فهرست مطالب نورالله محمدی

Despite the addition of a new diagnostic criterion indicating the degree of involvement in reckless or self-destructive behaviors for PTSD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - Fifth Edition, research evidence indicates that a reliable and valid tool for assessing and diagnosing it has not been found to exist in Persian.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the posttrauma risky behaviors questionnaire.

The current research was an applied survey study based on a test construction methodology, following the common principles and techniques of psychometrics in a correlational research design. The statistical population for this research included all people with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in 2023 living in shiraz. A total of 520 participants (365 female and 155 male) were selected using the International Trauma Questionnaire (Cloitre et al., 2018) through convenience sampling Methods They then completed the Posttrauma Risky Behaviors Questionnaire (Contractor et al., 2020), the Self-Harm Inventory (Sanson et al., 1998), and the self-destructive behaviors questionnaire (Aghamohammadian Shearbaf et al., 2013). Data analysis was done using SPSS26 and AMOS26 software at a significance level of 0.05.

The confirmatory factorial analysis supported a one-factor model with desirable fit indices (X2/df= 3.239, GFI= 0.930, IFI= 0.924, CFI= 0.924, RMSEA= 0.066). Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the Posttrauma Risky Behaviors Questionnaire was 0.85. The self-destructive behaviors questionnaire (31 items; r= 0.01, p< 0.660) and the Self-Harm Inventory (22 items; r= 0.01,
p< 0.532) showed a positive and significant correlation with the Posttrauma Risky Behaviors Questionnaire.

Overall, the results of the present study provided evidence for the validity and reliability of the posttrauma risky behaviors questionnaire as a tool for comprehensive, brief, and one-dimensional assessment of reckless or self-destructive behaviors. Therefore, it can be used by researchers, therapists, and psychologists as a reliable and valid tool.

Integrating the approach based on acceptance and commitment with the approach of schema therapy to be more effective and respond to a wider range of couple problems has attracted the attention of researchers.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the combined approach of couple therapy based on acceptance and commitment with schema formulation (ACT/SF) on psychological flexibility and marital satisfaction.

The research method used was quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test design, and a control group. The statistical population consisted of all couples referred to counseling centers in Qom in 2022. From this population, 16 couples (32 people) were selected using available sampling and divided into two groups: control and experimental. Both groups completed the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II) in the pre-test and post-test. The experimental group received therapeutic intervention for twelve 120-minute sessions. Data analysis was performed using covariance analysis at a significant level (P<0.05).

The results indicated that, by controlling the pre-test as a covariate variable, the experimental group experienced a significant increase in marital satisfaction with a strong effect size (η2= 0.62) and in psychological flexibility with a medium effect size (η2= 0.32).

The combined approach of couple therapy based on acceptance and commitment with schema formulation significantly improves psychological flexibility and marital satisfaction. This is achieved through formulating problems, recognizing schemas, and becoming aware of cognitive distortions, which helps people understand and be more aware of their own and their spouse's psychological processes. Techniques based on acceptance and commitment are then used to encourage couples to improve their relationships based on their values.

This study investigates the Effectiveness of Experiential-Dynamic Emotion Regulation and Mindful Self-Compassionate Eclectic Therapy on reducing core shame, increasing self-compassion and assertiveness, and reducing depression severity in patients with introjective and anaclitic depression compared to the control group. This was a single-subject study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group with a 45-day follow-up. The statistical population consisted of all individuals diagnosed with depression in 2019 at Counseling and Psychotherapy Clinic of Shiraz University. Nine individuals were selected as a sample group with a purposive sampling method given the inclusion and exclusion criteria. the experimental groups received integrative therapy for eight sessions of 45 minutes. The effect size changes in treatment interventions were larger than 0.5 in the experimental groups regarding all study variables in the post-test and follow-up phase compared to the pre-test phase and were small in the control group (less than 0.2).

Specific Learning Disorders (SLD) have a significant impact on students' performance, especially on their explicit and implicit memory. Identifying determinant intervention methods in this area is crucial. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Sensory Integration (SI) and Central Nervous System reorganization (CNSR) interventions on the explicit and implicit memory of students with SLD.

The population of this research consisted of students with SLD referred to LD centers in Rafsanjan city in the academic year 2021-2022. Ninety were selected using purposive sampling and randomly assigned to three groups: SI intervention, CNSR intervention, or control group. The research tool was the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) explicit and implicit memory questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using repeated measures design and multivariate analysis of variance using SPSS-24.

According to the findings, both SI and CNSR interventions were effective on the explicit and implicit memory of students with SLD in all three types of LD (reading/writing, mathematics, and combined). Furthermore, the results indicated that the effect of the SI intervention on increasing the explicit and implicit memory of students was greater than the CNSR intervention.

Based on these findings, it can be concluded that SI and CNSR interventions are effective on the explicit and implicit memory of students with SLD.

Aims to identify the role of document readability level and the objective complexity of the work task on students' relevance judgment and document ranking.

Quantitative content analysis was utilized to determine the readability level of texts. The statistical population of the research included 2825 graduate students of Shiraz University of Humanities. To determine the sample size, due to time-consuming process of relevance judgment, students’ time constraint, and sample size of similar studies, a non-probability sampling method of voluntary type was used. Two work tasks were designed based on Borland's (2000) Repository of Assigned Search Tasks and experts' opinions. After confirming the validity of the work tasks by the experts, searching through the Persian article databases, including SID, Magiran, and Noormags, four relevant, four partially relevant, and two irrelevant articles were selected by five experts The articles were divided into difficult and very difficult levels by determining their readability levels using Flash-Diani readability formula. In the next step, ten articles related to two work tasks were scored by users in a six-level spectrum (from entirely irrelevant to entirely relevant) then ranked based on the relevance degree (from 1 to 10). Data was analyzed using social science statistical software version 23 (SPSS), and T-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests were conducted.

The results showed significant difference between students' relevance judgment with different readability levels. Students rated documents with difficult readability levels more relevant than documents with very difficult readability levels. In addition, considering the role of readability level on the ranking, there was a significant difference between the rankings of relevance in the documents with different readability levels according to the students. Documents with difficult readability levels were ranked lower in terms of relevance. Therefore, students performed finer on rating documents with difficult readability levels.  Findings about the role of complexity level of work showed that objective complexity of the work task affected the students' relevance judgment. The retrieved documents related to the simple work task were found to be more relevant than the complex work task. Regarding the role of complexity level of work tasks on ranking, findings  revealed that the level of objective complexity of the work task affected the ranking of documents, and the simple work task ranked lower in terms of relevance ranking. Therefore, students performed finer on the simple work task than on the complex work task regarding relevance rating.

The role of level of readability of documents and objective complexity of the task affected relevance, judgment, and ranking. Further research on the effect of these indicators on relevance judgment  can improve the design of information retrieval systems and increase the quality of the relevance and ranking algorithms.

</span>Establishing interaction with others and developing interpersonal relationships stands out as one of the basic requirements of human life. However, not all people are successful in interpersonal communication. Some psychological theories mention mental problems as the drawbacks in interpersonal relationships. In contrast, opposing approaches mention mental problems as the consequence of troubles in interpersonal relationships. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by unstable interpersonal relationships, difficulty in emotional regulation, fear of abandonment, chronic restlessness, persistent depression, and risky behaviors. Unstable and fluctuating interpersonal relationships in BPD sufferers show a wide range of distress in their relationships, which causes deep discomfort and mistrust. The present study investigated the lived experience of BPD sufferers from their interpersonal relationships, which are experienced and understood subjectively.</span></span>

</span>The present research method was qualitative and phenomenological. The target population comprised all people with borderline personality disorder living in Shiraz City, Iran. The research sample was selected by purposive sampling. The sampling continued without any restrictions until data saturation was reached and no new concepts were found that required new codes or expansion of existing codes. The research reached saturation after analyzing the data of 15 participants. A semi–structured interview was used as a tool to collect data. Data analysis was done using the three–step Colaizzi coding method using MAXQDA software. In general, after classifying the codes and merging the codes related to the compiled themes, they were placed in special thematic categories. Finally, all the concepts were categorized and divided according to the research purpose. </span></span>

</span>Based on the results of the first stage of coding, 124 basic items were identified. Axial coding determined that the basic items fit into 14 semantic categories under the title of organizing themes. Finally, selective coding yielded 5 principal themes: identity</span> (including self–acceptance, exposure, and ability to manage)</span>, family</span> (the individual's relationship with family and family background)</span>, emotional</span> (negative emotions and positive emotions)</span>, behavioral–functional</span> (conflict and war, escape–avoidance, and </span>orientation</span>)</span>, and cognitive–intellectual</span> (beliefs, cognitive errors, thought content, and attention)</span>.</span></span>

</span> The lived experience and understanding of people with borderline personality disorder from interpersonal relationships includes 5 principal themes of identity, family, emotional, behavioral–functional, and cognitive–intellectual.</span></span></span>

Identifying the factors involved in Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), especially compared to non-clinical groups, is of utmost importance. The aim of this  study is to compare thought-action fusion and self-compassion in individuals with different patterns of obsessive-compulsive disorder and normal individuals.

To perform the study, 45 participants with OCD symptoms, ie, checking obsession (n=15), washing obsession(n=15), and scrupulosity(n=15) who referred to  consultation and psychotherapy centers in Behbahan City and 45 healthy and normal individuals were selected using convenient sampling. The participants completed the Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), the Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIOS), the Thought-Fusion Instrument (TFI) developed by Wells, Gwilliam, and Cartwright-Hatton (2001), and the Self-Compassion Scale developed by Reese et al. (SCS). Afterward, the collected data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

The results indicated a significant difference between normal individuals and individuals suffering from various patterns of OCD  via thought-action fusion (p<0.001) and self-compassion (p<0.001).

It seems that people suffering from OCD have a higher level of thought-action fusion and a lower level of self-compassion compared to normal healthy individuals.

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is one of the most common referrals in child and adolescent psychiatry. People with ODD have problems with emotion regulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy based on cognitive-behavioral emotion regulation on the symptoms of the disorder and cognitive regulation in adolescents with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).

The design of this study was a type of multiple non-concurrent baseline design. Among the girls referred to psychological centers in Shiraz in the academic year 2020-2021, three clients were selected by convenience sampling method, based on conducting the diagnostic interview, cut-off point 16 in the ODD scale reported by parents, and inclusion and exclusion criteria. An Emotion Regulation Questionnaire & Oppositional Defiant Disorder Rating Scale were used in the baseline, treatment, and follow-up steps. An intervention with the Emotion Cognitive-Behavioral Regulation Therapy for 10 individual sessions each lasting for 90 minutes was performed. Version 16 of Excel software was used to analyze the data.

visual analysis (chart drawing), the index of stable change, the percentage of improvement, and the percentage of non-overlapping data (PND) indicated the therapy based on cognitive-behavioral regulation of emotion had reduced the severity of the symptoms of the disorder and suppression. Treatment had a moderate effect on the reappraisal component.

According to the results, Emotion Cognitive-Behavioral Regulation Therapy can reduce the symptoms of ODD and reduce suppression. Accordingly, this treatment can be used to improve ODD and better emotion regulation.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the most frequent mental disorders. On the one hand, various theoretical models emphasize different structures; on the other hand, OCD psychotherapies result in inadequate therapeutic outputs. Therefore, it is essential to look into this subject. This study extracted OCD diagnostic components based on lived experiences.

This study is qualitative and phenomenological. The information was gathered through the use of semi-structured interviews and criterion-based sampling. Accordingly, six participants with OCD were interviewed. The themes were extracted through performing interviews and obtaining lived experiences.                                                     

In this research, four organizing themes were extracted. The organizing themes include Cognition (catastrophizing, should, excessive responsibility, and labeling), emotions (anger, fear, and sense of guilt), behavior (inspection, excessive washing, and avoidance), and lifestyle (interactions, excretion, work/education, and leisure activities). These organizing themes were the main components that can facilitate diagnosing and understanding OCD.  

OCD is related to two major cognitive perceptions: 1. Excessive damage (risk) phobia, 2. Taking on excessive responsibility for damages (risks).

Sleep and epilepsy are complex interactions and are completely interdependent, so that some patients experience seizures while asleep or deprived of sleep or when waking up, and for some they occur during the day or night (1). The American Psychiatric Association defines sleepiness as symptoms of excessive quantity of sleep (e.g., extended nocturnal sleep or involuntary daytime sleep), deteriorated quality of wakefulness (i.e., sleep propensity during wakefulness as shown by difficulty awakening or inability to remain awake when required), and sleep inertia (i.e., a period of impaired performance and reduced vigilance following awakening from the regular sleep episode or from a nap) (2). Its prevalence is higher in seizures than in the control group (3, 4) and in different groups seizures have been reported between 31 to 60% (5-7). According to common clinical beliefs, sleep disruption can have a significant effect on memory, as REM sleep or slow-wave sleep is essential for optimal cognitive function (3), and excessive daily sleepiness can increase seizures (8, 9) and pain (10) in patients; However, the exact function of sleep remains unclear, and the findings have not always been consistent. These discrepancies require the conduct of research in which, through a comprehensive look, a large number of parameters related to sleepiness are present in seizures. In other words, the heterogeneity of the previous findings highlights the variability of the course of the disease as a result of the interaction of sleepiness and seizures, which makes it necessary to conduct more research to better understand the problems of patients. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the comorbidity effect of sleepiness and epilepsy on cognitive functions, quality and severity of pain and disease severity markers in patients with epilepsy.

The present research was conducted as a case-control study in 2020 in Shiraz Namazi Hospital. The statistical population of this study included all patients with focal epileptic seizures (temporal lobe epilepsy) (n = 30) and generalized (idiopathic generalized epilepsy) (n = 21) and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (n = 17) in Shiraz. Through their follow-up treatment process, they referred to the epilepsy and seizure ward of Shiraz Namazi Hospital, from which 68 patients with inclusion criteria were selected through purposive sampling method. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, each patient completed a comprehensive list of demographic and clinical variables, the Stanford Sleepiness Scale, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and the Visual Analogue Scale under the supervision of an on-site clinical psychology PhD student. After collecting research data, patients with seizures were divided into two groups with sleepiness (n = 45) and no sleepiness (n = 23) through a cut score equal to or greater than 3 on the Stanford Sleepiness Scale. Data were analyzed using parametric and non-parametric tests in version 24 of SPSS software.

Preliminary findings showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups of patients with epilepsy with and without sleepiness in terms of mean age and frequency of antiepileptic drugs (P <0.05); While there was no difference between the two groups in terms of type of seizure, education, gender, marital status and employment status. In order to investigate the effect of sleepiness on cognitive function and components related to pain quality, multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance was used to control age variables and use antiepileptic drugs. The results showed that patients with sleepiness in functions of language, Abstraction, delayed recall, as well as achieving the overall Montreal Cognitive Assessment score performed worse. These patients had higher sensory perception of pain experience, rated their pain higher, scored higher in pain quality, and chose more words to describe their pain (P<0.05). Evaluations of disease severity markers through nonparametric tests also showed that compared to patients without sleepiness, patients with epilepsy with sleepiness have experienced more pain, more seizures, a higher incidence of comorbid physical diseases, a longer history of psychiatric diagnoses, and they have more concomitant use of antiepileptic and psychiatric drugs (P<0.05).

The results showed that patients with epilepsy with sleepiness had lower mean scores on some cognitive subscales than their counterparts without sleepiness; However, the two groups did not differ in terms of spatial visual function, naming, attention, and orientation. Using a methodology similar to this study, Vascouto et al. Found that there was no difference between the two groups of patients with seizures with and without sleepiness in most cognitive components such as attention and spatial visual skills; Only from the point of view of the total score of auditory verbal learning, there is a significant difference (11) that is relatively consistent with the present study. Although more research is needed to draw more detailed discussions, the discrepancies in some findings can be explained by differences in the type of patient samples in the two studies and the reduction in attention and performance resulting from sleepiness. The results also showed that patients with epilepsy with sleepiness compared to their counterparts, evaluated the qualitative dimensions of their pain higher and experienced more severe pain. Consistent with these findings, Gutter et al. Found that sleepiness comorbidity in epileptic seizures leads to increased chronic pain in patients (10) and Jaussent et al. Also reported that chronic pain is a significant predictor of sleepiness (12). In this regard, potential underlying mechanisms such as structural and functional changes in the prefrontal cortex (13), anterior cingulate cortex (14), hippocampus (15), amygdala (16), insula (17), subcortical regions (17) and shock spinal cord passages (18); Neural-glial interactions; Abnormalities in autonomic function and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and other biological factors may contribute to the relationship between sleepiness and pain. Finally, the results showed that the frequency of seizures, the presence of comorbidities of physical disease, the history of psychiatric diagnoses and the simultaneous use of antiepileptic and psychiatric drugs in patients with epilepsy with sleepiness were higher than their counterparts. In this regard, Pizzatto et al. (19) and Xu et al. (20) evaluated patients with epileptic seizures and did not find a relationship between daily sleepiness scores and the frequency of seizures. But Lee et al. Showed that the presence of psychiatric symptoms is an independent predictor of sleepiness in patients (21). It seems that sleepiness reduces the ability to control seizures in patients (22) and contributes to their recurrence and worsening of the disease. Disruption of patients' circadian rhythms can also be involved as a consequence of sleepiness; Because circadian rhythms affect the frequency of seizures depending on the epileptogenic region (23,24). According to the findings, measuring sleep habits, sleep hygiene and comorbidity of sleepiness is an unavoidable necessity. In particular, early diagnosis and treatment of comorbid sleepiness and seizures can improve the prognosis and reduce the negative health consequences in patients (25). Lack of objective measurements of sleepiness and self-reported nature of the data are the limitations of the present study. Future studies can complement these findings by using objective measures of sleepiness. Patients with epilepsy with sleepiness have a poorer cognitive and clinical status than their counterparts.

Health-threatening behaviors are one of the most important health and social challenges that are a major issue in the most societies. Thus, the purpose of this study was to predicting of high risk behaviors based on cognitive emotion regulation strategies and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) & Behavioral Activation System (BAS).

This study was based on purpose was practical and in methodologically was in domain of descriptive-analytic and type of correlation. The statistical population included all male undergraduate and postgraduate students of Payam-Noor Fereydan University in Isfahan in the academic year of 2018-19. The sample size included 200 students who were selected by simple random sampling method. To collect data were used of High-Risk Behavior scale (Zaheh-Mohammadi et al., 2011), Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) Questionnaire (Carver & White, 1994) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski et al., 2001). Data were analyzed by SPSS-24 software at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression).

Correlation analysis of data showed that there was a significant negative and positive relationship between adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategy with high risk behaviors (P<0.001). Also, behavioral activation system and behavioral inhibitor had a weak positive significant relationship with high risk behaviors. The results of regression analysis showed that the subscales of cognitive emotion regulation strategy with correlation coefficient (R=0.176) and coefficient of determination (R2=0.31), and behavioral activation and inhibition systems with correlation coefficient (R=0.204) and the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.042) are able to predict changes in high-risk behaviors.

It can be said that the tendency to take high-risk behaviors can be predicted and controlled through cognitive emotion regulation strategies and behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition systems.

Social Anxiety Disorder is considered as the most common disorder among the anxiety disorders that causes various psychological problems. Therefore, it is important to investigate the effective therapeutic interventions in order to reduce these problems.

The present study evaluated the efficacy of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy (ISTDP) on self-esteem, emotion regulation, and defense mechanisms in people suffering from social anxiety disorder.

A quasi-experimental desins of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up was used in this study. The statistical population included all men with social anxiety disorder in Shiraz who had refered to the centers of counseling, and psychological services in 1399. For this purpose20 of them were purposefully selected, and randomly assigned to the experimental, and control groups. Participants completed the self-esteem questionnaire of Cooper-Smith (1967), defense styles of Andrews et al. (1993), and emotion regulation questionnaire of Gratz (2004) before treatment. Then the experimental group received treatment sessions in 2 sessions of 60 minutes per week in 15 sessions. At the end of treatment sessions, and 2 months later, all the participants in 2 groups of experiment, and control completed the study questionairs again.

The results showed that ISTDP can increase self-esteem of people with social anxiety disorder (p<0.01). This therapy can affect defense mechanisms of people suffering from social anxiety disorder in the way that mature defense mechanisms increase, and immature defense mechanisms decrease in these people(p<0.01). The findings also showed that ISTDP decreases emotion dysregulation in people with social anxiety disorder (p<0.01).

It can be said that psychotherapists can use ISTDP to improve common emotional problems, self-esteem, and ineffctive defenses in people with social anxiety disorder

Transdiagnostic models are among the most prominent approaches in psychopathology that emphasize basic and underlying processes in mental disorders. Perfectionism, intolerance of uncertainty, responsibility, and anxiety sensitivity are cognitive constructs that have been introduced as transdiagnostic factors seen in many psychological disorders. Illness anxiety disorder is one of the new disorders defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM–5) under the diagnostic category of "somatic symptoms and related disorders." Anxiety disorder is nosologically similar to obsessive–compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. This nosological overlap has led some theorists to classify illness anxiety disorder in the diagnostic category of "obsessive–compulsive and related disorders," while others have suggested that illness anxiety disorder belongs to the category of anxiety disorders. Because of these disagreements, the present study aimed to compare illness anxiety disorder with obsessive–compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder based on the cognitive transdiagnostic constructs of anxiety sensitivity, perfectionism, responsibility, and intolerance of uncertainty.

The method of this research was casual comparative. The statistical population of this study consisted of all patients with anxiety disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, or generalized anxiety disorder who were referred to the clinics of Hafez and Ibn Sina hospitals in Shiraz City, Iran, in 2019. The sample consisted of 15 patients with illness anxiety disorder, 15 with obsessive–compulsive disorder, and 15 with generalized anxiety disorder. These patients were selected through a non–random and purposeful sampling method. The inclusion criteria were aged 18 – 60 years, literate, with a definitive diagnosis of the disorder by a psychiatrist and using screening tools. The exclusion criteria included a lifetime diagnosis of psychotic disorders, substance use disorders, organic brain diseases or mental disorders due to physical problems, and a physical illness that justifies the patient's physical complaints. Also, to reduce overlap between diagnostic groups, patients in each group who overlapped with other groups were excluded from the study. The study tools included the Perfectionism Inventory (Hill et al., 2004), Responsibility Attitude Scale (Salkovskis et al., 2002), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (Freeston et al., 1994), and Anxiety Sensitivity Index–Revised (Taylor & Cox, 1998). Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (univariate analysis of variance, the Chi–square, multivariate analysis of variance, and LSD post hoc test) in SPSS software version 26. The significance level of all tests was considered 0.05.

The findings of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed no significant differences between the three groups of illness anxiety disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder regarding the constructs of intolerance of uncertainty (p=0.757), perfectionism (p=0.835), and responsibility (p=0.616). However, the difference in anxiety sensitivity construct between the three groups was significant (p<0.001). Besides, the results of post hoc tests demonstrated that the mean scores of anxiety sensitivity in the illness anxiety disorder group were significantly higher than that in the groups of obsessive–compulsive disorder (p<0.001) and generalized anxiety disorder (p<0.001).

According to the research findings, the constructs of perfectionism, responsibility, and intolerance of uncertainty are common cognitive constructs in illness anxiety disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. However, people with illness anxiety disorder suffer from significantly higher levels of anxiety sensitivity.

 Sleep and seizures can affect each other in different ways. Meanwhile, sleep disorders are among the most frequent complaints of patients with epileptic and non-epileptic seizures, with various health outcomes.
Objective This study aimed to investigate the psychological symptoms and clinical indicators in patients with/without sleepiness with epileptic/non-epileptic seizures.

 The present study was a fundamental and descriptive (causal-comparative) research. The study population included all patients with epileptic seizures (temporal and generalized) and non-epileptic psychogenic seizures in Shiraz City, Iran. A total of 68 patients (in two groups with sleepiness and without sleepiness) were selected by the purposive sampling method. The study data were collected using the clinical and demographic inventory, Stanford sleepiness scale, Beck depression and anxiety inventory, perceived stress, mood disorder, bipolar spectrum diagnostic scale, global assessment of the severity of epilepsy, and global assessment of disability-related directly to seizures. The obtained data were analyzed by univariate analysis of covariance, Fisher exact test, and Mann–Whitney U test.

 Analyses showed that patients with seizures who had sleepiness reported higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress than patients without sleepiness (P<0.05). Also, patients with sleepiness suffer more than their counterparts from the symptoms of bipolar disorder I and II and assess the severity of disease and disability resulting from seizures as worse (P<0.05).

 Sleepiness in patients with epileptic and non-epileptic seizures is associated with increased psychological symptoms and disease severity.

Emotion Regulation Therapy (ERT) is a multifaceted and integrated treatment that is widely used for generalized anxiety disorder and its effectiveness on factors of generalized anxiety disorder has been approved. The purpose of this study was to examine Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Group Therapy on symptom reduction and quality of life in individuals with Panic disorder. This is an experimental study with pre-test and post-test design and control group. Population of the of the present study was All patients with panic disorder in Shiraz city in 1398 who went to the psychiatric clinics of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The sample was 22 patients with Panic disorder who were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group.

The subjects in the experimental group and the control group were assessed in both pre-test and post-test periods using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5, Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5 and The World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire.

results showed that Group format of Emotion Regulation Therapy significantly Improve Symptoms of anxiety and quality of life of individuals with Panic disorder.

Emotion Regulation Therapy including intervention in worry and emotion regulation construct, Improve symptoms and quality of life of patients with panic disorder.

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a common clinical disorder in children and adolescents. Children and adolescents with ODD have some deficiencies in emotion and cognition. The purpose of this study was to compare cognitive emotion regulation and cold and hot executive functions in female children with and without ODD.

This research was a causal-comparative study. The population consisted of all female middle school students with and without ODD in Shiraz during the 1st semester of 2019- 2020 academic year. The study sample included 60 female students (30 students with ODD and 30 normal students). The participants were selected by random cluster sampling, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Oppositional Defiant Disorder Rating Scale) ODDRS); Hommersen, Murray, Ohan & Johnston, 2006), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Gross & John, 2003), Wisconsin card Sorting Task (WCST; Shahgholian, Azadfallah, Fathi-Ashtiani & khodadadi, 2012) and Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART; Lejuez, 2002) were used to collect the data. The collected data were analyzed by independent t-test and Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) by using SPSS Software.

Results demonstrated that there was a significant difference between students with and without ODD in terms of reappraisal (F=13.76, P<0.01), but not about suppression (P>0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between the groups in terms of some executive functions. Also, Results showed that there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of cold executive function but there was a significant difference between the groups in terms of hot executive function (t= 2.37, P<0.05).

Based on the findings of this study, students with oppositional defiant disorder have problems with emotion regulation. They have also deficits in hot executive function and they are more risk-taking.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of online transdiagnostic group therapy on depression and anxiety and love trauma syndromes on university students with adjustment disorder due to romantic breakup. Due to the incidence of corona disease, the statistical population included all students with romantic breakup across the country in 2020 in the age group of 18 to 38 years which was done online through advertisements in the channels of reputable universities and after filling in the initial self-made form by the researcher to meet the conditions entry and exit to the study were selected by purposive sampling. After the diagnostic interview and conducting relevant questionnaires of a group were selected and divided into two groups: 15 people in the experimental group (transdiagnostic group), and 15 people in the control group. This treatment was performed in  90-minute 10 group sessions for the experimental group. Subjects completed the love trauma (Rosse, 1999); Beck Depression (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996), and Beck Anxiety (Beck, Epstein, Brown, & Steer, 1988) inventories in three stages: pretest, post-test, and 1-month follow-up. Data analysis using variate analysis with repeated measures showed a significant level (P<0/05)  between the post-test scores of the experimental and control groups in the relevant variables, but no significant difference was observed between the two interventions. The results of the study indicate the effectiveness of online transdiagnostic therapy in reducing the symptoms of Romantic Breakup.

Transdiagnostic therapy a structured and short-term approach that is designed to improve emotional, cognitive and behavioral problems by targeting the common causes of emotional and mood disorders. This protocol emphasizes how to experience and respond to excitements and seeks to improve the non-matching responses of excitement, cognition and behavior. However, there is a research gap on the efficacy of transdiagnostic therapy on romantic breakup.

The aim of this study was to evaluate of the efficacy of transdiagnostic internet-based group therapy on distress tolerance and cognitive emotion regulation strategies on university Students with adjustment disorder due to romantic breakup.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest-follow-up design with a control group. Due to Epidemic corona disease, the statistical population included all students with romantic breakup across the country in 2020 in the age group of 18 to 38 years who were selected online after filling in the initial self-made form by the researcher and the diagnostic interview by purposeful sampling method entered the research.After completing the questionnaires, a group were selected and were randomly assigned to two groups: 15 people in the experimental group (transdiagnostic group therapy), and 15 people in the control group. 90 min sessions was performed for the experimental group. Subjects completed the distress tolerance (Simons & Gaher, 2005) and cognitive emotion regulation (Garnefski, Kraaij, & Spinhoven, 2002) in three stages: pretest, post-test and 1-month follow-up.

Results of mixed analysis of variance showed a significant difference (P<0/05) between the post test scores of the experimental and control groups in the distress tolerance and cognitive emotion regulation strategies variables.

The results of this study indicated internet-based transdiagnostic group therapy can reduce the symptoms of romantic breakup

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of experiential-dynamic emotion regulation and mindful self-compassionate Eclectic Therapy in reducing core shame, increasing self-compassion and reducing depression severity in patients with introjective depression.  This was a single subject study with pretest-posttest design with a 45-day follow-up. The study participants included individuals diagnosed with depression in 2019 at Shiraz University Counseling and Psychotherapy Clinic. The individuals scored above 20 in Beck’s Depression Inventory II and finally, 3 individuals were selected as sample group with purposive sampling method given the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Internalized Shame Scale (ISS), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) and BDI-2 were used for each individual in the pretest-posttest phase, and finally integrative therapy for 8 sessions of 45 minutes was administered. Data were analyzed using charting and effect size method. The effect size changes in treatment interventions were larger than 0.5. Hence, Experiential-Dynamic Emotion Regulation and Mindful Self-Compassionate Eclectic Therapycan be used as a novel intervention to reduce the severity of introjective depression.

This study aimed to analyze the meaning of life experience in the elderly. The method of the present study was qualitative and using a grounded theory approach. For this purpose, ten older adults (6 females and four males) of Shiraz city, who were over 65 years old with the ability to speak Persian and didn’t have any severe affective disorders, were selected by theoretical sampling method. Then, semi-structured interviews were conducted with them to reach the finding. A systematic and analytical approach of Strauss and Corbin was used. Based on the analyses, in open and axial coding, the total strategies used to achieve meaning in life in the elderly were four final categories: Spiritual Excellence, Attention and Self Care, Exchange of Love, and Social Dynamics. In selective coding, the components were included under the strategic section. The present study showed that the view and perception of the elderly about the meaning of life is multidimensional, and these factors play a role in giving meaning to the life of the elderly.

People with Illness Anxiety Disorder experience excessive worry and in this regard, they have a lot in common with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Emotion Regulation Therapy (ERT) is a multifaceted and integrated treatment that is widely used for Generalized Anxiety Disorder and its effectiveness in anxious factors has been established in many studies.The aim of the present study is to examine Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Group Therapy in symptom reduction and worry in individuals with Illness Anxiety Disorder through a Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT).

This is a Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) experimental study with pre-test and post-test and control group. Population of the of the present study included all people with Illness Anxiety Disorder in Shiraz in 2019 who went to the psychiatric clinics of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The sample was 16 people with Illness Anxiety Disorder who were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group. The subjects in the experimental group and the control group were assessed in both pre-test and post-test periods using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5-5), Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5 (ADIS-5) and The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ).

Results showed that group format of emotion regulation therapy significantly improved symptoms of anxiety and worry of individuals with illness anxiety disorder.

Emotion Regulation Therapy throughout intervention in worry and emotion regulation construct which is known as mediators in the treatment of many disorders, significantly improve symptoms and worry of people with Illness Anxiety Disorder.

Attending to psychological state in patients with irritable bowel syndrome because of strong influence on incidence, progression and prognosis and Treatment of this disease is very important. The present study investigated the effectiveness of gestalt therapy on cognitive emotion regulation strategies in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

 This research is a single case experimental design with non-concurrent multiple baseline design. In this study 2 patients with irritable bowel syndrome who attended psychiatric clinics, Pardis clinic, Faghihi hospital and Motahari clinic in Shiraz city from September to December 2019 who were selected by purposive sampling method. Cognition Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire (2001) were administrated as a pretest. Then, patients received 8 sessions of gestalt therapy. In the end, the post-test was administrated on two patients and, descriptive and inferiorities statistical index were used for data analysis by SPSS software.

 The results of the present study indicated that the mean scores of negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies baseline decreased at different stages for both patients and the mean scores of positive cognition emotion regulation strategies baseline decreased (p<0.001).

The results of this study indicate the efficacy of gestalt therapy on improving cognition emotion regulation strategies in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Therefore, the findings of the present study indicate the need for a comprehensive psychotherapy with gestalt approach program for these patients.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of Quality of Life Therapy (QOLT) on psychological capital, and self-forgiveness in mothers having children with locomotor disability. This study was performed using an experimental study with pretest-posttest and follow-up (one month) with control group. The statistical population included all mothers having handicapped children with locomotor disability, of whom 20 mothers were selected through purposeful sampling from one of the exceptional schools in Shiraz in the academic year 2018-2019. Having been selected through purposeful sampling, the mothers were randomly divided into a control (10) and a test group (10). The intervention involved ten ninety-minute sessions of group teaching to improve the quality of life in the test group , while the control group was placed on the waiting list and did not receive any training until the end of the course. The participants went through two stages of post-test and follow-ups. The research instruments included two questionnaires: Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ); and Self-forgiveness Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed through one-variable and multivariable covariance tests using SPSS software, version 24. The results showed that quality of life therapy had a significant effect on psychological capital and on hope and optimism components in both post-test and follow-up stages and there was no significant effect on resiliency and selfefficacy. The findings further suggested that this training program had a significant effect on the self-efficacy of mothers of locomotor disabled children; however, this effect on self-efficacy was not found stable within the one-month follow-up study. Therefore, it can be argued that training positive psychology and cognitive psychology approaches by building positive constructs such as hope and optimism and increasing self-forgiveness can be useful in enhancing the quality of life for families having physically challenged children.

People with Illness Anxiety Disorder experience excessive worry and poor quality of life. The aim of the present study is to examine Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Group Therapy on symptom reduction and quality of life in individuals with Illness Anxiety Disorder. This is an experimental study with pre-test and post-test design and control group. Population of the of the present study was All people with panic disorder in Shiraz city in 1398 who went to the psychiatric clinics of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The sample was 18 people with Illness Anxiety Disorder who were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group.

The subjects in the experimental group and the control group were assessed in both pre-test and post-test periods using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5, Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5 and The World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire.

results showed that Group format of Emotion Regulation Therapy significantly Improve Symptoms of anxiety and quality of life of individuals with Illness Anxiety Disorder.

Emotion Regulation Therapy throughout using Body scan mindfulness technique, Awareness of physical senses and breathe technique, and also intervention in worry and emotion regulation construct which Known as mediators in the treatment of many disorders, significantly Improve symptoms and quality of life of people with Illness Anxiety Disorder.

People with Panic disorder experience excessive worry and difficulties in emotion regulation, Emotion Regulation Therapy (ERT) is a multifaceted and integrated treatment and its effectiveness on anxiety factors of generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder has been confired in many studies. .This study to aim was conducted to investigate effectiveness of emotion regulation group therapy on symptom reduction, worry and difficulties in emotion regulation in peoples with Panic disorder in a quasi-experimental design to pre-test and post-test with control group aimed at. Population of this study includes people with panic disorder referring to the psychiatric clinics of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in Shiraz city. Twenty-two people with Panic disorder were vouluntarly select and randomly were assigned to the experimental and the control groups.The subjects in the experimental and the control groups were assessed in both pre-test and post-test stages using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5), Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5 (ADIS-5), and Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Data were analyzed using covariance analysis statistical method and by software SPSS-22. Results showed that group therapy based on emotion regulation Improve significantly symptoms of anxiety, worry and difficulties in emotion regulation of subjects with panic disorder. Emotion regulation therapy throughout using body scan mindfulness technique, awareness of physical senses and breathe technique, and also intervention in worry and emotion regulation construct mprove symptoms worry and difficulties difficulties in emotion regulation of subjects with panic disorder.