was carried out with 14 to 16 hours of starvation. The lambs had free access to water during the test period. The lambs were fed the total mixed ration ad libitum twice daily at 0800 and 1600 hours. The digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber, (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and ether extract (EE) were determined by the total fecal collection method. Daily feed intake, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass compositions, meat colour, rumen and blood parameters were recorded. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS.

Replacement of urea with SRU and the addition of molasses did not affect dry matter intake, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, final body weight, cold and hot carcass weight, carcass efficiency and components, meat colorimetric parameters and nutrient digestibility. The lack of difference between control and treatment groups in the growth performance could be due to sufficient supply of the microbial protein production in the rumen. Addition of SRU and molasses did not have a significant effect on dry matter intake and digestibility of nutrients. The hydrolysis rate of SRU may not be reduced to the extent that it could improve the efficiency of rumen microorganisms in utilizing the available energy source of molasses. Propionate and NH3-N concentration in the rumen increased in animals provided with NPN in comparison with the control diet. The concentration of acetate in rumen of animals fed diets containing NPN sources was lower than those on the control diet. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids in SRU diets and also diets containing conventional urea was higher than control diet. Molasses addition in diets, increased butyrate and total volatile fatty acids and decreased blood urea nitrogen concentrations, compared to control diet. Animals fed NPN diets showed higher rumen pH than the control diet. The ruminal pH decreased in diets containing molasses. Reducing the saliva secretion, due to the physical and chemical properties of molasses and the high amount of fermentable sugars supplied by molasses in the rumen, may possibly explain the decrease in the rumen pH. Animals that had received urea containing diets showed higher rumen pH presumably due to the buffering capacity of urea. An increase in ruminal ammonia concentration due to urea hydrolysis can increase the pH of the rumen by obtaining H+ by ammonia and turning it into NH4+. However, it is likely that the result reflects the higher grain content of the control diet relative to NPN containing diets.

 In general, the results of the present study showed that although replacement of soybean meal with conventional urea and/or SRU, with or without molasses, in high concentrate diets, influenced some rumen fermentation and blood metabolites, but these changes were not large enough to improve fattening performance, carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the gross and histological structure of the prostate, Cowper and seminal glands of Khouzestan native buffalo at maturity. The accessory sex glands of 10 healthy mature native water buffalo were collected from Khouzestan industrial slaughterhouse. For histological study, specimens (0.5 cm thickness) of the prostate, Cowper and seminal glands were fixed in 10% buffered formalin. The samples then were processed using for the standard histological method. Paraffin blocks were sectioned at 5–6 µm and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid Schiff, alcian blue, toluidine blue and Masson's trichrome. Results of this study showed that the seminal glands were tube-liked structure, hard, tough, multilobulated and large lobules on the outer surface grossly. Cowper’s glands were ovoid in shape, located on the dorsal surface of the pelvic urethra. Furthermore, the prostate gland in native water buffalo’ comprised of pars disseminate and corpus prostate. Histologically, the seminal glands were enclosed with loose connective tissue and thick smooth muscular tissue. Cowper’s glands were covered with a thick well-developed fibro-muscular capsule, formed of high concentration of collagen fiber and smooth muscle bundles. The parenchyma of the seminal and prostate was tubuloalveolar units and ducts. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the accessory sex glands in Khouzestan native buffaloes are the essential glands of the genital system and they have a distinct and individual histological structure.

Red meat is one of the best dietary sources of fat and protein for humans. The fatty acid composition of meat has long been studied, but still receives a lot of attention in research because of its implications for human health. Besides a lower total fat intake, human nutritionists are recommending a higher intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and especially of n-3 fatty acids at the expense of n-6 fatty acids. Numerous animal feeding trials have been carried out using different species and breeds aiming at bringing the polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid (P/S) ratio of meat closer to the recommended value (>0.7), as well as for the n-6/n-3 ratio (<5). Sugar beet pulp (SBP) contains 70% carbohydrates mainly as neutral detergent soluble fiber, which has high water-binding capacity and a slow fermentation rate in rumen compared to the barley grain. Replacing barley with SBP may overcome digestive disorders such as acidosis problem and lead to the utilization of dietary energy towards animal growth, carcass gain, and muscle intramuscular fat deposition. On the other hand, feeds containing fats and oils are being used in animal diets to increase energy density and to manipulate intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition of the meat. Canola seed contains approximately 40 to 43 % oil in which oleic acid, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid contribute to 61, 20 and 10%, respectively. High fat content of canola seed makes it an attractive feedstuff to improve energy density of diets for finishing lambs grown in dry regions, where pasture availability is low. To our knowledge, information containing the effects of SBP as a slow fermentable carbohydrate source with an inclusion of roasted canola seed on growth performance and meat quality characteristics of fattening lambs is not investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects SBP with or without RCS in a high concentrate diet on performance and muscle composition of Arabian fattening lambs. This experiment was approved by the Animal Care and Ethics Committee of Ramin University of Livestock Research. In this study, twenty-four Arabian male lambs, 4 months old, (23.7±2.5 kg; mean initial BW±SD) were kept in individualcages (1.4×1.2 m). The fattening period was 99 d including 14 d as adaptation period. At the start of the adaptation period, all the animals were treated for external and internal parasites and vaccinated against enterotoxaemia. The animals were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments included 1) starch, 2) starch with roasted canol seeds, 3) Neutral detergent soluble fiber and 4) Neutral detergent soluble fiber with roasted canola seed. The diets were offered to animals to meet the requirements of growth rate at 250 g/day according to National Research Council (NRC, 2007). Lambs were weighed weekly throughout the experimental period prior to the morning feeding. Feed conversion ratio was calculated as the ratio between average daily intake and average daily gain. Average daily gain was calculated for each sheep from regression analysis of live weight vs. time from day 1 to 99 of each treatment. At the end of the trial, all the animals were slaughtered according to Halal method. Samples from Longissimus dorsi (LD) between 5th and 6th ribs trimmed of all external subcutaneous fat were collected. These were used to determine moisture, crude protein, fat, and ash contents of meat according to Association of Official Analytical Chemistry (AOAC, 2006). Lightness (L*), rednes (a*), and yellowness (b*) of meat samples were measured using a Minolta CR-300 colorimeter in the CIE L*a*b*. Hue angle (H*) was calculated as tan−1 (b*/a*) × (180/π) and Chroma (C*) as (a*2+b*2)1/2. The colorimeter was set for using the illuminant A and 10° standard observers. About 50 g of the LD muscle between 6th to 9th ribs were taken for determination of fatty acid profiles. Muscle lipids were extracted as described by Folch et al. (1957), using dichloromethane and methanol (2:1 vol/vol), instead of chloroform and methanol (2:1 vol/vol), and were methylated according to Metcalfe and Schmitz (1961). The transmethylated samples were analyzed by a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector and a capillary column measuring 100 m in length × 0.25 mm i.e., with a thickness of 0.20 mm. Helium was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Also, tridecanoic acid (C13:0) was used as internal standard. The initial temperature of the oven was 70 °C and was increased by 10 °C/min to 175 °C, where it was maintained for 25 min. The temperature was then increased by 7 °C/min to 220 °C, where it was maintained for 10 min, followed by another increase by 10 °C/min to 230 °C, where it remained for 4 min. The temperature of the injector was 280 °C, and the temperature of the detector was 300 °C. Identification of the fatty acids was carried out by comparison of the retention times with standards of fatty acids from butter, and the percentage of fatty acids was obtained by means of Chromquest 5.5 software. Performance data were analyzed completely random design with repeated measurement PROC MIXED and compound symmetry model. Meat Characteristics data were as a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement using PROC GLM in SAS software. Partial replacement of starch with soluble fiber significantly increased performance concentration of capric, c17:0 anteiso and behenic acid and significantly reduced lauric, heptadecanoic, oleic, linoleic and polyunsaturated fatty acids of longissimus dorsi (P<0.05). Addition of roasted canola seed to diets increased performance (average 288 g vs. 262 g) and reduced the concentration of isopalmitic and behenic acid and significantly increased concentration of Lauric, Myristic, Anteiso-pentadecanoic, Pentadecenoic, Palmitic, Palmitoleic, Stearic, Vaccenic, Conjugated linoleic, Oleic, α-Linolenic, γ-Linolenic, Gondoic, Docosatetraenoic, h-γ-Linolenic, Arachidonic, Eicosapentaenoic, Nervonic, Docosapentaenoic, Docosahexaenoic acids and the total concentration of unsaturated fatty acids with one or polyunsaturated fatty acid pattern longissimus dorsi (p<0.05). Canola seed addition significantly increased n-6/n-3 and p/s ratio (P<0.05). Replacement of starch with soluble fiber significantly decreased and fat addition significantly increased meat cholesterol concentratin (P<0.05). The results showed that the use of canola seeds by changing the indicators of unsaturated fatty acids, omega-6 to omega-3 ratios reform and polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids
can improve the quality and quantity of meat.

Diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder in the world, which can disrupt ovarian function. The present study was designed to examine the effect of Okra powder on ovary histology in high-fat diet fed-streptozotocin (HFD/STZ) induced diabetic female rats.
25 adult Female Wistar rats were divided into 5 equal groups. Group I: (control group): served as helthy rats received normal diets. Group II diabetic(HFD STZ): rats were fed HFD (60% fat 25% carbohydrate 15% protein ) for 4 weeks and then injected with STZ (35 mg/kg body weight). GroupIII(HFD䤶.E): HFD STZ rats were treated with 200 mg/kg powder A. esculentus. Group IV (HFD䤶纙ꊹ): HFD STZ rats were treated with 200 mg/kg metformin. Group V: Normal Diet A. esculentus (200 mg/kg).
After 4 weeks of treatment, animals were euthanized and body weight, ovary weight and insulin resistance markers (insulin and glucose levels and HOMA-IR) were determined. The right ovary was isolated and floated in appropriate fixative. 5-6 μm sections was prepared as paraffine embedding method and stained by H&E and PAS and studied by light microscopy.
Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and reduced body weight of diabetic rats were improved after administration of Okra for 4 weeks. This effect was relatively similar to metformin. Okra powder was caused a significant increase in primordial, primary and graffian follicles (P The results of the present study revealed that A. esculentus possess antioxidant activities has a potential positive role against hyperglysemi and useful intervention for improvement of ovaian dysfunction in diabetic rats.

Diabetes tends to disorders in male reproductive system. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) has antidiabetic and anitoxidant effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of okra powder on testis structure and sperm parameters in diabetic rats.
25 rats were divided randomly into five groups including control, diabetic, diabetic/okra (200 mg/kg), diabetic/metformin (200 mg/kg), and okra (200 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced by high-fat diet fed (HFD), and injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg/kg) for four weeks. Groups were treated for 4 weeks. After treatment, blood glucose levels, testosterone levels, sperm parameters, and histomorphological structure of testes were studied.
Findings: Induction of diabetes decreased testosterone levels, and sperm movement, numbers, and survival. Number of spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, sertoli, and leydig cells, diameter of seminiferous tubules, and spermiogenesis index decreased significantly in diabetic group as compared to control group (P The results suggest that okra powder supplemented diet in HFD/STZ diabetic rats improves testosterone level and sperm parameters as well as ameliorates diabetes-induced structural disorders in rat male reproductive system.

Article 6, Volume 13, Issue 2 - Issue Serial Number 55, Summer 2017, Page 48-57 XML PDF (477 K)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.22055/ivj.2017.28887.1550
Abstract
Aloe vera has many applications in traditional medicine .In present study, the hypoglycemic effects of the Aloe vera and its protective effects on the adrenal gland on diabetic rats were studied. 50 mature male rats (2-3 months old) and weighing 200-250 were divided randomly into 5 groups (10 rats in each groups) as following: Group I (control), has not received any treatment. Group II (Diabetic) which received 65 mg/kg Streptozotocin (IP). and rats with blood glucose more than 250 mg/dL were considered as diabetic. Group III, diabetic rats which received the Aloe vera gel with dose of 400 mg/kg daily. Group IV, diabetic rats which received insulin in 10 units/rat. Group V,received Aloe vera gel only. On days 15 and 30 of experiment, blood glucose of all groups were measured. Animals were euthanized with ether. Then, tissues samples were collected from adrenal glands, and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution. The sections were made using routine paraffin embedding method and stained by haematoxylin-eosin (H & E). Histomorphometrical parameters were evaluated using Digital Dino-Lite lens and Dino capture software 1. The results showed that thickness of fasciculata layer and the size of the spongiocyte were increased significantly in diabetic rat (P≤0. 05) but the thickness of fasciculata layer was decreased significantly in diabetic rats which received Aloe vera and insulin (P≤0. 05). The blood glucose was decreased significantly in diabetic rats. Conclusion, Aloe vera can be has beneficial and protective effects on adrenal glands in diabetic rats.

Diabetes is a metabolic disease that is associated with hyperglycemia and infertility. Previous studies indicate that aloe vera may positively affect the blood glucose and fertility.
the present study was carried out to evaluate effect of aloe vera on serum oxidant/antioxidant activity and reproductive hormones following experimental diabetes.
sixty adults male wistar rats were divided to 5 groups. control group(A) was kept without treatment. Group(E) only received aloe vera gel(400 mg/kg-orally). Experimental diabete mellitus was induced in 3 groups of rats by streptozotocin( 65 mg/kg-Ip). One diabetic group was kept without treatment(B). Another diabetic group received aloe vera gel(400 mg/kg-orally)(C) and another received insulin(10 units)(D). Aloe vera gel and insulin was administration for 30 days then, the rats were anesthetized and blood collected. The amount of malondialdehid(MDA), anti oxidant activity(AOA), glutathion peroxidase activity(GPX), thiol protein(TSH), testosterone, LH and FSH was determined in serum.
level of testosterone was significantly decreased while amount of MDA, TSH, GPX and AOA was significantly increased in non-treated diabetic rats. Aloe vera increased antioxidant defense.
Aloe vera improves antioxidant activity and reduces diabetic complications.

The effect of partial replacement of barley with sugar beet pulp (SBP) with and without roasted canola seeds (RCS) on the performance, morphology, VFA and digesta pH in the small intestine of finishing lambs was investigated. In this study 24 Arbia male lambs with average body weight of 23.7±2.5 kg were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment over 84 days. Treatments were carbohydrate factor (barley or SBP) and roasted canola seed (with and without RCS). Partial replacement of barley with SBP significantly increased average daily gain (P

Since Abelmoschus esculentus plant has many medical benefits, the present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of Okra Powder (Abelmoschus esculentus) against high-fat diet fed-streptozotocin (HFD/STZ)-induced diabetic rats.
In this experimental study, 25 Wistar Albino female rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: I: control group; II: healthy rats receiving A. esculentus (200 mg/kg); III (HFD/STZ group): Rats fed with high-fat diet (HFD) (60% fat) for 4 weeks and then injected low-dose STZ (35 mg/kg); IV: diabetic rats receiving A. esculentus (200mg/kg) and V: diabetic rats receiving metformin (200 mg/kg). At the end of experiment, biochemical parameters, including Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), insulin levels, Homa-IR index, ALT, AST and lipid profile were measured. Pancreas and Liver samples were removed, and 5-6 µ sections were prepared and stained by H&E and aldehyde fuchsin staining.
All the biochemical parameters, except HDL-C and insulin, were increased in diabetic rats, while these parameters were decreased in Okra supplementation group compared to diabetic rats (p Okra powder improved biochemical parameters, liver structure and restoration of beta cells of pancreas in diabetic rats. Thus, it can be considered a complementary therapy to improve diabetic patients.

Background and Okra plant has different properties and some studies reported that this plant can lower the complications of diabetes. Herein, we studied the effects of okra powder on histomorphometry and histochemitry of the thyroid gland, lipid profile, as well as T3 and T4 hormones in HDF/STZ diabetic Wistar rats.
In this experimental study twenty-five adult male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were divided into five groups of control group, healthy rats without any treatment (G1), control group receiving 200 mg/kg of okra daily for four weeks (G2), diabetic rats without any treatment (G3), diabetic rats receiving 200 mg/kg of metformin daily for four weeks (G4), and diabetic rats receiving 200 mg/kg of okra daily for four weeks (G5). For inducing diabetes, the rats were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for four weeks. Then, streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) was injected intravenously. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken for measurement of triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), as well as T3, and T4 hormones levels. The animals were euthanized and the thyroid glands were removed and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. 5-6 μ slices were made from paraffin section and stained by H&E and aldehyde fuchsin.
Compared to the control group, the number and size of large follicles of the thyroid gland decreased significantly in the diabetic group, while the number of small follicles increased significantly (P Okra powder can be effective in preventing, managing, and attenuating the complications of diabetes.

Phytoestrogenic plants have different effects on the reproductive system. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a phytoestrogenic herb which is used in human and animal nutrition. There are many reports about widely effects of alfalfaon reproductive system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the alfalfa effects on histomorphometrical of the rat seminal vesicle. For this purpose, 30 adult male Wistar rats were divided into control and treatment groups and each group were divided into three subgroups (5 rats in each). Control rats were fed only by 140 g concentrate (plate). The treatment groups were fed by 80 g of concentrate (plate) and 300 g alfalfa. In the end of each period (30, 45 and 60 days), the seminal vesicles were removed and examined macroscopically. ­­After that, 5-6 µm sections were made using paraffin embedding method. The sections were stained by H&E and PAS. Seminal vesicle weight in the treatment group 1 and 2 were decreased significantly (P

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for rumen microorganisms, and comprise about 60 to 70 percent of ruminant animal feed. Excessive consumption of starchy carbohydrates leads to increased acute and chronic acidosis in animals. Partial replacement starches with neutral detergent soluble fiber or fat In addition to the energy supply of animals have no problems using starch. The study was conducted due to, the impact of microbial fermentation by rumen bacteria on environmental sustainability.
Eight dual-flow continuous culture fermenters (1750 ml) in a factorial design (2×2) based on randomized complete block were used in three replicated periods of 10 d (7 d of adaptation and 3 d for sampling) to study effects of carbohydrate sources (starch form barely grain versus neutral detergent fiber form sugar beet pulp) with and without canola seed on apparent digestibility, volatile fatty acids profile, nitrogen metabolism and microbial fermentation efficiency. Diets had a 10 to 90 forage to concentrate ratio. The treatments were; 1) 64% barley grain 2) 62% barley grain plus 7% canola seed 3) 36% sugar beet pulp 28% barley grain, 4) 36% sugar beet pulp and 26% barley grain plus 7% canola seed.
Partial replacement of barley grain with sugar beet pulp significantly increased NDF and ADF apparent digestibility and crude protein degradation, ammonia and bacterial synthesis. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, NDF, ADF and the concentration of ammonia nitrogen, ammonia and bacterial synthesis reduced significantly by adding canola seeds to diets (P Partial replacement of barley grain sugar beet pulp increased acetate, butyrate, propionate concentration and acetate to propionate ratio and reduce isobutyrate concentration. Adding canola seeds carbohydrate sources had not a significant effect on the concentration of total and individual volatile fatty acids. The overall results showed that partial replacement of starch with neutral detergent soluble fibre can improve the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and the production of acetate and butyrate in the rumen. Addition canola seed to carbohydrate sources decreased significantly, rumen the digestibility of nutrients, the production of acetate, ammonia nitrogen and protein production in continuous culture system.

Type 2 diabete is a kind of metabolic disease that it is associated with hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and disturbed liver function. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effects of Okra Powder on liver damage in high fat diet fed / streptozotocin (HFD-STZ)-induced type 2 diabetic rats.
In this experimental study, 25 Wistar Albino female rats with an average weight of (200–220 g) were randomly divided into 5 groups: Group I: (control group) rats were fed the standard diet, Group II: healthy rats that received Okra Powder (200 mg/kg) for 4 weeks; Group III (HFD/STZ group): Rats were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) (60% fat) for 4 weeks and then injected low dose of STZ (35 mg/kg), Group IV: Diabetic rats that received Okra Powder (200 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. GroupV: Diabetic rats that received metformin (200 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. At the end of experiment, biochemical parameters were measured. Liver samples were removed and 5-6 µ sections were made and stained by H&E and Sudan black staining.
The results showed that all the biochemical parameters, except HDL-C and serum insulin were increased in diabetic rats, while they were decreased in Okra supplementation group compared to diabetic rats (p Our findings confirmed the potential anti-hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Okra Powder. Thus, it seems it has an important role in the management of type 2 diabete.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease which causes congenital anomalies and misabortion in females. Decrease in follicle growth and maturation and quality of oocytes occur in type 1 diabetes. The antidiabetic effect of Aloe vera is reported by several investigators. In this study, the effects of Aloe vera gel on diabetic mice oocyte were examined.
First, 25 mice were randomly divided into five groups including: control group (normal saline), Aloe vera group (350 mg/kg/day, by gavage), diabetic group (single dose of 190 mg/kg streptozotocin, IP), diabetic receiving Aloe vera (350 mg/kg/day, by gavage), and diabetic receiving insulin (1 IU/day, SC). All animals were superovulated after 3 weeks. Ovulated oocytes were collected from oviduct. Oocyte nuclear maturation and mitochondrial redistribution were investigated by microscopy and immunocytochemical methods.
Diabetes led to a significant increase in spindle defects, chromosome misalignmentm, and mitochondrial redistribution changes (P˂0.05). Aloe vera and insulin administration decreased these defects significantly (P˂0.05). Maturation rate decreased in diabetic mice, but Aloe vera and insulin administration prevented the decrease significantly (P˂0.05).
The results show that diabetes damages oocyte maturation process and reduces maturation rate and oocyte quality which can cause infertility or subfertility, but Aloe vera administration reduced these defects significantly.