فهرست مطالب نوذر نخعی

Social deviances has always brought many problems to societies. Experts believe that the future of society and children and teenagers and their vulnerability to social harm depends on the performance of socializing institutions such as education. Considering the lack of a curriculum model for the prevention of social harms in the preschool period, this study seeks to identify the curriculum model of the preschool period with an empowerment approach against social deviances.

The current research was conducted with the aim of designing and presenting a preschool curriculum model with an empowerment approach against social deviances.

The current research was conducted with a qualitative approach and narrative research method. The studied community included all experienced preschool teachers (with more than 15 years of work experience) in Kerman city in the academic year of 2021-2022, and based on the theoretical saturation of the findings, 9 of them were selected as a sample. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. The interviews were conducted between April and August 2021. Data analysis in this research was done using conventional qualitative content analysis method.

In this research, 8 components of logic and reason, educational goals, Educational content, teaching-learning strategies, materials and resources, teacher competencies, family and comprehensive evaluation were extracted. The dimensions of the preschool curriculum model with the empowerment approach against social deviances can be divided into 48 categories, including a better life and bright future, building and increasing self-confidence, strengthening social skills, an instructor who is proficient in teaching and learning strategies, It was categorized by the methods of evaluation, observation and recording of reports by the teacher and also parents familiar with sex education.

The results of the present research contain practical suggestions for improving the curriculum and empowering preschool children against social deviances. Therefore, it seems necessary that educational and curriculum planners, especially teachers and parents, use the 8 components obtained in the present study in order to gain empowerment to deal with social deviances in preschool children.

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the COVID-19 severity and lifestyle among hospitalized patients at Afzali Pour Hospital, Kerman, Iran.

A total of 289 patients with severe COVID-19 infection (with ICU admission or death) and 293 patients with non-severe type (discharged with no need for hospitalization in ICU) were selected in 2020-2021, and their lifestyle was compared in the last year before the hospitalization.

The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for severe disease was 1.83 (95% CI: 1.24-2.69) in males compared to females, and 4.35 (95% CI:2.20- 8.59) for people older than 60 years compared to age less than 60. The linear effect of average hours of sleeping during a day was 1.21 (95% CI: 1.08-1.36). The ORs of people who had considerable physical activity at work and people with little activity compared to people who mostly sit in a fixed place were 0.35 (95% CI:0.19-0.65) and 0.44 (95% CI:0.23-0.83), respectively. The use of opioids, traditional remedies, and supplements such as vitamin C raised the risk of severe disease, but the use of vitamin D supplements reduced the risk of severe disease, although this was not statistically significant.

It seems that some aspects of lifestyle, such as lack of physical activity, excessive sleep, and consumption of certain substances, such as opioids, might increase the risk of contracting severe and deadly forms of COVID-19.

One of the missions of medical universities is educational planning to solve the problems of society. Considering the increase in Iran’s aged population, this study aims to assess the need to revise the “counseling in midwifery” curriculum in medical universities for improving the plan of “support for families and the youth of the population” in Iran.

This is a qualitative study using the content analysis method. The information was obtained using semi-structured interviews with five professors and five graduates of Counseling in Midwifery from Kerman University of Medical Sciences, regarding the need for updating the counseling in midwifery curriculum.

Based on the content analysis, the following six main themes (recommendations) were extracted: “supporting the family and the youth of the population”, “maintaining and improving the fertility rate of women and men”, “ training of experts to prevent infertility”, “childbearing and sexual health consulting”, “improving mothers’ health status and children’s growth and development” and “increasing marriage rate and reducing divorce rate”.

It is necessary to revise the “Counseling in Midwifery” curriculum to implement the plan of “support for families and the Youth of population” in Iran. The presented recommendations should be applied in this academic discipline by medical universities of Iran.

In today's world, declining fertility rates have led most high- and middle-income countries to pursue pronatalist policies. To plan for fertility desire and intention, it is necessary to examine their determinants in different societies. The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate the validity and reliability of a questionnaire that could measure the components affecting the intention to have children.

First, based on an extensive review of the literature, the most appropriate conceptual framework for explaining the immediate components related to the intention to have children was identified. After that, using the literature and expert opinions, the desired domains were selected and experts approved the content of the domains and items via deductive method. The designed questionnaire was completed through interviewing 500 married women (15- 49 years) selected from visitors of inpatients in public and private hospitals in Kerman, Iran 2021. Then, the construct validity of the items indicating three main constructs affecting fertility intention were evaluated using exploratory factor analysis and known-groups validity. The item reliability of these three constructs were examined by calculating Cronbach's alpha.

The theory of planned behavior was selected as the theoretical framework for compiling the constructs of the questionnaire. The three immediate components affecting fertility intention were attitude (8 items), subjective norm (3 items), and perceived control (3 items). All three factors were factorable and the factor loadings of the items in each of the three constructs were above the acceptable minimum level of 0.4. The three factors explained 58% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha values for the three constructs were 0.83, 0.79, and 0.66, respectively.

The determinants of childbearing intention questionnaire designed based on the theory of planned behavior had acceptable validity and reliability and can be used in Iranian married women.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance, patterns and methods of educating and empowering preschool children against social deviances, which has been done using a qualitative research approach and synthesis research method. The research field includes 94 internal articles from 1999 to 2019 with keywords such as Children's Empowerment, Preschool Education Importance, Injuries and Social Deviations, Preschool Curriculum, Life Skills and Social Skills, and 94 foreign articles from 1999 to 2019 which, after screening, 71 cases were selected as a research sample using purposive method. The results show that the necessity to empower children against social deviances can be classified into 10 categories: Emotional and personality development and mental health increasing, behavioral disorders reduction and individual and social adjustment increasing, self-confidence and individual independence increasing, individual abilities and creativity growth, individual, communication and social skills development, moral and educational necessity, development Child self-care, life skills and social relationships development and increase participation, educational and cultural necessities and economic necessities. Regarding the models and methods of individual and personality empowerment, two general models have been proposed by theorists: "children's personal and personality empowerment increasing " and " life skills and social skills improvement ". for the first model "training and strengthening self-awareness and self-knowing" "Psychological children empowerment and teaching religious beliefs and values" and for the second model, methods of "teaching life skills and teaching social skills" have been proposed.

The use of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is on the rise throughout the world, especially among young people and even athletes. There is a belief among consumers that exercise prevents the harmful effects of hookah smoke on the body. We examined this belief by evaluation of lung injury following to concurrent WTS and swimming endurance training in male Wistar rats.

Animals were randomly divided to sedentary control (CTL) group, exercise training group (Ex group), sedentary WTS (S) group, and exercise plus WTS (S + Ex) group.

8 weeks of WTS was associated with significant increase in serum level of cotinine, lung damage, reduction in alveolar number AN/SA (mm2) and increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level of lung tissue. Combination of exercise with WTS significantly decreased these negative effects; however, it could not fully protect the lung from smoking damage. Waterpipe smoking (WPS) also significantly increased the pro-inflammatory cytokines of lung tissue such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (P < 0.001), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) (P < 0.010), and IL-6 (P < 0.050) in comparison with CTL group. Exercise training to some degree reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the level of IL-10 as an anti-inflammatory IL and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity in animals exposed to WTS.

It is suggested that combination of mild to moderate exercise with WTS may attenuate the hookah smoking-induced lung damage. This effect partly is mediated through balancing of pro/anti-inflammatory and redox systems.

In the early decades of the 20th century, discussions regarding alcohol were dominantly directed toward itstherapeutic uses, but authorities now state that any level of alcohol consumption poses negative effects onhealth. Over recent months, increased attention has been devoted to disease burdens attributable to alcoholuse worldwide. As more and more studies are conducted to illuminate the harmful effects of alcohol ondifferent body systems, the mounting evidence generated requires documentation and publication. Thecurrent review was aimed at providing an overview of the recent literature on the adverse consequences ofalcohol consumption.

Background & Objectives: The combination and distribution of human resources is one of the major factors affecting the quality, quantity, cost, and speed of provision of health services. Today, one of the most important problems of human health systems is the inappropriate distribution of human resources. The aim of this study was to investigate the ratio of human resources to the amount of services provided in hospitals affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during March 2015 to February 2016, to review the occupational categories of nursing staff, midwife, patient carrier, and unit secretary in 10 teaching and non-teaching hospitals in Kerman province using three methods of Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN), systematic approach, and bed occupancy rate (BOR). Data were collected using a form contains job descriptions, the quantity of services provided per year by the occupational categories studied, the standard of activity time, the work time available to the hospital staff, and bed occupancy rate in the units studied.. The systematic approach showed the highest need for human resources, and then, the bed occupancy ratio and WISN respectively showed the highest need, which however, depended on the hospital unit. So that, in calculating the required number of nurses in the intensive care and burn units, the index proposed by the Ministry of Health in bed occupancy rate was higher than the WISN, and the index obtained in the emergency department, was higher than the WISN. It is suggested to replace traditional methods with modern human resources estimation systems, as WISN. Also, it is recommended to measure the time and activities of hospital units to determine the ratio of staff to bed for each hospital.

The use of narcotics such as opium exposes addicts as susceptible targets of different diseases so that they might easily be exposed to different diseases such as fungal infections. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of addiction to opium and fungal infection on plasma levels of certain cytokines including interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, IL-17, Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β).
Present study included 72 individuals who were divided into 4 groups: 1) opium-addicted with fungal infection; 2) opium-addicted without fungal infection; 3) non-opium-addicted with fungal infection; and 4) normal individuals (non-opium-addicted and non-fungal infection). The fungal samples, after being detected and confirmed by a physician, were prepared based on clinical symptoms and then analyzed by direct smear and culture method. The measurement of the plasma level of cytokines was done by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.
Findings: The comparison of the mean of the plasma level of cytokines showed that addiction to opium and fungal infection had significant effect on the plasma levels of IL-17, IFN-γ, TGF-β cytokines in all studied groups. The interaction of addiction to opium and fungal infection was only significant in the case of plasma level of IL-6.
Addiction to opium and fungal infection, either separately or simultaneously, poses significant effect on the immune system and causes disorders in the cytokine network and the immune system and also provides a suitable environment for fungal infection.

Disturbances in maternal care have been associated with increased risk for drug abuse later in life. However, there has been little investigation of the effects of maternal separation (MS), a model of early life stress, on nicotine dependence, specifically during adolescence. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of MS on nicotine-conditioned place preference (CPP) in adolescent male rats. We also examined the impact of nicotine on spatial learning and memory impairments induced by MS.
Rat pups were exposed to daily MS for 15 (MS15) or 180 (MS180) minutes during the first 2 weeks of life or reared under normal animal facility rearing (AFR) conditions. In postnatal day (PND) 28-34, they were conditioned with nicotine [0.6 mg/kg, subcutaneously (SC)] or saline and tested for preference over a period of 6 conditioning trials. Morris water maze (MWM) testing was performed to assess spatial cognitive function.
Findings: The MS procedure used in our study failed to affect nicotine reward as measured by CPP in the adolescent male rats. Notably, significant spatial learning deficit was seen in the MS180 rats compared to those in the AFR and MS15 groups and nicotine administration modified the MS-induced learning defect in adolescent male rats.
In conclusion, although MS revealed no influence on the sensitivity to the nicotine''s reinforcing effects in adolescent male rats, the simultaneous effect of MS on learning performance may be altered by nicotine intake.

In the last few years, the rate of cesarean section has increased all around the world. This study was conducted to investigate the obstacles of performing vaginal delivery and policies to increase vaginal delivery from the point of view of gynecologists and midwives.
A total of one hundred gynecologists and midwives working in Kerman participated in this cross-sectional study. Data were collected using a questionnaire included three parts of demographic data, 13 questions regarding obstacles of normal vaginal delivery (NVD) and 10 questions regarding policies to encourage NVD. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test and through SPSS19 software.
There was no significant difference between gynecologists and midwives in regard to mean scores of NVD obstacles and policies to encourage NVD. Among the obstacles, increase of maternal age in the first pregnancy and being afraid of delivery complications obtained the highest and the lowest mean scores respectively .Among the policies to encourage NVD, careful prenatal care had the highest mean score and increasing the cooperation between doctors and midwives had the lowest mean score.
According to the results, the most important obstacle of NVD is high maternal age in the first pregnancy and the best recommended solution to encourage NVD is careful prenatal care leading to mother's preparation for NVD.

Evaluation of marital satisfaction using valid and reliable tools is crucial in Iran، regarding the increasing rate of divorce. In Western countries، the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (KMSS) and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMS) showed acceptable reliability and validity in determining how satisfied couples were in their marital relationship. The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the two questionnaires. This study was done on 100 subjects referred to the pre-divorce counseling centers and 200 participants from the general population of Rafsanjan City. The EMS (as a brief version of ENRICH) containing 10 satisfaction questions and KMSS containing three items were evaluated. Cronbakh’s alpha and item-scale correlations were calculated in order to assess the reliability of the tools. For testing construct validity three methods were used: convergent validity، known group comparison and factorial validity. The Cronbach’s alpha of EMS and KMSS were 0. 74 and 0. 98، respectively. EMS consisted of two factors and KMSS had one factor. Satisfaction score obtained by both questionnaires were lower in the divorce group than the general population (P<0/001). Correlation coefficients between EMS and KMSS، and ENRICH were 0. 82 and 0. 32، respectively. The Persian version of the KMSS and EMS questionnaires showed acceptable reliability and validity.

Spiritual intelligence as the base of individual beliefs affects performance and leads to an increase in flexibility against problems. This study aims to determine spiritual intelligence and attitude towards spirituality and spiritual care in nursing and midwifery students of Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2012. It was a cross sectional, descriptive study. A total of 222 nursing and midwifery students of Kerman University of Medical Sciences were recruited by census. Data was collected by the 42-item Spiritual Intelligence Inventory and The Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale (SSCRS) and were analyzed by parametric statistical tests (i.e. t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient) using SPSS-PC (v. 20). The mean score of spiritual health (150.07±16.98) and attitude towards spirituality and spiritual care (57.57±10.70) of the nursing and midwifery students was at moderate level. Among demographic variables, there was only a significant relationship between age and the mean score of attitude toward spirituality and spiritual care (P= 0.029). The results of this study suggest the importance of addressing spirituality among nursing and midwifery students. Accordingly, planning to improve the spirituality level of nursing and midwifery students is recommended.

Maternal mortality ratio is a sensitive indicator of the development status of countries. This study was performed to determine factors associated with maternal mortality during 2006-2011, in Kerman province, Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted using existing data of the maternal surveillance system of Kerman University of Medical Sciences during 2006-2011. Background and health related data, such as age, area of residence, type of delivery, birth attendant, period of death, place of death, place of delivery, and cause of death, were extracted. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Poisson regression analysis by STATA software. Average rate of maternal mortality ratio was 31.4 per 100,000 live births (84 cases). Eclampsia was the most prevalent cause of maternal death (21.4%), 17.9% of deaths were caused by hemorrhage, and 17.9% were due to underlying systemic disease. The risk of maternal death was significantly higher when birth was attended by unskilled personnel (95% confidence interval, IRR = 1.929 (2.758-1.349)), and in those with cesarean delivery (95% confidence interval, IRR = 1.414 (1.084-1.843)), and in births occurring at hospital (95% confidence interval, IRR = 1.387 (1.009-1.907).Discussion and According to the findings, the most important factors associated with maternal mortality were place of delivery, type of delivery, and birth attendant. The findings highlight the high vulnerability of pregnant women and preventive measures.

Health care staff tendency to leave the profession, is one of the major challenges in that the health system. Professional leave can impact on patients, nurses and healthcare organizations and it would be difficult to achieve to health goals.

This study aimed to assessment tendency of clinical nurses to leave the profession in educational hospitals in Kerman city.

A descriptive study- cross was done on the (300) clinical nurses that they were selected by quota non-random sampling in four hospitals in Kerman city. Data collection tool consist two parts; one for assessing demographic information and another for assessing tendency to leave was designed. It had (20) questions that its validity (CVI =83%) and reliability (alpha cronbach α=87%) were measured. Data by using SPSS16 and with ANOVA and Pearson correlation analyzed.

The results showed that mean of tendency of clinical nurses to leave the profession was (1/9 ±1/44) (total score was 5). Also, their tendency to leave had significant relationship with their age, experiences years, type of nursing care, and income (P <0/05).

In order to findings; nurse managers must be considered this is affected by special circumstances economic and business in our community and special structure of hospital and rules of employment. And grounded factors would be effect on nurse's performance. So, assessing these factors is necessary by nurse managers.

Nosocomial infections are one of the most important problems in hospitals. Due to the important role of environmental factors on these infections، compliance with environmental health standards is of particular importance in reduction of hospital-acquired infection. The aim of the present study was to evaluate compliance with environmental health standards in educational hospitals of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study that includes four educational hospitals of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected by a questionnaire filled in through interview and observation of different wards. Based on the scores obtained by various hospitals and departments، the status of environmental health was classified into three categories: favorable، relatively favorable (moderate)، and unfavorable conditions. Mean and standard deviation of scores of environmental health status in studied hospitals were 80. 1±10. 9. Environmental health status was favorable in 25% of the hospitals and 39. 7% of the wards. The status of these standards was favorable in 44. 45% of the intensive care units، 45. 7 % of inpatient departments، 31. 25% of the logistic services and 25% of the diagnostic units. This study showed that compliance with environmental health standards was not favorable in most educational hospitals. This poor environmental health condition can cause and spread nosocomial infections. Therefore، more attempts should be made to improve environmental health in these hospitals.

The present study aimed to investigate the spiritual health among nursing and midwifery students at Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2012. Methods & Materials: This was a cross-sectional study in which all 222 nursing and midwifery students studying at Kerman University of Medical Sciences were recruited to study. Data were gathered using t he Palutzian & Ellison questionnaire of spiritual well-being. The obtained data were then analyzed in the SPSS-20 using parametric statistical tests such as independent t-test and Anova. Results showed that spiritual well-being of nursing and midwifery students was in the good range. Except gender، no statistically significant relationships were observed between the mean of spiritual well-being and parameters such as age، marital status، academic year، and field of study. According to the findings، spiritual health among nursing and midwifery students was moderate. It is necessary to promote spirituality among nursing and midwifery students.

Social accountability medical education in all fields considers health problems priorities in specified countries. Health provision (social accountability) encounters many challenges in its delivery due to more reasons and faculty innovations seem essential in promotion of education. This study was designed in order to investigate social accountability medical education and innovations of clinical faculty members. In a cross-sectional and triangulation study، point of view of 72 clinical faculty members in Kerman University of Medical Sciences، Iran، about social accountability medical education and their innovations was investigated by two separated questionnaires. Situation analysis of social accountability medical education in Kerman University of Medical Sciences showed that this form of education is in weakness-threatened status. The score of strengths was significantly difference among men and women، and score of weakness was significantly difference among different educational groups and academic degrees (P < 0. 05). There was no significant difference between situation analysis of social accountability medical education، innovation and other demographic and educational variables. Status of social accountability medical education (weakness-threatened) is not appropriate in Kerman University of Medical Sciences; in order to its promotion، there must be an appropriate mechanism. In addition، potentials of faculty members must be considered about innovation for social accountability medical education.

The nursing and midwifery students are more spiritual health, better care and interventions for their patients are doing. The present study has been carried out in order to investigate the spiritual well-being and the attitude toward spirituality and spiritual care in nursing and midwifery students of Kerman University of Medical Sciences during 2012. This was a cross-sectional study. The population consisted of 222 students of nursing and midwifery studying in Kerman University of Medical Sciences, all of which were chosen as the sample of the study. Palutzian & Ellison questionnaire of spiritual well-being and (SSCRS (questionnaire of attitude toward spirituality and spiritual care was used to gather the data. The obtained data were then analyzed through SPSS 20 software using parametric statistical tests such as independent T-test, Anova test and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results showed the average of spiritual well-being and the attitude toward spirituality and spiritual care of nursing and midwifery students was in the good range (93/01 ± 13/78, 57/57 ± 10/70). the except Gener, No significant relationship was statistically observed between the mean of spiritual well-being and another parameters such as age, marital status, academic year, field of study and trainings in spirituality. And except age, No significant relationship was statistically observed between the mean of attitude toward spirituality and spiritual care and another parameters such as, Gener, marital status, academic year, trainings in spirituality, and field of study. (p=0/004,p=0/029) Between two variables, spiritual well-being and attitudes toward spirituality and spiritual care was found to be positively correlate.(p<0/001) According to the findings of spiritual health nursing and midwifery students was moderate The significance of these results to address the issue of spirituality in nursing and midwifery students show. It is necessary to promote spirituality and nursing and midwifery students planning to take place.

Moral intelligence is one of the dimensions of intelligence that can provide a framework for the proper function of man، and be used as a predictor for people’s conduct. Nurses’ performance is of great importance because of the moral and human nature of their profession، and their adherence to ethical principles improves the nursing care quality as well as organizational performance. Therefore، the present study aimed to assess moral intelligence in nurses. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 nurses from teaching hospitals in South Khorasan. Participants were selected through census method. Data were collected by Lennik & Kiel’s moral intelligence questionnaire، and data analysis was performed using SPSS 16 software and descriptive and analytical statistics tests. The results suggest that the nurses’ moral intelligence score was 4. 35 ± 0. 56 (range: 1-5). There was a direct and meaningful relationship between moral intelligence and age and years of practice (P < 0. 05). Optimal levels of moral intelligence suggest the importance that nurses attribute to moral values، and can also be an indirect manifestation of their moral conduct in healthcare environments.

To increase safety of patients and staffs in hospitals، safety standards and regulations must be considered. This study was conducted to evaluate safety conditions in hospitals affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in various wards and units of four hospitals affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected using a standard questionnaire of Iran Ministry of Health and was filled through interviews and observations of different wards. Based on the achieved scores، hospitals’ safety conditions were categorized into three groups including favorable، relatively favorable، and unfavorable. Mean score of safety conditions in the studied hospitals was 66. 8±15. 1 None of the hospitals had a favorable safety condition. Overall، the safety condition was favorable in 27. 8% of all wards and units، 12. 5% of diagnostic wards، 13. 3% of inpatient wards، 30. 4% of logistic units and 72. 7% of special wards. The best safety condition was in intensive care units. None of the obstetric and genecology wards، infant wards، oncology wards، emergency wards and drug storage and fire control units had a favorable safety condition. According to the results of this study، safety condition is not favorable in most wards and units of the hospitals. As a result، this poor safety condition can lead to a lot of risks for patients and hospital staffs. Therefore، to reduce these risks and promote safety condition، it is necessary to do some necessary interventions.

Moral distress is one of the common issues in nursing that has been receiving a lot of attention in research related to this profession. Moral distress is a phenomenon that can impact nurses، patients and health systems greatly. One significant impact of moral distress on nurses is its role on their desire to continue to work in their profession، and the present cross-sectional، descriptive and analytical study was conducted in order to determine this impact. Study samples were nurses in Birjand teaching hospitals who were selected through polls and according to entrance criteria. A 22-item questionnaire was developed by combining demographic information، Corley’s moral distress scale and the nurses’ desire to stay in the profession. The questionnaire was translated from English by the researcher and its validity and reliability were assessed. The results indicated that there is no significant relationship between moral distress and the desire to stay in the nursing profession (P>0/05). Moreover، levels of moral distress in the nurses in this study were moderate 2. 25±0. 6 (mean±SD) Given the level of moral distress in nurses and its possible consequences، strategies and solutions should be devised to familiarize nurses with moral distress and its underlying factors in order to reduce the undesirable outcomes of this phenomenon more effectively.

Selection of an appropriate leadership style coordinated with external motivation can improve job performance، job promotion and job satisfaction and consequently lead to achieving both individual and organizational goals. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between leadership style and job satisfaction of staff working in Health Care Networks in Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2011. The study population of this cross-sectional study was 874 managers and staff of Kerman health care networks. The sample included 21 mangers and 853 staff. Data gathering tools were job satisfaction and leadership style standard questionnaires. Data analysis was performed through SPSS16 and using Chi-square and ANOVA tests. According to the obtained results، most managers used the combined relation and task-oriented leadership style and job satisfaction of the majority of staff was moderate. Mean job satisfaction score was higher in people-oriented leadership style compared to integrated and task-oriented styles. There was a significant relationship between leadership style and job satisfaction. According to the results، there is a meaningful relationship between job satisfaction and leadership style in Kerman University of Medical Sciences and people-oriented leadership style leads to higher job satisfaction.

The aim of this study was to determine the yield of screening for celiac disease in children with failure to thrive and with or without chronic diarrhea. In this prospective study، 144 children aged 1-14 years and weighed below the fifth percentile with or without chronic diarrhea were studied during six months in 2010. Sample collection was done in the private office of one of the researchers، health care clinics، schools، and subspecialty clinic of Afzalipour Hospital، Kerman/ Iran. Screening was done by measuring anti-tissue transglutaminase IgG antibody test (tTG test). All positive cases underwent upper endoscopy with pediatric Pentax video endoscope. Definitive diagnosis was made by doing small intestine biopsy and histological study. Mean weight and age of children were respectively 14 ± 4. 2kg and 6 ± 3. 3 years. One third of subjects had diarrhea. Positive tTG test was observed in 11. 1% of children. Celiac was confirmed in all seropositive subjects by intestinal biopsy. Therefore، the predictive value of tTG test was 100%. There was no significant relationship between the prevalence of celiac and variables of age (p=0. 445)، sex (p=0. 859) and chronic diarrhea (p=0. 137). Regarding the relatively high prevalence of celiac disease in growth retarded children (11. 1%)، and high sensitivity (100%) of tTG test found in the present study، screening of growth retarded children with or without chronic diarrhea for celiac disease seems logical.