پروین ده ده زاده سیلابی

Spatial inequality is considered one of the biggest challenges in both developing and developed countries, and a major obstacle for most governments to achieve sustainable development indicators. Therefore, investigating and analyzing the levels of spatial inequality as well as the influencing factors on its formation and expansion are considered essential for planning and managing cities. This research was conducted with the aim of measuring the spatial inequalities in Ardabil city with emphasis on economic indicators and identifying factors affecting its expansion. Based on the characteristics, spatial statistical models, hot spot analysis and spatial autocorrelation were used in Arc/GIS software, as well as fuzzy Delphi technique. Based on the results of the research, the urban areas of Ardabil are in different ranges in terms of the investigated indicators. Moreover, based on the spatial autocorrelation model (Moran), the distribution pattern of spatial inequality based on economic indicators in Ardabil follows the cluster model, and this type of distribution has caused spatial duality in this city.

Urban poverty is a multidimensional problem that Faces people with many limitations including limited access to employment and income, lack of adequate housing and services, unhealthy and violent environments, and lack of access to social services and health support mechanisms, and Educational. Thus, in explaining spatial inequality and urban poverty we cannot simply focus on its economic dimension: because Citizen poverty and social poverty are also other dimensions of poverty that are central to the spread all kinds of social harm and deviation. Today, the weaknesses of poverty studies and poverty-based approaches in cities are evident to almost everyone. It can be said that a realistic understanding and analysis of poverty in urban areas requires more attention to the social dimensions of this problem. Since urban poverty has been the focus of economic attention in most of the cases and few studies have addressed the social aspects affecting urban poverty, Therefore, the present study, with emphasis on the effective social aspects in this field, identifies the extent of social poverty and its pattern of spread in Ardabil during 2006 to 2016 to provide a platform for policymakers, planners, and urban managers to make decisions about reducing poverty and social deprivation problems in urban areas.

Methodoloy:

The purpose of this study is practical and in terms of the nature and method of the research we use descriptive-analytical methods. Source of cited indices and quantities used, data and information of statistical blocks of general population census and housing of Ardabil city during 2006- 2016 and maps (GIS), Deputy Governor of Ardabil Planning.The statistical population of the study is the statistical blocks of Ardabil city during the period of 2006 to 2016. The ARC/GIS software has been used to illustrate the poverty situation in this city using the Hot Spot Analysis technique of spatial autocorrelation. Moran's statistic was used to analyze the distribution patterns of urban poverty.

To study the spatial inequality and determination of urban poverty in Ardebil city, we used the data of 2006 and 2016 statistical blocks and in Arc / GIS software using its capabilities, hot spot analysis are done for all the indices used in Ardabil. This analysis calculates the Gateway-RD statistic for all the effects in the data. Also, with respect to the calculated Z score, it can be shown in which blocks the data are clustered with high or low values. According to this analysis, the higher the Z score, the higher the values clustered and it make hot spots. In the case of the negative and significant Z in terms of Statistical, we can say that the smaller the Z score, the more severe the clustering of the lower values and indicating cold spots. According to the data obtained, in 2006, out of 5142 urban blocks in Ardebil, about 53% were in very deprived and deprived condition, 26% were in moderate condition and about 21% were in good condition. According to 2016 data, these percentages are 46, 23, 33, respectively, among 6439 urban blocks, which also indicates that Ardabil city blocks in terms of social indices in 2016 compared to 2006 is in a better position. At this stage, after identifying the cold and hot spots for each of the indices, the maps are combined and finally the final map for both periods 2006 and 2016, according to the Morris Index is categorized in 5 levels from the most privileged to the most deprived. After classifying Ardebil city blocks in 2006 and 2016, Arc / GIS software and spatial autocorrelation tool have been used to illustrate the pattern of distribution and distribution of this inequality.It is used to analyze patterns of distribution and distribution of effects and phenomena in space and space and is known as the Moran statistic. In this study, the calculated Moran index for 2006 is 0.100517 and for 2016 is 0.137205. These values are smaller than one and on the other hand the value of P-value is zero. It can be concluded that the data in question have spatial autocorrelation and since the value of Moran is positive and close to one, so the spatial pattern of poverty in Ardebil In 2006 and 2016 it has been clustered and concentrated. In Ardebil's poverty and spatial inequality cluster model, the most disadvantaged and most disadvantaged clusters are located in the northern, western and western parts, and the focus of these clusters is largely influenced by urban creep and rural core integration to the body of the city. These embedded textures in the city due to the prevailing conditions of their formation, both physically and economically and socially had vulnerable and unstable textures and formed double poles at the city level.

A deeper scrutiny of and awareness of each community is the first step in planning for a greater and more decisive fight with poverty. Studying more deeply leads to a deeper understanding of the process, and over the course of time. It provides a compelling picture of poverty. Among these measures, the conflict between the object and the mind, or more modernly, the quantitative and qualitative attitudes toward achieving poverty eradication efforts. In recent years this struggle has shifted in favor of a qualitative attitude and emphasis on socio-cultural indicators. The spread of the phenomenon of poverty, especially in the suburbs of Ardebil, is the major problem of the city, which has increased in recent years with rural migration and the incorporation of rural textures into the city limits and the expansion of suburbanization. Given that the nature and dimensions of the power created in the Ardebil blocs are not only a necessity for an inequality, but also are a necessity based on human values, Therefore, in this study, 21 social indices were extracted from the statistical blocks of 2006 and 2016, and by applying these indices to Arc GIS environment, the poverty and inequality situation in Ardabil city was investigated.

Extended AbstractIntroductionIn Iran, the spatial inequality of cities has found a new manifestation, and the city of Ardabil is no exception to this rule. A study of demographic information of Ardabil province shows that in the urban system of this province, the city of Ardabil as the first city dominates the entire urban system. In the 2006 census of the Statistics Center of Iran and the provincial divisions, the city of Ardabil had a population of 418,262 people and in the 2016 census, it had a population of 529,374 people (General Population and Housing Census of the Statistics Center of Iran, 2006-2016). The rapid growth of urban population and the increasing expansion of this city is due to the intense rural-urban and urban-urban migration, which has led to the formation of unbridled and unplanned space, and urban management not only faces problems in providing services, but also In the age of globalization, efficient and effective management has become a passive and appropriate management. The inequality of Ardabil urban areas in having economic indicators and spatial imbalance has caused the city to move away from urban sustainability indicators. These heterogeneous and unequal spaces are not only evident in the whole city but also in the city areas. With an in-depth look at the components of urban sustainability, environmental justice and balanced growth, especially social justice, we can get the essence of it at different levels of global, national, regional and urban areas. According to what has been proposed, the present study has been written with the aim of investigating spatial inequality in the city of Ardabil to identify levels of inequality, to help urban farmers to solve various problems in these unequal areas. In this regard, in the first place, the situation of Ardabil urban blocks in terms of economic indicators using spatial statistics and hot spot analysis has been evaluated, and in the second place, the type of distribution pattern and distribution of spatial inequality using spatial autocorrelation (Moran statistic) becomes specific. MethodologyThe research method in the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The information available in the statistical blocks of 2006 and 2016 of Ardabil city was used to collect research data. To show the state of economic inequality, spatial autocorrelation technique is used using Hot Spot Analysis in Arc/GIS software and Moran's I statistic is used to analyze the distribution pattern of this inequality. Results and discussionAccording to the final map, the western and northwestern parts of Ardabil, including Gol Moghan, Molla Yousef, Malabashi, Iranabad, Jane Kennedy, Orujabad, Islamabad, Seyed Abad, Kazem Abad, Mirasharf, Salman Abad and Mehrabad They live economically in poverty. The cause of economic poverty in these areas is the poor condition of the villages annexed to the city, which are now known as urban neighborhoods. The inhabitants of these areas are in an unfavorable economic situation because they are rural migrants. In contrast to these neighborhoods, the conditions of the residents of the southern parts of the city are considered very favorable economically. In this study, the Moran index calculated for 2016 is equal to 0.100517 and for 2006 is equal to 0.127204. This value is less than one and on the other hand the P-value is equal to zero, it can be concluded that the data have spatial self-correlation and because Moran's value is positive, so the spatial pattern of inequality in Ardabil in each The two periods of 1385 and 2016 are clustered. ConclusionThe study of economic indicators in the blocks of Ardabil shows the unfavorable use of resources and facilities, intra-regional imbalances in the city. So that in the analysis of hot spots on the desired indicators, the southern areas and part of the central areas of Ardabil have a suitable situation in front of these areas, the northern and northern areas The western part of the city was in a very bad situation. Continuation of this situation has also led to gaps and inequality between different areas of Ardabil. This gap and inequality is especially visible, especially between areas with a completely deprived and completely deprived situation. In such a way that these areas have upset the spatial balance and the formation of dual and bipolar spaces in the city of Ardabil and has disrupted the balanced economic growth and development of this city. Also, the studies conducted in order to analyze the spatiality of inequality and the factors affecting its organization in Ardabil city are based on the inefficiency of the management structure and macroeconomic system. They turn. In this regard, the main areas can be the inadequacy of urban management in various areas such as accountability, the failure of the formal land and housing market, the inadequacy of land laws and lack of control over the economic situation and inflation. Also effective processes can be the period of management in Ardabil (all cities of Iran) and the lack of continuity of management positions and reduce their efficiency in promoting poor areas, urban technocracy (non-participation) and the lack of fair distribution of resources, lack of proper implementation of programs Tackling poverty due to various processes in the areas of policy-making, decision-making and implementation (lack of integration), stereotypes during different periods and lack of segregation of interventions in new, old, historical and marginal contexts, not preventing the prominent role of brokers in the field of land and Housing, as well as inappropriate macroeconomic policies that have led to widespread sanctions on Iran over the years and decades and rising inflation, are among the main areas for the spread of spatial inequality in the study area.

The trend of urbanization in developing countries has been faced with spatial imbalances, polarization of regions and social groups, and unstable urban growth. As the instability caused by this uneven growth has led to the formation of areas of poverty in urban areas. Spatial analysis of these areas determines the extent of deprivation in different areas and prioritizes measures to improve living standards. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the existing inequalities and show the pattern of poverty in Ardabil urban blocks with emphasis on social indicators during the years 2006 to 2016 and also to investigate the factors affecting the organization of this phenomenon.

The research method is spatial analysis in terms of applied purpose and approach. The statistical population of this research is the legal limits of Ardabil in 2006 and 2016 and the sample size is all the statistical blocks of the mentioned years. In order to collect research data, the information available in the statistical blocks of 2006 and 2016 in Erbil and a questionnaire of academic elites and city managers have been used. To show the situation of social poverty, spatial autocorrelation technique was used using hot spot analysis in Arc / GIS software and to analyze the pattern of social poverty distribution, Moran statistic was used. To analyze the data of the second part of the research (identifying the factors affecting the expansion and spatial organization of social poverty zones), the structural equation analysis model in AMOS software has been used

Based on the obtained results, out of 5142 urban blocks in Ardabil in 2006, about 53% were in a very deprived and deprived condition, 26% were in a moderate condition and about 21% were in a well-off condition. In 2016, these percentages are 46, 22, 32 among 6439 urban blocks, respectively, and this also shows that Ardabil urban blocks in terms of social indicators in 2016 compared to 2006 they are in a better situation.

Due to the spread of urban poverty in Ardabil over the past decades, empowerment of low-income and poor in the city should be done with a multidimensional perspective (and not just paying attention to the physical dimensions). In this regard, the role of facilitator of the city management system and the realization of bottom-up planning and participatory approach is essential.

Housing is one of real phenomenon and primary subjects that human always face with and he/she is trying to it’s transition and finding proper , rational response for it. Currently , presented subject about housing at world level relate to deficiency and shortage of housing and resident units and also discussions about resident and housing units quality don’t regard in some places approximately. It is regarded for housing and resident planning in every city and finding housing quality space measurement response is one of basic requirements. So , the aim and purpose of current research is measuring housing indices space inequalities at Ardebil city in order to implementation correct and better planning for housing part.

Current research is applied according to aim& purpose and it is analytical- descriptive based on nature and used methodology. Requirement data were extracted from Ardebil city statistical data blocks at 1390. Research statistical society in Ardebil city at 1390 include statistical blocks. To investigation of inequality position of housing quality indices and recognition of space pattern , inequality development ; we have been used spatial statistical models , Hot Spot analysis, Morans I spatial auto- correlation in Arc/GIS software.

According to implemented studies , Ardebil city blocks are located in inequality position based on housing quality indices and also districts , regions and sectors which they are located on Northwest and Western parts ; have improper situation about housing quality indices , but central and southern sectors of this city have proper position in mentioned subject.

Housing quality indices with inequality distribution pattern in Ardebil city study by clustering method and also there is significant relationship between housing quality and social classes in this city. It is necessary to regard urban planning , housing plans in Ardebil city and Northern , Northwest ( Urban –Rural tissue) parts and they need more pay attention.

Poverty spectrums were generated non detachable urban regions and because of poverty phenomenon negative consequences and It’s development, mentioned cases were paid attention by policy makers and planners. The main subject in prevention poverty phenomenon development is accurate recognition of poverty spectrums and spatial consolidation in cities. Poverty position and It’s development in Iran cities, this case has different patterns. Based on poverty spatial dispersion investigation importance in urban societies and by regarding mentioned phenomenon studying; proper decision making And planning provide to poverty problems reducing in urban sectors for managers and administrators. Current research was implemented with the aim of poverty spatial dispersion analysis, poverty blocks recognition and also poverty clustering in Ardebil city urban blocks by using 31 social, Economic and physical indices. According to theses features; spatial statistical models, hot spots analysis, spatial auto-correlation were used in Arc/GIS software. Based on research results, Ardebil urban blocks are located in different classes by regarding investigated indices. According to spatial auto-correlation model (Moranas), poverty dispersion in Ardebil city follow by clustering model and mentioned kind of dispersion cause to creating spatial dichotomy in Ardebil city.

If sustainable urban development is considered as economic efficiency, social equality and environment protection, one major perquisite for its realization is optimization of urban land uses; otherwise the cities would suffer from sprawl or uncontrolled expansion. Various models have been proposed for understanding the city shape and its scattering measurement.

This work aims at calculating Tehran urban sprawl in various decades using different models including temporal analysis of urban density, quartile distribution, degree-balanced distribution, degree of aggregation and Holdern model, and its impact examines on nearby farms.

Findings of this work show that Tehran is shifting from concentration and gradual growth to excessive urban sprawl and rapid and uncontrolled growth. In The following, using satellite images of the years 1357 and 1385 we examines the rate of change of land use especially the quality and quantity of changes of farmland to urban uses with using ArcGIS software. The image has converted to maps through visual processing or visual interpretation. At the end with map have obtained with using compilation and synthesis method that can show to how land use changes during the period (28 years).

The results of research in this section indicate that the total agricultural land in study area in 1979 was about 38952 hectares that Half of which have been eliminated in the course of 28 years 1996- 2006 and have decreased directly or indirectly through urban development and reached 19.4 thousand hectares in 2006. If the growth and development of the city continues as sprawl distribution. The same amount of land will be destroyed in the future development.

Today, the tourism industry goes beyond an industry, as a dynamic global and social phenomenon that has its own complexity and the exact recognition and scientific analysis of this phenomenon can provide a safe framework for the planning of the tourism industry. Tourism is considered as the greatest social mobility with cultural, economic and spatial multiple effects which always needs to be effective in its current and future development. In this regard, planning for the development of tourism is dependent on the various factors and conditions that can be achieved if they are systematically and structurally applied. This topic indicates the importance of future research and tries to formulate the future need prospects in the development of tourism. Therefore, in this research, it has been tried to identify and analyze the key factors of tourism development. In this study, the first 36 factors in five different areas of socio-cultural, economic, management and planning, infrastructure-services and extracted natural factors were obtained through environmental and Delphi scanning techniques and then, using the Delphi method of administrators. The matrix of cross-component effects of the components has been formed. For the next step, the Micmac software is applied in matrix analysis. The results of the dispersion of variables in the scales of influence and dependent of factors in the Mick-Mac software indicate the system's instability in the tourism of case study and on that basis, five categories of variables were identified. Finally, considering the high point of direct and indirect effects of factors, thirteen major factors were identified as key factors in the development of tourism in the cities of Mazandaran province. Among these key factors of case study the variables of the infrastructure and services sector had the highest impact on tourism development of case study, while the natural factors had the least impact degree. Undoubtedly, tourism is an organized form of human activity in production, consumption which has been an incredible and global attempt. Tourism with promise of employment is one of the most attractive development strategies that can play an important role in the broader concept of development, namely, competitiveness in cities. Competitiveness in any field is not possible without achieving sustained planning and based on the design of the key factors with future research approach. The awareness and understanding of effective issues and factors on development, along with the using of management approaches of future research and the design of key factors, are an effective feature of this approach. Therefore, the necessity of using this approach in the case study was proposed until with this way, key factors of tourism development would be identified. The present research is an applied one in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in term of its method. Environmental and Delphi scanning techniques are used to identify variables and indicators. In this regard, in the first stage, online articles and a review of published articles in the effective factors on tourism development were used to collect variables. Then semi-structured questionnaire was distributed among professional experts in the field of tourism who were asked to score in the framework of the matrix of cross-effects of variables, based on the influence and dependent with numbers in the range of 0 to 3 points. In this research, a purposeful sampling method was used to select the participants consciously. The statistical population of this research is 50 experts in the field of tourism including the experts from the municipalities of the studied cities, the Tourism and Heritage Organization, and some university professors in the case Study. Validity of the questionnaire was reviewed and verified by the experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was also used by Cronbach's alpha. Tourism is a multi-species activity and dependent from large number of factors and influent on many phenomena. On the other hand, the necessity of tourism infrastructure in tourist cities and the uncertainty caused by environmental complexities make it difficult to plan and forecast the future in these cities. So that traditional programming can no longer respond to them, and the need for a new approach, such as a future research approach, has been raised predicting the future and explaining the solutions which can provide access to favorable conditions. Therefore, in this research, it has been tried to identify the key proponents of tourism development in Mazandaran province by combining the tourism system attitude with the future research approach.  The status of the dispersion page of the affect variables on the development of tourism in the cities of Mazandaran province is the unstable situation of the system. Regarding the system instability, five variables including determinants or influential variables, two-way variables, regulatory variables, dependent variables or outcome, independent variables were identified in this system. Finally, after conducting different analysis of direct and indirect dependent and influence, 36 factors were ranked and finally 13 factors were selected as the key factors of tourism development in Mazandaran province. This research is based on a new approach to plan (Future Research) with the aim of identifying key factors for the future development of tourism in the cities of Mazandaran, 36 primary factors include socio-cultural factors, economic factors, planning and management factors, infrastructure and service factors, and natural factors were extracted. Then, using the structural analysis in the Micmac software, these factors were measured. Based on the results obtained from structural analysis in the graph, the dependent and influence of the variables in case study show that the factors of the service and infrastructure sector with the total score of 502, the most influential and social and cultural factors with a score of 192, have the least influential on the future of tourism development in the cities of Mazandaran province. Finally, 13 key factors as the most influential factors on the tourism future of Mazandaran province were selected as key factors: Welfare services, urban green space, expansion of tourism-related spaces, competitiveness, regional transportation network, tourism tours, climatic conditions, private sector investment, urban transport network, security, Infrastructure, distribution of facilities. These factors are the most important factors influencing on tourism development in the case study. Finally, based on the results of structural analysis in Micmac software, among the five areas of the case study, the service and infrastructure sector factors were identified as the most influential factors on the system. However, it should be noted that selection is not enough and there should be an accurate and coherent planning about these key factor, so that, with the use of existing potentials and capacities, sustainable development of tourism in these cities is possible.

In the context of the human environment in urban areas, providing standards require that at a glance it can be called quality of life standards. As the most important and most fundamental purpose of urban planning to meet the needs and improve the quality of life of peopleis living in cities The quality of life distribution service institutions including housing quality, environmental quality, employment, education, health, etc. in the city managers and urban planners are. Accordingly, the aim of this study and analysis of the quality of urban life in the city of Shiraz. The research was descriptive - analytical studies and questionnaires were collected and analyzed using SPSS software And then use single-sample T-test first citizen's satisfaction was measured quality of life in the city.
And then use the models topsis, AHP and vikor urban areas of Shiraz in the enjoyment of life quality indicators were prioritized.The results show that the index of entertainment, education and the environment is higher than average sense of satisfaction.
As well as facilities and equipment, civil society and services in terms of medium are satisfied. Health indicators, employment and housing are lower than average satisfaction with quality of life.
The results of the ranking of the districts indicates significant differences in the quality of life in ten districts of the city and inequality between the old and new areas are areas.

Today, tourism industry is counted as one of the largest and most diverse industries in the world so that it is a major source of foreign exchange earnings, employment, creating social justice, cultural growth, welfare increase, and a field for private sector growth and a tool for infrastructure development. Having diverse natural and human tourism attractions, city of Khoy is one of the main destinations of tourists in Iran and Western Azerbaijnan province that attract many tourists annually. Given high tourism potential and diversity of attractions, it is important and inevitable to prioritize and identify tourism prone areas in this region. Thus, attractive tourism areas in this city have been prioritized in this research with descriptive-analytical method and by using numerical Taxonomy model. According to the results, Shams Tabrizi Tower in the city of Khoy has the greatest potential to attract tourists in the city. In contrast, despite Badlan waterfall and protected area of Marakan are pure natural attractions of city of Khoy with potential tourism power, in terms of attracting tourists, but lack of facilities, services and available infrastructure, and risk of natural hazards in these areas resulted in relative failure of these areas in attracting tourists.

According to successful urban old centers renovation dependence to economic infrastructure and unresponsive of public investments to implementation of mentioned subject it is necessary to centers potential for private sector encouraging in textures renovation. If the old textures have value considering with tourism and recreational we can provide suitable and attractive places in citizens psychological and mental requirements and also it is possible to old texture development.
One of the cities in Iran which suffer from old textures problems is Khoy city. So it is necessary to measure main affairs in renovation with an emphasis on urban tourism. In this research we have tried to investigate and analyze strengths and weakness, opportunities and threats points behind tourism in Khoy city old texture. Then we present optimal solutions to improve it in order to itself revocation.
This research is applied in aim or purpose viewpoint and it is descriptive-analytical in implementing method. Required data are collected in documentary and field methods. Statistical populations of research are experts and related office responsibilities according to case study range. Sampling method is random case. to determine the strategy priority, we have been used SWOT analyzing accompany with ANP model. Also we have been used Delphi method to reaching the four factors of SWOT. So SWOT technique and strategies were priorited and valued by using of ANP model in super decision software.
At first we gathered strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats in environment factors and according to themselves results by SWOT analyzing, we presented 10 strategies for tourism development capabilities in order to revocation of old texture in Khoy city. Final priority of strategies by using of ANP model in super decision software showed that ST1 strategy in increasing specialty budget for development tourism attractions, Wo2 strategy in increasing of coordination for related organizations in tourism and ST2 strategy in creating transparent and efficient management to implementation of tourism development are three strategies with priority. In network analyzing; strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats for revocation of Khoy city old texture with concept of sustainable or substantial tourism; strengths have been in the first place