فهرست مطالب پریسا زارع

The Null curriculum is the most important concept in the curriculum that was first proposed by Eisner (1979). Eisner emphasized the omissions of the curriculum as the Null curriculum and ignored the rest of its dimensions. The purpose of this study was to identify the nature of the curriculum, types, dimensions, levels, and its consequences using the method of document research and study and analysis of research conducted in this field. The results of this study showed that the Null curriculum is a concept beyond the Null curriculum considered by Eisner, and in addition to the omissions of the curriculum, it includes items that, with their presence, create shortcomings in the education of learners. According to the new perspective, seven types of null curricula were identified: "neglected, omitted, demoded, distorted, sterilized, Overused and, prohibited were formed, which can occur intentionally or unintentionally during the design, implementation or learning of the curriculum. They cause defects and deficiencies in the field of learning the knowledge, value and skills required by learners and leave unpleasant personal and social effects and consequences.

The subject and purpose of the article: 

The current research aims to provide intelligent mechanisms in the decision-making system of public sector supervision, and its purpose is to present how to implement new techniques in intelligent auditing through the self-declaration system and design the zero point of public sector supervision intelligentization.

survey, developmental-applicative (discovery) goal, descriptive nature, quantitative and qualitative data field, spatial and temporal components of library and field.

Findings of the research: 

By using the self-declaration technique of the public sector and providing mechanisms to implement electronic declarations in the form of 6 tables of questioning restrictions, the zero point of monitoring has been designed; which is one of the basic requirements for the coherence of the data collection process subject to supervision in the Supreme Audit Court .In the aforementioned design, strengthening accountability in public sector supervision is the basis for compiling state-ment blocks for intelligent questioning. By preparing the statement and referring it to the executive bodies, the Supreme Audit Court collects and verifies the necessary information for monitoring.

Conclusion, originality and its addition to knowledge: 

By applying this technique, a change in the method of obtaining regulatory information from the field method to obtaining information electronically in the form of public sector self-declaration blocks along with new potential for the regulatory self-regulation system is created.

The purpose of the research was to identify and explain the null curriculum in the Primary school. The research method was an explanatory sequential mixed method with follow-up explanations model. At first according to the validated sample of null curriculum(Marzooghi et al., 2017), a scale developed to determine the existence of null curriculum in elementary school. the mentioned questionnaire distributed by descriptive survey method in among primary school teachers across the country the schools of all over the country through multistage cluster sampling in 9 provinces , 730 teachers' questionnaires. The gathered data was analyzed by one-sample T test. The results showed that in general, according to viewpoint teachers in the elementary school, the degree of existence of the null curriculum in the elementary period is close to Mean. In the qualitative section, by using the targeted approach and applying the theoretical saturation criteria a deep semi-structured interview was conducted with the teachers of the four districts of Shiraz in order to track and follow the quantitative section data. Then, the obtained data analyzed by using Nvivo(8.8) software and through thematic analysis . Based on the findings of the qualitative section have been identified seven types of Null curriculum in the Primary school, from the viewpoint of teachers are more likely to happen unintentionally.

Narcissism is a personality disorder that is conceptualized as excessive self-love and manifests as a great sense of self, more entitlement, and superiority. Its prevalence is much higher in women than in men. This study aimed to investigate the prediction of depression based on emotional intelligence and critical thinking in women with a narcissistic personality disorder. The current research is part of applied research in terms of its purpose and correlational studies in terms of method. The statistical population included all women with narcissistic personality disorder referred to Nik Amal Psychotherapy Clinic in Tehran in 2021. 130 people were selected as a sample using the available sampling method. Ames Narcissistic Personality Questionnaire (2006), Beck Depression Questionnaire (1961), Schering Emotional Intelligence Test (1996), and California Critical Thinking Skills Test, Form B (1990) were implemented on them. Data analysis was done with correlation and regression tests using SPSS version 23 software. A significance level of less than 0.05 was considered. The results showed that emotional intelligence and critical thinking have a negative and significant relationship with depression (P<0.01). Also, emotional intelligence explained 62% and critical thinking 45% of the variance of depression scores of women with a narcissistic personality disorder. Therefore, to reduce depression in women with narcissistic personality disorder, it is recommended to increase emotional intelligence and critical thinking.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between quality of technology and Internet quality and student retention in an e-learning environment. In this regard, the current research is of applied, descriptive-survey type. The statistical population of the present study was encompasses the electronics active students of Azarbayjan Shaghi Payamenoor University. A sample of 360 people from this community was considered as a research sample. The data collection tools in the study were the questionnaire of Bhuasiri (2012). The content validity of the research instrument was approved by five honorable supervisors, consultants, and experts. And also a confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine the validity of the measurement instrument's structure. All of the questions variables were fitted with factor load. The reliability of the tool was confirmed by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient which was equal to 0.83 The results of data collection after adjustment and tabling were analyzed by statistical tests (exploratory, Correlation). The results of Pearson correlation test showed a significant relationship between quality of technology and Internet quality with student retention. The results of simultaneous regression also showed that predictor variables account for about 58% of student retention changes.

Subject and Purpose of the Article:

 The present study tries to design a system for decision-making in public sector supervision (electronic approach) with the aim of defining the concepts, methods and techniques in “‌‌intelligent auditing”‌‌ and “‌‌supervisory intelligence”‌‌ and finally the theoretical and practical design of the system.

The method of the present survey research is the purpose of development applied (exploratory), descriptive nature, quantitative and qualitative data field, spatial and temporal components of library and field. The general concept of “‌‌sensitivity analysis”‌‌ has been used to change the existing “‌‌work of number-oriented approach”‌‌ to the “‌‌work-oriented Funds approach” by applying relative audit indicators.

Designing a decision-making system based on the use of information technology platforms with the help of new techniques “‌relative audit performance measurement”‌ to assess the relative productivity of peer managers and “‌relative self-declaration of public sector auditing”‌ in the direction of “‌intelligent questioning”‌.

Stuttering is a multifactorial disorder. So far, numerous findings have been reported regarding various deficits in auditory processing components in the people who stutter. Despite studies on correlation of auditory processing deficits and stuttering, this assumption has not been proven yet. The purpose of the present study was to investigate and collect the results of studies regarding the auditory processing deficits in the people who stutter.

This study was a narrative review to collect research on auditory processing deficits in people who stutter. ISI, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and PsycINFO databases were searched to reterive English articles that were published from 1995 to 2020. For studies conducted in Iran in Persian, SID and Magiran databases were searched. “Stuttering”, “auditory feedback processing”, “neurophysiology”, and “brain maturity” were the keywords of interest.

In the first stage, 211 articles were found. Finally, after reviewing the inclusion criteria, 86 articles in English and Persian were included. In addition to reviewing articles concerning the existence of auditory processing deficits, the present study emphasized that auditory processing problems in the people who stutter altered the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment approaches.

Although there is no evidence of anatomical abnormalities in the auditory system of people who stutter, numerous studies have reported unstable evidence of central impairments in their auditory processing. Neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies showed involvement of the central and peripheral areas of auditory processing.</div>

The present study investigated the characteristics of the new ELT program in Iran from the perspective of its most direct implementers both qualitatively and quantitatively. To this end, 19 teachers implementing the new program were interviewed to describe the newly introduced change through their perception of its attributes such as its complexity, explicitness and practicality. After conducting content analysis on the transcribed interviews, the emerged themes were used to survey 256 lower and higher secondary teachers by means of a 5-point Likert-type questionnaire across the nation. The results show that, although the program implementers felt more satisfied with the new program due to the perceived advantages of the change over the previous one, the lack of crucial factors such as giving due attention to the oral skills, adjustability of the change to the needs of a  wide range of users, training teachers to improve their skills in making use of  methods and techniques compatible with the reality of local language classrooms replete with logistical shortcomings, permeation of change to different layers of the educational system and mobilizing all influential subsystems for putting the change into practice has handicapped the effective fulfilment of the program’s objectives from teachers’ eyes.

The importance of rural life and development as a driving force and productive of any country and a factor in the direction of national development, deprivation and economic growth is not hidden from anyone and the interrelationships between urban and rural areas in developing countries are qualitatively different from urban and Rural areas are in developed countries, so better and coordinated distribution of activities in rural-urban relations in accordance with environmental characteristics and data, continuous settlement of the population, prevention of misplaced spatial populations, application of necessary measures in geographical stabilization of migrant population, Reducing environmental differences and differences and correcting and improving undesirable places by examining and analyzing the criteria of sustainable rural development in the planning of rural-urban relations from the perspective of rural residents can lead to sustainable population balance in rural areas. Therefore, in this study, using SPSS software and statistical analysis of data in two descriptive and analytical groups, the results were obtained based on the cluster analysis method of 44.1 % of the sample villages in three sustainable dimensions, 26.5 % semi - stable and 29.4 % are unstable and according to ANOVA test, rural-urban relations are stronger in sustainable villages. Based on numerical taxonomy test, changes in economic instabilities (economic viability of agricultural activities, improving the quantity and quality of products, improving the marketing situation, paying attention to international demand, planting local cultivars) with DL, 0.043, 079, respectively. 0, 0.214, 0.278, 0.616 is in the first place from the perspective of rural residents. Extended abstract

Today, in addition to traditional and historical relations, interactional relations have also linked rural arenas to urban centers (Saeedi et al, 2018: 30). Urban-rural links cause relations and urban-rural streams to form (Sheng, 2002:3). Therefore, studying urban-rural links and the relations between cities and villages is an important issue in urban and rural planning (Rostamalizadeh et al, 2016: 2). Understanding in-equalities and unbalances in different geographic zones is a requisite to move in this direction; to know the current situation in each part of planning process, including the country, province, city, county and district; and then to find out the differences and variances and current policies in order to remove and decrease the inequalities in each part of the complex (Masoudi et al, 2019: 246). So, though different in structure, nature and function, cities and villages are the constituents of an integrated spatial system (Pourmohammadi et al, 2017: 6). Because of socio-economic transformations and technology, especially in transportation and communicational ways, economic relations between cities and villages are now broad and varied (Clayton et al, 2005: 18). Urban-rural interactions can eventually be classified as: 1. Spatial interactions (like individuals, commodity, money, information and waste material streams); 2. Sectoral interaction (rural activities common in cities, like urban agriculture or activities which are mostly common as urban activities but are also present in villages, like industry and services) (Tacoli, 2003: 3). Meanwhile, population growth, urbanism and diminishing returns in small units of micro agriculture show that the rural-urban interaction and link have a great and extensive role in local economy and their living (Long, et al, 2009: 454). However, recent worldwide evolutions have created new reasons for people to remain in the villages that can be classified in different ways, for example, based on economic, socio-cultural, ecological and physical dimensions (Firooznia, 2017: 60). Sustainable development approach is an ideal approach in development (Connelly, 2007:259), and a controversial (Breau, 2015:144) and multi-dimensional (Kitchen & Marsden, 2009:235) concept in rural population sustainability. Therefore, today, it is the key point to remember when making a decision on development, the major feature of which is permanence and accordance with human criteria (Vilshair, 2007:301). If sustainable development satisfies today's generation, without threatening the future generation's power and ability to meet their needs (Duran, et al., 2015:807), then rural sustainable development can emphasize multi-dimensional improvement of rural living by encouraging the activities which are in accordance with the capabilities and bottleneck of the environment (Safaee Pour et al, 2018: 682). Based on the aforementioned issues, the present study aims to investigate urban-rural relations and the sustainability of Iran's population. Because of Iran's vast area and unique features of each city, these links have been selected randomly in four cities (Shiraz, Busheher, Astara and Chabahar). The researchers tried to use sustainable rural development in effective district planning in urban-rural relations as an independent variable; the strategies of population sustainability are considered as dependent variables, using which the researchers try to study the improvement of different levels in sustainability.

This study is a descriptive-analytic study, the statistical population of which is chosen using Cochran formula and sharing in a given ration; sample villages are also chosen randomly: 1. Sistan and Baluchestan province (Chabahr city): 23 villages were identified with approximation in estimation of society parameter being 0.11. 2. Fars province (Shiraz city): 18 villages were identified with approximation in estimation of society parameter being 0.15. 3. Gilan province (Astara city): 5 villages were identified with approximation in estimation of society parameter being 0.13. 4. Bushehr province (Bushehr city): 4 villages were identified with approximation in estimation of society parameter being 0.16. Eventually, Cochran formula, with a confidence coefficient of 95%, and approximation of 0.051 in estimation of society parameter, were used to identify the volume of sample families. 376 sample families were selected among 50 villages. SPSS software was used to analyze the data in three methods of cluster analysis (WARD), ANOVA test and taxonomy technique.

Based on the two mentioned hypothesis and the analyses done during the study, the following results were identified: Hypothesis one: It seems that the features affecting urban-rural relations, including physical and temporal distance between villages and cities, service improvement and rural financing, can improve the population sustainability in villages of these cities (Shiraz, Bushehr, Astara and Chabahar). To investigate this hypothesis, cluster analysis (WARD) was used; 44% of sample villages were sustainable in three dimensions, 26.5% were semi-sustainable and 29.4% were unsustainable. Sustainable villages included: Bid Zard-e Sofla, Tafihan, Dodej, Tarbor-e Jafari, Qalat, Eslam Abad, Barmshour Olya, Gachi, Korouni, Soltan Abad, Shapour Jan, Kaftarak, Baharestan, Regeti, Ali Heybatan Bazar, Sayani, Karani, Patti, Achu bazar and Khanehaye Chaharshanbe (Shirdel); with regards to rural-urban relations, these villages were in a better situation than the others. In economic dimension, 14.7% of villages were sustainable, 55.9% were semi-sustainable and 29.4% were unsustainable. Kalestan, Eslam Abad, Qadir town, Barmshour Olya and Baharestan, Banou, Sayani, Karani, Patti, Achu bazar, Balle Sar, Khanehaye Chaharshanbe (Shirdel), Vashnam-e Dari, Dambdaf-e Moradi, Vashnam-e Haji Ramezan, and Gowmazi Sanjar were in a more sustainable economic situation. In socio-cultural dimension, 14.7% of villages were sustainable, 61.8% were semi-sustainable and 23.5% were unsustainable. Eslam abad, Mah Firouzan, Qaleh-ye Chah Kutah, Askar Abad, Darband, Ali Heybatan Bazar, Sayani, Kayani, Patti, Balle Sar and Voshnam-e Dari were in sustainable situations. In environmental dimension, 52.9% of villages were sustainable, 26.5% were semi-sustainable and 20.6% were unsustainable. The sustainable group included Bid Zard-e Sofla, Dodej, Tarbor-e Jafari, Qalat, Eslam Abad, Kadanj, Barmshour Olya, Gachi, Korouni, sultan Abad, Qaleh-ye Chah Kutah, Tal Siah, Baharestan, Askar Abad, Dej Dadkhah, Zirdej, Nadekan-e Gurmi, Regeti, Banarou Haji Shekar, Ali Heybatan Bazar, Sayani, Karani, Patti, Balle Sar and Voshnam-e Dari. Finally, the results of comparing the average rural-urban relation, using ANOVA test, show that more sustainable villages actually have stronger rural-urban relations. In fact, we can say that urban-rural relations can improve population sustainability and this hypothesis was proved. Hypothesis two: it seems that sustainable rural development criteria in planning urban-rural relation changes economic, social and environmental unsustainability. To investigate this hypothesis, rural sustainable development criteria were ranked in urban-rural relations based on rural districts inhabitants. Using numerical taxonomy, the results are as follow: economic unsustainability changes (economic efficiency of agricultural activities, products quality and quantity improvement, marketing improvement, focusing on international demands, planting and harvesting local items) are on the first rank with DL order of 0.043, 0.079, 0.278, and 0.616. Social unsustainability changes (reduction of urban-rural immigration rate, improvement of income, economy, nutrition, health, housing, youth employment, availability of welfare amenities and entertainment facilities, and crime reduction) are on the second rank with DL order of 0.105, 0.144, 0.236, and 0.867. Environmental unsustainability changes (applying combinational methods to fight the pest, illnesses, and weeds, variety in agricultural activities, sustainability of activities like warehousing and storing) are on the third rank with DL order of 0.532, 0.790, 0.753, and 0.871.

Balancing population sustainability by rural sustainable development can be done using three major criteria in rural sustainable development, which are economic index, social index and environmental index: Economic index: Non-transfer of additional agricultural income from villages to cities, Growth in consumable goods supply and services from cities to villages, Building industrial towns and higher education institutes to train efficient and skillful labor force, Growth in physical and human investment with rural living patterns. Social index: Cities can function as a center to spread and promote the development achievements and they can be used as poles of development and growth, Distribution of developmental services and facilities in all villages leads to unsustainable movement of human force from villages to cities, Focusing on private sector for urban-village employment in urban development planning and government supporting this sector, Reinforcement of relations and links between rural and urban societies, relations of small cities and sphere of influence, Improvement in housing construction pattern by guiding rural inhabitants to build resistant and hygienic houses,   Environmental index: Providing the structure for urban-rural link can facilitate the transfer of urban income, investment in villages, and utilization of capabilities, facilities and God-given natural resources, Filling the gap between industry and agriculture, Modification of planting pattern based on relative advantages of districts and abilities of soil and water, Executing some programs to adjust the earth, like draining, levelling and integrating the lands, Marketing for agricultural products by reinforcing cooperative methods.

With the development of social and economic injustice in the cities, further attention has been paid to the subject of the spatial justice to create the social equities among various groups of people and this subject has been changed to a comprehensive and expanding phenomenon in today’s cities. In the cities, the urban space is the result of interaction between the space and community and is the place for flourishing the social life. So, it is a structure appropriate for understanding social injustices and evaluating the amount of the citizens' feeling of justice. The urban public spaces are multi-purpose spaces accessible to the public that are distinguishable from the circumscribed and specific domains of the families and individuals and also are regarded as their mediators. In fact, the public space is an essential and fundamental dimension of human community and the social justice is introduced as one of the primary principles of every community in the public space and both justice and injustice are manifested in the space, because justice depends on the time and place and the kind of relationship between the system and social structures. Therefore, there is an ambiguous relationship between the quality of individuals' lives and the access to services; in such a way that the social injustice itself reflects the access of different individuals to various services in any community. Regarding what was said, the present research aims to study the significance of the relationship between the citizens' feeling of justice in Shiraz city and the quality and manner of their attendance in the urban spaces. Accordingly, the main question of the research is: is there any meaningful relationship between the citizens' feeling of justice in Shiraz city and the number and duration of their attendance in the urban spaces? Furthermore, the hypothesis of the present study is expressed as: there is a meaningful relationship between the feeling of justice of citizens in Shiraz city and the number and duration of their attendance in urban public spaces. It is worth mentioning that despite the existence of different studies regarding social justice and urban development and the emphasis on the distributive characteristics of the justice and manner of individuals' access to the civil services, few investigations have been done on the significance of the relationship between the quality of citizens' attendance in urban space (duration and number of citizens' attendance in urban spaces for the purpose of doing the selective and social activities) and the amount of feeling of social justice (the matter which emphasizes the innovation and newness of this research).

The present study is a survey research and Rasinsky and Feldman's social justice questionnaire has been used as the tool for collecting data. The statistical population was all the citizens of Shiraz city presented in urban public spaces and somehow used the urban spaces. With regard to the uncertainty of the number of statistical population and based on Cochran's formula, 170 members of the population were selected as the sample group. Random sampling was applied for collecting the data of the present research. For this purpose, in the selected public spaces of Shiraz (Gaz Square, Daneshjou Square, Enghelab Street and Eram Street) and in specific intervals of different days of the week, all the individuals aged above 15 years were asked to participate voluntarily in this study. The selected urban public spaces have been placed in the central area and middle texture of Shiraz city near to different urban facilities and services and the attendance of different social groups and age groups have been the main reasons of the selection of these urban public spaces. In fact, the selected urban public spaces have qualities that are directly related to the subject of distributive justice and spatial justice. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire of the present research have been confirmed by the use of content validity and Cronbach's Alpha (0.73). With regard to the non-normal distribution of the data, the non-parametric tests of Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis and the correlation coefficient of Kramer have been used for data analysis and expressing the amount of correlation of variables, respectively.

The research results reveal that the feeling of social justice has no relationship with the variable ‘duration of attendance in the urban space’. However, the feeling of social justice has a direct relationship with the number of attendance of citizens in the urban spaces (with an intensity of 0.407). Furthermore, the number of attendance of citizens in the urban spaces has a meaningful relationship with their preferences in regard to competency and the manner of obtaining the facilities (with an intensity of 0.223) and the kind of attitude toward the feeling of compassion and sympathy as the most important human values (with an intensity of 0.181). Also, the citizens' preferences in terms of poverty of individuals for the reason of not having a motivation and goal in life has a relationship with the duration of citizens' attendance in urban spaces (with an intensity of 0.168). In this case, it seems that the situation for the development of feeling of social justice among the citizens can be provided by taking measures necessary to improve the condition and manner of the citizens’ attendance in the urban spaces. In this regard, some of the most important effective strategies are:Need: designing collective spaces for social interactions and collective conversation among citizens; designing appropriate urban furniture in collective spaces for the improvement of social interactions; designing space by regarding all the public facilities necessary for them such as drinking fountain, public lavatory and so on. Equity: considering 24 hours’ land uses for perpetuating citizen's attendance and further monetizing of businesses; paying attention to human scale in the design of urban spaces; establishment of gratuitous entertainments for the purpose of attendance of individuals with little financial affordance and use of them.Equality: designing urban spaces in crowded paths and places with heavy traffic; designing appropriate urban furniture usable for all the individuals; creating versatile uses in the space for the purpose of improvement of variety and diversity.

 designing spaces for social interactions and an opportunity for revealing the individual capacities and inherent talents of citizens, increasing supervisors for better improvement of individuals' safety and security for further attendance of citizens; holding the meetings in the space.

Currently, the application of the principles of sustainable development in urban public realms is taken into consideration. Active engagement with life is conducted by providing participation, activity and social interaction of citizens with each other. Thus, the participation of citizens in these realms is effective in their physical and mental health and sustainable urban design objectives. So in this article, recognition of the urban public realms which have the value for the participation from the perspective of citizens have been studied and analyzed. In conducting this research, correlation and survey research methods have been used. Also, questionnaire as data gathering tool and SPSS and Smart PLS as data analysis and assessment tools and structural model of confirmatory factor analysis and the analysis method of Partial Least Squares as the method of the data analysis have been applied. Statistical population of this research was all over-15-years citizens who used urban public realms of Shiraz. Also the sample group were 176 persons of statistical population and Cronbach's alpha was 0.805. Results of this research emphasize that from the perspective of citizens of Shiraz, measures of vitality, lack of pollution and being green, the Capability of Recognition and experience, suitability and integrity, inclusiveness and lack of crime are important in citizen participation. The highest correlation is between the suitability and integrity and the capability of recognition and experience.

The concept of null curriculum was first introduced by Eisner (1979). In his view, what is deleted from the school curriculum leads to educational defects in learners. The incidence of educational defects is not primarily due to the omission of some of the educational components, but there are other causes for null curriculum, such as neglected, demoded, distorted, and sterilized curricula, which also lead to shortcomings in the education process of individuals (Marzooghi, 2015). The present study investigates and validates conceptualization of various types of null curricula in both intentional and unintentional dimensions and also at the intended, implemented, and learned levels of curriculum. In this regard, the case analysis was used for determining the, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was employed for obtaining the validity of the findings. The findings indicated the reliability and validity of the types of null curriculum.

Oral hygiene products have been used widely among people since many years ago. Toothpaste and mouthwashes are the main products that are used for health and beauty and the demand for such dental products is high. These products include both chemical and herbal products. Plants form a large part of the surrounding nature, so they are the first choice for health problems. Nevertheless, due to the fast development of chemistry and lack of natural resources herbal products are replaced by chemical compounds. Compared with herbal products, chemical compounds are associated with more side effects, so using herbal drugs are more favorable and researchers are more interested to such products. In oral hygiene drugs the plant extracts affecting inflammation and bleeding are of significant interest to dental professionals. This article introduces one of the most common herbal drugs used as oral care product.