فهرست مطالب هادی بیگی حیدرلو

Fire is one of the most significant ecological elements that can alter the functioning of natural ecosystems, as well as one of the most significant natural disasters that endangers the ecosystem of forests. The intensity and frequency of forest fires are increasing daily due to the consequences of global climate change and population growth in sensitive areas. This factor not only damages individuals and property but also poses a serious risk to environmental preservation and the well-balanced ecological conditions of vegetation. Worldwide, thousands of fires in natural areas result in unquantifiable and unfathomable calamities each year. For many years, this problem has been the subject of investigation. The investigation of the fire that occurred in 2021, the conditions of its creation, and its effect on the soil and vegetation characteristics of the Qara Qeshlaq Lagoon are the most important goals of this research.

An area of approximately four hectares of the Qara Gheshlagh Lagoon was burned twice on April 16, 2021, in two different time frames (hours) at 15:30 and 19:30. This area was chosen to investigate the effect of fire on the geological characteristics and vegetation of the wetland. Furthermore, a control area (unburned) was chosen to be close by, of the same size and at the appropriate distance from the burned region. The vegetation was sampled along a transect that ran along these regions. Given that the vegetation in both the burned and control areas is densely covered by Tamarix, 40 rectangular sample plots (a total of 80) with an approximate area of 10 m2 (5 ×2 m) and a distance of 20 m from each other were used to record the height, collar diameter, dbh, small and large diameters of the crown, the number of sprouts, and stem health traits. The percentage of grass cover was determined using a 1-m2 sample plot in the center of the sample plots. Additionally, five randomly selected sample plots were used from the center to measure the soil physicochemical characteristics, including its acidity, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, percentage of lime, percentages of clay, silt, and sand, and absorbable potassium and phosphorus. A soil sample was taken from a depth of 0-10 cm. After determining the normality of the data distribution with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the Mann-Whitney and independent t-tests were used to compare the average quantitative characteristics of the vegetation cover and soil characteristics in the two burned and control areas. In addition, the principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to explore the most essential fire-related elements in vegetation cover and soil.

At the 99% confidence level, the average collar diameter in the burned region was significantly higher at 4.41 cm than in the control area (3.17 cm). The average dbh (1.64 vs. 1.24 cm) and the number of sprouts (20.05 vs. 14.76) varied significantly in the burned and control areas, with a 95% confidence level. Additionally, a significant difference was observed between the average tree height (1.96 vs. 1.36 m), the percentage of grass cover (70.19 vs. 50.28%), and the stem health (all healthy stems versus all burnt stems) in the control and burned areas at the 99% confidence level. After about a year of the fire, there was a difference in pH characteristics (7.12 vs. 6.73) and sand (27.10 vs. 22.90%) in the two burned and control areas, with a significant difference at the 95% confidence level. A significant difference in the properties of organic carbon (2.86 vs. 1.71%), phosphorus (71.63 vs. 34.28 mg/kg), and potassium (921.40 vs 606.60 mg/kg) was seen in these two areas at the 99% confidence level.  The PCA results revealed an effect of fire on the organic carbon, phosphorus, and available potassium parameters. Among the vegetation cover characteristics, the most effects belonged to the dbh, the collar diameter, tree height, and the large and small diameters of the crown with a factor load greater than 0.8.

According to the current study, the quantitative features of the trees in the wetland were impacted in the burnt area, and changes occurred in vegetation and soil characteristics. As a result, all of the soil properties were significantly higher in the burned region than in the control area. Other than the collar diameter factor, other plant features in the burned region dropped dramatically. Thus, careful management and conservation of such areas following the fire is critical to restore the strength and potential of ecosystems to ensure the continuance of survival and sustainability. Therefore, it is advised to investigate the long-term impacts of fire on vegetation alterations and to accelerate the reconstruction process of the region by protecting such ecosystems and carrying out restoration operations.

Centralized and top-down decision-making are increasingly insufficient to address local natural resource governance concerns and demands. As a result of the failure of state forest management, governments and allied organizations have been obliged to shift their policies and programs toward participatory (people-oriented) forest management. After realizing the limits of forest monitoring regulations, participatory approaches to forest management employ top-down decision-making methods. Academics, institutions, and governments have all accepted cooperative strategies in recent decades, and they have been implemented in various ways based on geographical diversity, socioeconomic conditions, cultural values, traditional beliefs, general attitudes, implemented policies, and institutional specifics. This study aimed to find out the attitudes of Sardasht city's forest stakeholders toward participatory management.

This research focused on Sardasht, a city in the south of West Azarbaijan province. The study technique is exploratory in terms of practical goal and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection, which was acquired using the Q method to determine the varied mental patterns of stakeholders on cooperative forest management. The Q approach is used to explore people's inner believed in an ordered and statistically interpretable approach. This strategy combines qualitative attitude surveys with the statistical rigor of quantitative research methods. The Q method was used for this study owing to the subject's heterogeneity and the significance of stakeholders' perspectives on forest management in Sardasht city. This procedure began with the collecting of the discourse space and culminated with the acquisition of Q research data, or sorting. This study's statistical community consisted of 29 individuals, comprising all Sardasht forest stakeholders such as villagers and forest residents, natural resources professionals, and university academics. The following stage included the participants identifying and prioritizing 49 concepts based on the provided cards.

The research findings, as well as the number and categories of participants, revealed both variances and similarities in their range of thoughts and perspectives about participatory forest management. As a result, with the goal of researching Q and the criteria of interpretability of variables or groups, three types of participants' mentalities and viewpoints were identified with a strong correlation value. According to the findings and outcomes of Q's factorial analysis, various stakeholders exhibit three distinct mental patterns: protection with alternative livelihood, absolute protection, and participatory management with alternative livelihood. The first attitude demonstrates that individuals in this category understand the necessity of forest conservation, but because the livelihood of many households is dependent on the forest, they wish to better their situation by finding additional employment. However, their living situations will improve in relative terms. Beneficiaries in the second group believe that combining management and protected areas is a good method to conserve Sardasht forests. This is because the most major cause of forest degradation in the region is the conversion of forests to agricultural lands, and this effort lays the groundwork for the progressive loss of natural resources. A third attitude among local stakeholders is a combination of participatory management and alternative livelihoods. What is significant and obvious in this mentality is that the stakeholders accept the change of the current management style to participatory management; however, a complete and comprehensive review of it should be done first, and all of its aspects should be weighed. Finally, cooperative management should be accepted as the only main solution for natural resource.

The current study makes a major addition by modeling the mental models of the drivers using a qualitative and subjective method, emphasizing the perspectives and ideas of participants in the field of Zagros Forest management in Sardasht city. Local stakeholders' perceptions are an important component of a sound decision-making process since they engage directly with natural resource reserves and are the first to experience both their advantages and problems. As a result, their attitude, perspective, and involvement in management and policies should be considered. According to the final results, local stakeholders in Sardasht favor the conservation of Zagros forests. Furthermore, creating employment and alternative livelihoods, as well as expanding market access, can help to ensure the long-term management of forest resources by including local populations in decision-making processes. This range of perspectives emphasizes the importance of developing active and adaptable natural resource management systems.

The behavior, spread, and intensity of forest fires are heavily influenced by the type and volume of fuels in a natural region, as well as topography and climate. Assessing the volume of fuels in different forest canopies ‎is very important for crisis management and the prevention of possible fires. The purpose of this study is to ‎determine the amount and type of fuels and fire behavior of Iranian Northern Zagros forests in Sardasht ‎County in different forest densities.

Therefore, according to the statistics of recent fires in Sardasht, the ‎study areas (Nalas and Shiomereh) were selected based on the percentage of forest vegetation cover (open, ‎relatively dense, and dense). In this study, one square meter samples were used to measure the ‎properties of fuels such as average vegetation height, 1-, 10-, and 100-hr time-lag fuels, total fuel ‎volume, and litter volume and depth. Study of fire behavior and spread in two ‎areas was performed using FlamMap and FARSITE fire models using slope, aspect, elevation, fuel ‎model, and canopy cover maps.

The results showed that the total fuel volume in the studied forest ‎areas is 3.9 kg/m2. Also, the maximum 1-hr fuel volume was calculated in dense forest (Shiomereh). ‎The highest fuel volumes of 10-, and 100-hr time-lag fuels were observed in forest areas with relatively ‎dense canopy (Shiomereh). The calculation of the fuel moisture content percentage (FMC%) also ‎showed that forest areas with dense canopy have the highest amount of FMC% among forest lands with ‎relatively dense (Shiomereh) and open (Nalas) canopy. Also, comparison of the real fire spot and the ‎simulated fire spread map ‎in the Nalas region with unintentional fire (with open canopy) with a kappa ‎coefficient of ‎‎0.83 was highly consistent and the model was able to have a significant agreement with ‎‎the actual extent of fire spread. The agreement coefficient in the Shiomereh region with a ‎dense and ‎relatively dense canopy cover due to a deliberate and controlled fire showed a 0.05 ‎agreement. ‎

These findings showed that in addition to the characteristics of the forest fuels, the cause of the fire (intentional and controlled or accidental and unintentional) is also effective in simulating the behavior and spread of fire. The ‎results of this study can be used in firefighting, crisis management, and many studies related to the ‎study of fire behavior and management of forest areas.

The goal of this study is to see how well the forest canopy density (FCD) model and the GLAMA mobile ‎app estimate the canopy cover density of Zagros forests in Sardasht province. Landsat 9 Operational Land ‎Imager-2 (OLI-2) in 2022 was employed for this purpose. Four indices were created to run the model: 1- Advanced ‎Vegetation Index, 2- Bare Soil Index, 3- Shadow Index, and 4- Thermal Index. The Scaled Shadow Index and Vegetation Density index were then computed by integrating and synthesizing indices one and two, as well as indices three and four, and the FCD model map was created by combining these two indices. The created model was validated using GLAMA mobile app and ‎hemispherical photographs. For this purpose, 100 square sample plots in Sardasht city with varying canopy ‎cover were chosen, and photographs of the canopy cover were taken at five positions on each sample ‎plot. The overall accuracy of the FCD model generated for Sardasht Province was 76%, with a Kappa ‎coefficient of 0.697. Furthermore, the correlation results demonstrate a strong (R2‎ = 0.985) and significant ‎‎(p-value = <0.0001) correlation between the average canopy cover index values estimated by ‎hemispherical photography using GLAMA software and the values acquired by the FCD model. According ‎to the findings of this study, the FCD model developed using Landsat 9 satellite data and the GLAMA ‎mobile app performs very well in estimating forest land canopy density in Zagros forests.

Knowing the habitat conditions of forest species is one of the primary principles for understanding forest ecosystems. This research aims to study the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of wild cherry (Cerasus avium L.) in ‎different aspects and elevations, and determine the most important ecological factors affecting ‎these characteristics. The study area is Kalibar Chay and Ilgenhe Chai of Arasbaran forests in ‎Kalibar county. According to the physiographic conditions of these regions in two elevation classes, ‎‎1000-1500 and 1500-2000 m.a.s.l., and in three main geographical aspects (north, east and west), 30 ‎circle sample plots with 500 m2 were selected in wild cherry habitats. Characteristics of wild cherry such ‎as physiographic features, diameter at breast height (DBH), origin, trunk quality and canopy diameter with a diameter ‎of more than 6 cm were recorded in each sample plot. Also, soil samples were taken ‎to determine some soil properties. Results showed that the DBH of trees in the altitude range of ‎‎1000-1500 m.a.s.l. is significantly higher than the altitude range of 1500-2000 ‎m.a.s.l. It can be concluded ‎that wild cherry stems have higher growth potential in terms of elevation class at low altitudes ‎and in terms of soil conditions in deep soils and high drainage with medium moisture retention ‎capacity. It was also found that the mean of both DBH and crown diameter and the density of wild cherry in the northern ‎and eastern aspects are higher than in the western aspect. Generally, wild cherry in this region prefers the northern and eastern slopes.‎Analysis of Relevance and Redundancy (RDA), Arasbaran, elevation, geographical aspect.

Land use changes and its patterns in spatial and temporal scales occur in a non-linear way. Therefore ‎to predict the potential and negative effects of these changes on forest ecosystem services in feature, ‎nonlinear tools such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are needed. In this study for forecasting ‎deforestation and recovery of Sardasht forests for 10, 20 and 30 years later, Land Transformation ‎Model (LTM) based on ANNs and GIS was used. For this purpose three different scenarios including ‎time periods of 1997-2007, 1997-2017 and 2007-2017 were used, and deforestation and forest ‎recovery of Sardasht using 14 variables for 2027, 2037 and 2047 were predicted. Results showed that ‎over 20-year studied time period (1997 to 2017) despite 2372.57 ha recovery of Sardasht forests, ‎‎10314.63 ha deforestation occurred. Deforestation and forest recovery modeling by all three ‎scenarios with good Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (or ROC curve) (more than 0.8) for all ‎scenarios, show a definite and increasing deforestation process in Sardasht over the next three ‎decades, so based on the 1997-2007 scenario, it is anticipated that 22296.24 ha of forests in the ‎region will be destroyed over the next 30 years. Also, spatial overlapping of models for forecasting ‎deforestation during the same period showed that 7.47% of Sardasht forests in identical locations, ‎have a high potential for deforestation and conversion to other land uses. The results of this research ‎can be used for proper conservation planning and increasing regulatory programs in areas with high ‎degradation potential.‎

The purpose of this study is to investigate the vegetative and soil characteristics of ‎natural and ‎plantation stands of Nitraria schoberi on the ‎western shore of Lake Urmia. In this study ‎in ‎natural stands of N. schoberi (Jabal Kandi region) 40 plants and in plantation stands of ‎N. ‎schoberi (Jabal Kandi and Seporghan regions) seven transects with unequal lengths (containing ‎‎15 ‎individuals) were randomly selected along the planting rows. The characteristics of total height, ‎collar ‎diameter, large and small diameter of the crown, and the health of seedlings were then measured. ‎In natural stands of N. schoberi, seven soil samples were randomly taken from ‎‎the vicinity of the seedlings. In plantations stands with sampling in each transect, adjacent to the ‎‎first, eighth (middle), and last seedlings of each sample line, soil samples were taken from 0-20 cm ‎‎depth, and after mixing these three soil samples, a sample was prepared, and soil physicochemical ‎‎properties were examined in the laboratory. Results showed that there was a significant difference ‎between the vegetative characteristics of total height (m) and the average crown diameter (cm) of N. ‎schoberi seedlings in Jabalkandi natural stand (7.1±3.0 m and 463.20±0.91 cm) with two other ‎plantation ‎stands, Jabalkandi (99.03±0.0 m and 287.5±87.37 cm) and Seporghan (50.01±0.0 m and ‎‎90.4±50.31 cm). Plantation ‎ and natural habitats of N. schoberi in Jabalkandi region had poor soil ‎fertility, high pH and lighter soil. The results of this study showed that in planting N. schoberi ‎species to control the wind erosion, it is very important to pay attention to the physical and chemical ‎properties of the stand soil, and this species reacts negatively to heavy texture and high amounts of ‎clay.

Degradation of forests by fire has several environmental and socio-economic impacts and causes a disruption in the balance of ecosystems. Thus, rapid identification of fire using fires detection towers is necessary to reduce destructive effects in forests. Therefore, the purpose of this study is the identification of best and optimal locations to install fire detection towers using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in ArcGIS 10.5 in the part of Sardasht forests with an area of 27,000 ha. In order to provide a uniform distribution of fire detection towers throughout the area, we used unaligned-stratified-systematic-sampling and two square grids with square-length cells of 7.5 and 10 km. Also, for proper access of watchman to the tower, buffers around the road network of the study area at 250 and 500 m distance were produced, and the highest ridges of each square cells and buffer layers which is not placed in croplands and residential areas were selected. Eventually, selected points in each square cells were chosen as a suitable location for installing detection tower, and visibility analysis (using visibility extension in ESRI software) for this points showed that 54.10 and 58.14 percent of study area in 7.5 km square grids and 47.46 and 54.17 percent of study area covered by selected points in 10 km square grids in 250 and 500 m of road buffers. With regards to the proper accuracy of produced maps, results of this research can help to fire detection system planning and management and how to use Geographical Information System to improve resources optimization and early detection effectiveness in different regions of the country.

The present study aimed to provide the best locations for forest fire fighting stations in the Sardasht forests located in the northwest of Iran. For this purpose, site selection map for construction of firefighting station was prepared using five factors consist of proximities to river, to road, to former fires, to forest edge and to residential areas. In order to extract the weight of the selected criteria in locating suitable areas, each criterion was compared in a pairwise manner using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the weight of each criterion was obtained using the Expert Choice ver.11 software. Results showed that proximity to road with 24 percent of importance had the highest weight among the selected criteria for locating the forest fire fighting stations. After providing weighted maps of criteria and their integration and applying land use restriction layer map, final site selection map was created. Preliminary results of this study made this point that the proposed zones cover about 29 percent of the study area, with good conditions required for construction of fire station. After excluding the small zones with an area less than 5 ha, one of the most suitable zones was proposed as the best location for construction of fire station. Furthermore, the validation of proposed zone and station location was carried out using a previously developed fire risk map with consideration of 10 km action radius surrounding the station. The selected zone covers about 97.81 percent of susceptible regions from high to very high classes regarding the forest fire hazard

In order to Determining of the effect of cutting diameter on stem and leaf dry weight, collar diameter and stem length of poplar seedlings (Populus nigra L. 62/154), 51 seedlings were selected and removed from planting bed using a systematic random sampling method, Three classes of cuttings based on middle diameter size (1-2, 2-3 and 3-4 cm) were chosen. Collar diameter, stem length, weight of dried stem and leaves were the other parameters measured. All measurements were analyzed using SPSS software and applying Duncan test. Results showed significant differences (P=0.05) among three classes of measurements. Cuttings with 3-4 cm diameter showed high value of stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, collar diameter, and stem length (224.96 g, 78.7276 g, 3.75 cm and 275.89 cm respectively). There was a significant relationship between cutting’s diameter and the other measurements (P=0.01). Based on this study the best results of seedling growth were obtained from cuttings with a diameter of 3-4 cm for this species.

This study aimed to extract effective spatial criteria in construction of forest fire fighting stations. In this study for extraction and prioritization of effective criteria, Delphi and AHP methods were used. To determine effective criteria, the opinions of experts and specialists in a Delphi approach were asked to clarify the influencing factors to allocation of land to forest fire fighting stations. In the first stage after sending and collecting questionnaires, mentioned criteria by experts were examined and using expert perspective the criteria that have less importance was omitted. Finally the following criteria were selected: Proximity to residential areas, Proximity to river, Proximity to post fires, Proximity to road, and Proximity to forest edge. Then with using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), weight or relative importance of each selected factors were obtained. Based on results the highest important factor was the proximity to road with 0.25 weight among other factors. Then Proximity to river (0.23), Proximity to post fires (0.22), Proximity to forest edge (0.19) and Proximity to residential areas, were next in rank, respectively. Also pairwise comparisons of sub-criteria for each factor showed that areas close to roads, river and areas with a history of prior fires in forest regions and also areas close to residential areas have highest importance in allocating land to the forest fire fighting station.

Restriction in gas exchanges is one of the reasons in reduction of the plant growth in water scarcity and drought stress conditions. In this study, the effect of drought stress on gas exchange characteristics of 36-two year old Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) seedlings were studied in complete randomized design with nine replicates and four treatments. In terms of drought, irrigation treatments 100 (control), 75, 50, and 25 percent of the potential water were applied according to water requirement of walnut in field capacity. Photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and CO2 concentration were measured before and after the stress using IRGA gas exchange instrument. Based on the analysis of variance, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and mesophilic conductance had significant difference among irrigation treatments. The statistical comparison with Duncan's multiple range test showed that the rate of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance at 25 and 50 percent of irrigation treatments had significant differences with the control. Significant difference was also observed for mesophilic conductance between 50 percent and control treatment. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference for all measured parameters between 75 percent and control treatment. Therefore, saving water for irrigation of the plants can be reduced to 75 percent of field capacity.

Yearly hundreds fires occur in forests and rangelands and various regions of Iran. Identification of areas that susceptible to fires the most important step in reducing damages caused by fire and also forest and rangeland resources management and in general natural resources. The study area in this research is part of the Sardasht forests in West Azerbaijan province. In this research with extracting recorded information about occurred fires in Sardasht forests, location of occurring fires were identified and using 10 effective factors in fires in this region (Including: elevation, slope, aspect, land use/land cover, average annual precipitation, monthly average maximum temperature, population, distance from agricultural lands, distance from streams and distance from roads) forest fire risk in GIS using fuzzy weighted linear combination (FWLC) model evaluated and mapping of fire risk in five risk classes (very low to very high) were provided. For fuzzy modeling of value of each factor the fuzzy membership functions and for the weight to criteria Analytical Hierarchy Process are used.Fire risk map result showed that about 60 percent of the study area has a high fire risk. Also, after the integration of risk map with real fire areas, result showed that nearly 92 percent of the burned areas are located in high and very high risk classes.

This study was done in part of frontier forests in Marivan. 115 sample plots with an area of 500 m2 in non-border areas (degraded) and border areas (semi-protected) were taken with grid dimensions of 100×100 m. The results showed that average diameter at breast height (d.b.h) of Quercus brantii and Crataegus aronia (respectively 21.9 and 20.3 cm) in semi-protected region are more than degraded region (respectively 20.6 and 16.7 cm) and about Quercus infectoria in semi-protected region (33.6 cm) is less than degraded region (39.5 cm). Also, the mean crown diameter of Q. brantii, Pistacia mutica and C. aronia in semi-protected region (Respectively 4.9, 7.3 and 5.3 m) was higher than degraded region (Respectively 4.5, 5.4 and 3.9 m). No significant differences was observed between average height of tree species in two regions (α=0.05), in addition Acer monspesulanum, Quercus libani, Amygdalus scoparia, Platanus orientalis and Pyrus sp. were observed only in the semi-protected region. Results of soil analysis showed that there was a significant difference (α=5%) in pH, electrical conductivity, % of lime, % of organic matter, % of clay, % of sand, phosphorus and % of total nitrogen between semi-protected and degraded regions, while percent of silt were not significantly different. Higher quantitative variables in semi-protected region show that in this regions or similar areas the forest stock can be improved by protection of degraded forests and applying rehabilitation methods.

This research aimed at mapping the risk of wildfire based on a number of influential factors including Elevation، slope، aspect، average annual precipitation، average maximum monthly temperature، land use/land cover، distance from road، distance from river، distance from agricultural lands and population density. The study was conducted in a study site encompassing 273. 3 km2 near Sardasht in northwest Iran. The burned areas were initially mapped by field visits. Then، using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method، influence of each factor on occurrence of fire was compared pairwise and weights were assigned to them. The frequency ratio method was used to derive a weight for individual classes of each factor. This was followed by mapping fire risk zones based on weighted combination of digital maps of the influential factors. The zonation map was later divided in five risk classes (ranging from very high to very low) by Jenks method. Validation of the risk map indicated the 98. 44 percent of the observed fires to be located in the mapped high risk zones. This represents the high accuracy of the applied technique for wildfire risk mapping across the study site.