. amir hossein haghighi

Increasing energy expenditure is necessary in the treatment of obesity and its disorders.Myostatin can weaken this mechanism, while exercise is an inhibitor of myostatin.The present study investigated the effect of 12weeks of interval training with three intensities of low, medium and high on serum myostatin of inactive-obese and overweight women.

In the present study, 47inactive, obese and overweight women (40.2±3.25 years old) were randomly assigned to four groups: low, moderate, high intensity and control. A 12 week interval training program with three sessions per week and intensities of 50-63, 64-76 and 77-93% of the maximum heart rate was implemented. Sampling was done in the fasting state. Statistical data was analyzed by ANOVA for repeated measures at a significant level of p<0.05.

12 weeks of interval training in different intensities did not cause a significant change in the serum myostatin in inactive obese and overweight women and between the exercise groups (P>0.05). In three intensities, there were significant differences in the indicators of body composition and VO2max compared to the before training. Significant differences in the waist to hip ratio and bodymass index between the high intensity and control group, in the body fat percentage index between three exercise intensities with control group and inVO2max between high intensity and three other groups and between the moderate intensity and control group was observed.

Despite the lack of change in serum myostatin after12 weeks of interval training with three different intensities, there were favorable changes in the body composition and VO2max indices with the superiority of the high intensity group compared to other training groups. Therefore,this training intensity can be used to improve the body composition and increase theVO2max of obese and overweight inactive women.

Zinc oxide nanomaterials are non-toxic, environmentally friendly, biodegradable, low-cost and easily available. This nanomaterial has special physical, chemical, optical and electrical properties. It also has various synthesis methods that can modify the produced nanoparticles with organic, polymeric and metallic materials according to the required application and purpose and improve their properties and compatibility and use them for various applications including medicine and engineering. In addition, it has different structures or shapes on the nano scale and they can be produced in one, two or three dimensions in nano form. All these features have made these nanomaterials to be used in improving the properties of various materials and applications such as plastic and rubber materials, food and health, pharmaceutical and medical, paint, construction and many other applications. Therefore, this article briefly talks about the engineering or non-engineering applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles, such as applications in polymer industries, paper, sensors, making catalysts, absorbing heavy metals and oil industry.

Autophagy is a protected lysosome-dependent cellular degradation process that helps maintain homeostasis and metabolic adaptation of the cell. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of moderate intensity continuous training on the expression of C/EBPβ and mTOR genes related to autophagy in the frontal cortex of methamphetamine-dependent rats.

Thirty two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four equal groups (n=8) of saline, primary methamphetamine, secondary methamphetamine, and methamphetamine-training. Methamphetamine was injected in the amount of five mg/kg for 21 days. The exhausted endurance test and the average maximum speed of the rats were calculated in order to design the training program as it included 24 minutes of running with an intensity of 60-65% of the maximum speed on the treadmill for eight weeks (five sessions per week). At the end, to evaluate gene expression changes, C/EBPβ-mTOR indices were extracted from the frontal cortex tissue of the rats. The results were extracted using one-way analysis of variance at a significance level of p≤0.05.

Methamphetamine injection in the primary and secondary methamphetamine groups  indicated a significant increase in C/EBPβ gene expression compared to the saline group (p=0.001 and p=0.005, respectively), but in the group early methamphetamine  showed a significant decrease in mTOR gene expression compared to the saline group (p=0.04). Moreover, moderate intensity continuous training in the methamphetamine-exercise group indicated a significant decrease in C/EBPβ gene expression compared to the primary methamphetamine group (p=0.04), but as compared to the primary and secondary methamphetamine groups showed significantly increased mTOR gene expression.

Methamphetamine injection could probably increases the expression of C/EBPβ autophagic gene in the frontal cortex of the brain; while continuous exercises with moderate intensity, as a preventive strategy, can moderate and regulate autophagy caused by methamphetamine, through increasing mTOR gene expression in the brain.

Academic self-efficacy is one of the important factors that in academic success, so identifying the factors affecting it is very important. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of the Imposter Syndrome in the relationship between academic self-concept and academic self-efficacy. The research design was descriptive and correlational, and the statistical population included all masters and doctoral students of the Islamic Azad University (South Tehran Branch) in the academic year 2021-22. A total of 294 students volunteered to take part in the study and responded to Students' Academic Self-Concept Scale (Reynolds, Ramirez, Magrina, & Allen, 1980); the Impostor Syndrome Scale (Clance, 1985) and the College Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (Owen and Froman, 1988). Correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression based on Baron and Kenny’s method and Sobel’s test were used to analyze the data. Findings of the research showed that there was a significant negative correlation between the Impostor Syndrome with academic self-concept and academic self-efficacy, and a significant positive correlation between academic self-efficacy and academic self-concept. Also regression analysis showed that the Impostor Syndrome had a mediating role in the relationship between academic self-concept and academic self-efficacy. Overall, results of this study suggest that a negative academic self-concept may increase the Imposter syndrome in students, which in turn leads to feelings of academic inadequacy and distrust of academic ability and thus, academic self-efficacy may be weakened.

The concurrent endurance-resistance training is one of the methods to prevent the complications of obesity, including cardiovascular diseases and thyroid dysfunction. This study aims to investigate the effect concurrent endurance-resistance training on thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level, lipid profile, and physical function indicators in overweight and obese women.

In this quasi-experimental study, 30 overweight and obese women (Mean age: 47±3.15 years, BMI: 31.31± 4.68 kg/m2) were randomly divided into two training (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The concurrent training was performed for eight weeks, three sessions per week. The resistance training was performed with the help of the wall or elastic bands at 10-12 reps. The endurance training included running with an intensity of 60-75% HRmax and one-min intervals and skipping rope with intensity of 40-45 jumps per min and one-min intervals. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test.

Concurrent training significantly increased endurance, upper and lower body muscle strength, and high-density lipoprotein level, and reduced BMI (P≤0.05), while body weight, body fat percentage, waist to hip ratio, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and TSH did not show any significant changes (P>0.05). 

Concurrent endurance-resistance training can be effective in improving HDL level and some physical function indicators in obese and overweight women. However, more research is needed in this field.

The rapid process of industrialization and increased use of heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, silver and arsenic in the last two decades has inevitably led to the increase of these metals in environments. The introduction of such compounds through industrial, urban and agricultural sewage, etc., has created conditions that are always considered a threat to human health. Therefore, it is very necessary to remove these pollutants from the point of view of public health and environmental pollution control. Therefore, in this article, the investigation and application of a number of nanometal oxides that are used in the separation of these dangerous substances, as well as the factors affecting the separation process, have been briefly discussed.

Liver enzymes are associated with obesity and various components of metabolic syndrome. The manifestation of this syndrome is accompanied by a high risk of diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of eight weeks of intense and moderate rhythmic exercise on some liver enzymes and functional performance in obese women.

In this semi-experimental study, 30 obese women aged 35 to 45 years who were sedentary were selected using convenience sampling and then randomly allocated into three groups: moderate-intensity rhythmic exercise (n=9), intense rhythmic exercise (n=10), and control (11 participants). One-way ANOVA and paired t-test were used for intra- and intergroup comparisons.

The concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and triglycerides decreased significantly in the intense exercise group and the moderate exercise group. Alanine aminotransferase levels only showed a significant decrease in the intense exercise group (P=0.05). Fat accumulation index was significantly reduced only in the moderate exercise group (P=0.009). Maximum oxygen consumption and flexibility increased significantly in the intense and moderate exercise groups (P=0.001), but agility decreased significantly in both exercise groups at the end of the training period (P=0.001).

Rhythmic exercises with different intensities training can be an effective method to improve liver enzymes and functional indicators in obese women.

Covid-19 is an infectious disease with a very high contagion in the society that its management and control is still considered a challenge for the health systems. Severe respiratory infections with corona various (COVID 19) complications such as hypoxia, lymphopenia, shortness of breath and heart disorders are among the manifestations of this disease. Fatigue, reduced lung function, reduced cardio-respiratory capacity, psychological problems such as depression and stress, reduced quality of life, and movement disorder are some of the permanent post-acute problems of people who have recovered from the corona virus. Due to the novelty of the corona virus, there is not much consistent evidence that rehabilitation training are effective in improving the physical condition, pulmonary and mental function in post-coronavirus patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation training on pulmonary function, arterial oxygen, stress, depression and quality of life in post-covid patients.

Forty two patients (22 men and 20 women) with moderate to severe consequences of the covid-19 disease in the age range of 45-70 years were admitted to comprehensive 8-week outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation programme and divided into two groups of training and control. The trining protocol included eight weeks of aerobic, mental and breathing exercises (three days a week, 80 minutes per session) under the supervision and monitoring of arterial oxygen EKG. Pulmonary function measurement (PFT), Corona Stress Standard Questionnaire (CSS-18), depression intensity (Beck Depression Questionnaire), and quality of life (SF-36 questionnaire) were assessed befor and after the pulmonary rehabilitation program. Independent t-test was used to compare the data between control and training groups.

The oxygen support in patients with pulmonary rehabilitation was significantly reduced (p<0.001). In addition, the level of oxygen saturation in arterial blood (SaO2%) was significantly improved in the pulmonary rehabilitation group compared to the control both at rest, during exercise and physical activity (p<0.001). The pulmonary function indices (FVC, FEV1), and quality of life significantly (p<0.001) improved in rehabilitation group, whereas the level of stress (p<0.05) and depression (p<0.01) showed significant decreases compared to the control group.

Considering the multifaceted involvement of corona disease and its numerous complications, it seems that compehensive pulmonary rehabilitation training could be effective in post-covid patients through improving the performance, oxygenation of the pulmonary system, and quality of life, as well as reducing the stress and depression which total improve the functional and cognitive abilities.

Considering that diabetic patients have low physical fitness and are prone to cardiovascular diseases, there is a need to conduct studies for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. The present study investigates the effect of concurrent training (CT) on some cardiovascular risk factors, serum estradiol, and physical fitness indicators in overweight women with type 2 diabetes. 

The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. A total of 30 women with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into CT and control (CON) groups. Concurrent training was performed for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. The CT program included resistance training with elastic bands, running with an intensity of 70%-85% of the maximum heart rate, and skipping rope training with 40-45 jumps per minute. Forty-eight hours before and after the intervention, blood samples were collected from all participants in a fasting state to evaluate serum glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol levels, and estradiol. The VO2 max and upper body and lower body strength indicators were also assessed in all participants. The data was analyzed using the statistical method of ANOVA with repeated measures. 

The results showed a significant increase in VO2 max, serum estradiol, upper and lower body muscle strength, and a significant decrease in serum triglyceride and glucose in the CT group compared to the CON group (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed in low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein ratio and total cholesterol (P>0.05). 

Eight weeks of concurrent training can improve physical fitness indicators and some cardiovascular risk factors in overweight women with type 2 diabetes.

Aging is a universal, inherent, progressive and damaging process that is related to systemic inflammation. mir146a is a negative regulator of inflammation whose levels have been shown to decrease with age. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of intense intermittent exercise on the expression of mir146a, blood sugar, insulin and insulin resistance in the hippocampus of aged male rats.

In this study, 20 Wistar male rats aged 18-21 months with an average weight of 280±20 grams were selected. Then they were randomly divided into 2 groups, 1: HIIT training (10 rats) 2: control (10 rats). The training group trained 5 days a week according to the intense interval training program for 8 weeks. did sports. The expression levels of mir146a, blood sugar, insulin and insulin resistance were measured. In data analysis, independent t-test was used and the data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism version 8 software at a significance level of P <0.05

The results showed that eight weeks of intense intermittent training increased the expression of miR146a in the training group compared to the control group (p<001). The level of blood sugar, insulin and insulin resistance in the exercise group had a significant decrease compared to the control (p<001).

It seems that eight weeks of HIIT training can prevent hippocampal atrophy by increasing the expression of mir146a. Probably, HIIT exercises can be a suitable non-therapeutic mechanism for elderly people to prevent or cognitive complications

The use of methamphetamine (METH) can cause neurotoxicity. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training on tissue changes and gene expression of neurodegeneration indicators in the hippocampal tissue of methamphetamine-dependent rats.

In this experimental research, 32 male rats were divided into four equal groups of saline, primary methamphetamine (METH-1), methamphetamine+training (METH+HIT) and secondary methamphetamine (METH-2). METH was injected at the dose of 5 mg/kg body weight for 21 days. The exercise program (5 sessions per week) included interval training (4 sets of 2 minutes with high intensity and 2 to 4 minutes of active rest between sets) on a treadmill. At the end of the injection and training period, the hippocampus tissue of the rats was extracted to evaluate the pathological changes and gene expression of related indicators. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test at the significance level of (P≥0.05) by GraphPad software.

The results of gene expression in the hippocampal tissue showed that along with METH injection, the expression of α-syn, GSK-3β, CDK5, APP, Tau and p-Tau indicators increased significantly;  nevertheless the exercises (HIT) decreased the expression of the genes of the current research. Pathological studies showed that METH injection caused a significant increase in the destruction of neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, and performing intense intermittent exercise had significantly reduced the destruction of neurons.

Methamphetamine has caused intoxication and neurodegeneration, and HIT training has been able to improve these conditions to some extent. More research is needed in this field to reach general conclusions.

Methamphetamine abuse causes tachycardia, tachypnea (hyperventilation), high blood pressure, rupture of heart vessels, and an increase of fibrotic tissue in the human heart. This study aimed to investigate the histopathological effects of aerobic training and vitamin E consumption on the heart following the consumption of methamphetamine in male rats.

In this research, 54 adult rats weighing 200-210 g were divided into 6 groups, saline, addicted (sham), addicted+oral paraffin (AP), addicted+supplement (AS), addicted+aerobic training (AAT), addicted+aerobic training+supplement (AATS). After 23 days of methamphetamine injection, moderate-intensity aerobic training was performed for 6 weeks and 150 mg/kg of vitamin E was administered by gastric gavage. After this period, the rats were dissected and their hearts were removed. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA methods at P<0.05.

The morphological investigation showed a difference between the two groups of sham and AP with the saline, AS, AAT, and AATS in the space between the endocardium, congestion, and vascular rupture. There was a difference in the hypertrophy of muscle fibers between the sham and AP with the saline, AS, AAT, and AATS in the morphometric investigation.

It can be said that methamphetamine causes pathological hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes and destruction and rupture of blood vessels, and aerobic training along with vitamin E consumption causes physiological cardiac hypertrophy. Regarding the effect of vitamin E alone on the type of cardiac hypertrophy and vascular changes, further studies are needed.

A complex of restricted naïve lymphocytes in conjunction with an age-associated accumulation of senescent T cells and/or thymic involution are major contributors to the immunosenescence, which can be modulated by exercise training. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 10-week endurance training in water on immunosenescence in elderly rats.

16 rats (24 months old) were randomly distributed into control group (n=8) and endurance training (n=8). Endurance training was performed in 4 sessions per week in a container with dimensions of 50x50x100 with water at 30±1ºC. Data were analyzed by independent sample T test with SPSS software version 22 at significance level <0.05.

There was a significant difference between the two training and control groups in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, naïve TCD8+ and lymphocytes, senescent TCD8+, senescent naïve TCD8+ (P=0.01), while significant difference was not observed between thymus weight (P=0.43) and CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio (P=0.29).

The results of this study suggest that endurance training in water is a safe activity for elderly in order to improve the immune system and reduction of senescence-prone T cells.

The nursing profession is associated with difficult and stressful conditions and some psychological consequences. Also, one of the most important health potentials described in theoretical and research bases is the sense of coherence. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of perceived stress on psychological distress and psychological well-being with the mediating role of sense of coherence in nurses.

The present study was a cross-sectional correlational study. The research community included all nurses working in hospitals and medical centers in Tehran. In this study, 200 people were selected by convenience sampling method. The research tools are: Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (1983), Kessler's psychological distress questionnaire (2003), Ryff Psychological well-being scale (1989), Antonovsky’s Sence of Coherence Scale (1993). Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS and AMOS version 23 software were used for data analysis.

The results of the findings show the fit of the desired model. In addition, the obtained results indicate a direct, positive and significant effect between perceived stress and psychological distress (T=5.556; P<0.001; β=0.385). Also, there is a direct, negative and significant effect between perceived stress and psychological well-being (T=3.407; P<0.001; β=0.173). In addition, the sense of coherence played a mediating role in the relationship between perceived stress and psychological distress and psychological well-being.

The results of this study show the importance of the mediating role of sense of coherence in the relationship between perceived stress and psychological distress and psychological well-being. In other words, the sense of coherence acts as a health potential in a stressful work environment; therefore, it is necessary to design interventions based on this component, because it can probably significantly change a person's physical and psychological functions in a stressful work environment.

  Variable resistance training (VRT) is a type of resistance training that helps to improve muscle strength and function through extra resistance such as elastic bands and chains. The comparison of the effect of constant resistance training (CRT) versus VRT on hormonal response has not been fully studied. So, this study investigated the acute and chronic effects of VRT versus CRT on the salivary concentration of testosterone, growth hormone, and cortisol in trained men.

 30 young resistance-trained men were recruited for this study and were randomly assigned to three groups including VRT, CRT, and control. Both training groups performed an exercise protocol with an intensity of 65 to 85% of 1RM for 10 weeks and 3 sets (three sessions per week). The training included the main upper and lower extremity exercises and the rest period between the sets and exercises was 1 and 2-3 minutes respectively.In addition, the VRT  group used 7.5 kg chains as an external variable resistance. Oral saliva samples were collected before and after the first session (acute response) and the last session (chronic response) and then analyzed by ELISA method. Inter-group changes were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test. The significance level was also considered equal to P £ 0.05.

a significant group×time interaction was observed only for the acute response of salivary testosterone (P = 0.003). So, a significant increase was observed in the salivary of testosterone in the VRT compared to CRT (P = 0.001) and control (P = 0.003), although no significant differences were observed for cortisol (P=0.64), growth hormone (P = 0.52)  and testosterone to growth hormone (P = 0.49). Also, no significant group×time interaction was observed for testosterone (P = 0.377), cortisol (P=0.57), testosterone to cortisol ratio (P = 0.91), and growth hormone (P = 0.200) in chronic response (P > 0.05).

The results showed that a session of VRT caused a significant increase in testosterone hormone immediately after exercise, but 10 weeks of VRT or CRT had no significant effect on the levels of testosterone, cortisol, and growth. It seems that if VRT is performed with higher intensity or volume, additional hormonal responses will occur as a result of exercise, and therefore the effectiveness of the exercise will promote.

Studies have reported contradictory results regarding the relationship between serum neurofilament light chain (NFL) and fatigue severity. The aim of our study was to investigate serum NFL and fatigue severity in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) after home-based and outdoor Pilates training.

The study population consisted of 44 women with MS (aged 25 to 40 years) with an expanded disability status scale score of 2-5. The patients were randomly divided into three groups: home-based training (HPT, n=15), outdoor training (OPT, n=15), and a control group (n=14). The training groups performed Pilates exercises for 8 weeks individually at home and under the sun. Blood samples and completed Fatigue Severity Scale forms were taken 48 hours before the first session and after the 8-week intervention.

The results showed that OPT caused a more notable increase in serum vitamin D (32.76±5.13, p<0.001) and a decrease in NFL (15.98±2.26, p <0.001) and FSS score (2.51±0.35, p<0.001) compared with HPT. Also, HPT lowered NFL (18.01±2.28, p<0.001) and FSS score (3.84±0.98, p<0.001) compared with the control group.

Pilates training can reduce NFL levels and FSS scores in women with MS. In addition, OPT is more effective than HPT in reducing NFL and FSS and increasing vitamin D levels.

Methamphetamine (METH) is a stimulant drug that causes memory and learning disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of interval training on APP gene expression in hippocampal tissue and open field test in methamphetamine-dependent rats.

In this experimental research, 32 rats were assigned to four equal groups of saline, primary methamphetamine (METH-1), methamphetamine+training (METH+MIT), and secondary methamphetamine (METH-2). The METH was injected at the dose of 5 mg/kg body weight for 21 days. The exercise program (5 sessions per week) included interval training (4 sets of 4 minutes with moderate intensity and 2 minutes of active rest between sets) on a treadmill. At the end of the injection and training period, the hippocampus tissue of the rats was extracted to evaluate gene expression changes. An open-field behavioral test was also conducted. The data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA at the significance level of P≥0.05.

Methamphetamine significantly increased APP gene expression in METH-1,2 groups compared to saline (respectively; P≥0.007 and P≥0.005). The total distance and movement speed of rats in METH-1 and 2 groups had a significant decrease compared to saline (respectively, P≥0.004 and P≥0.026). The MIT led to a significant reduction of APP compared to METH-1,2 groups (respectively, P≥0.041 and P≥0.028). Movement speed in the MIT group increased significantly compared to the METH-1 group (P≥0.008).

Methamphetamine reduced cognitive performance (learning and memory), and according to the results, MIT probably improved cognitive performance. Nonetheless, further studies are necessary to reach definitive conclusions.

MicroRNAs have been reported as potentially valuable biomarkers for various ‎diseases, including diabetes, heart diseases, neurological diseases, and age-related diseases. The ‎present study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of intense intermittent exercise on the ‎expression of mir146a, blood sugar, insulin, and insulin resistance in the hippocampus of aged diabetic male rats.

This study was performed on 40 male Wistar rats aged 18-21 months with an average weight of ‎‎280±20 g. After becoming diabetic through streptozotocin solution, they were ‎randomly divided into 4 groups, including 1) healthy high-intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise, 2) healthy control, 3) diabetic HIIT exercise, and 4) diabetic control. It should be mentioned that each group included 10 rats. The exercise groups exercised 5 days a week ‎according to the HIIT programs for 8 weeks. The collected data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism software (version 8) at a significance level of P<0.05.

The results showed that 8 weeks of HIIT exercise increased the ‎expression of mir146a in both of the exercise groups, compared to the diabetic control ‎group (P<0.001). Moreover, the blood sugar, insulin, and insulin resistance levels significantly decreased in the diabetic exercise, healthy HIIT exercise, ‎‎and healthy control ‎groups, compared to the diabetic control group (P<0.001).‎

It can be concluded that 8 weeks of HIIT training, which increased the expression of mir146a, can reduce neuronal destruction in the hippocampus region. Moreover, it can be used as a suitable non-therapeutic mechanism for diabetics to prevent or reduce damage in this brain region that is related to cognitive abilities.

Myelin-producing oligodendrocytes play an important role in supporting neuronal function in the mammalian nervous system. The formation of myelogenous oligodendrocytes from the ancestral oligodendrocyte cells requires the activity of a group of transcriptional regulators that are essential for the synthesis of myelin components. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of moderate intensity continuous training (MCT) on myelin-based protein (MBP) and myelin proteolipid (PLP) indices associated with myelination in the frontal cortex of rats.

16 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two equal groups of control and continuous training. The exercise program consisted of 24 minutes of continuous running on a treadmill for 8 weeks (5 sessions per week). At the end of the training period, the forehead cortex of rats was extracted to evaluate changes in gene expression. Data were analyzed using statistical methods of analysis of covariance and Mann-Whitney at a significant level (α≤0.05).

The results showed that continuous training significantly increased the expression of MBP and PLP genes in comparison with the control group.

It can be said that continuous moderate intensity training can be useful in accelerating the myelination process in the cerebral cortex and can be considered as a non-invasive method in this field.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which muscle weakness and fatigue reduce the quality of life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two types of Pilates exercises at home and outdoors on fatigue and quality of life in MS patients.

Among the women, 44 women with MS were randomly selected and divided into three groups: home-based training, out-door training and control group. The exercise groups performed Pilates exercises for 8 weeks individually (via DVD) at home and under the sun exposure between 8 and 10 am, but the control group did not do any exercise during this time. Fatigue severity, quality of life and vitamin D levels of patients were measured before and after exercise and data were analyzed using covariance statistical method.

The results showed that after eight weeks of training, there was a significant difference between the indicators of fatigue, quality of life and vitamin D serum in women with MS in all three groups (P≤0.05). The results of post-test post hoc test showed that there was a significant difference between the two training groups in all three indices (P≤0.05). Also, eight weeks of outdoor training compared to home training caused a greater increase in serum vitamin D (78.43%). And quality of life (50.26%) and further reduction in the severity of patients' fatigue (41.76%) (P≤0.05).

Pilates training is recommended for people with MS due to its low cost, availability, and significant effects on quality of life and vitamin D and fatigue.

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of a period of resistance-power training and vitamin D supplementation on serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentration and physical function in elderly women.

44 elderly women volunteered and were randomly divided into four groups of training + placebo (TP), training + vitamin D (TS), vitamin D (vit D) and placebo (P). The training groups performed a weight training program for 12 weeks (three sessions per week). People in the Vitamin D group took one 50,000 IU vitamin D jelly tablet every two weeks, and the P group took one placebo capsule (rice flour). Blood samples were taken from all subjects before and after the training and measured serum Vitamin D and IGF-1. Physical function indices were also measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25 and R3.5.2 software, and analysis of variance of weighted repeated measures.

Serum vitamin D was significantly increased in TS and vit D groups compared to control group, while it was significantly decreased in TP group (p ≤ 0.05). Training and supplementation interventions had not significant effects on serum IGF-1 (p ≥ 0.05). There was a significant increase between physical function indices in the TS and TP groups compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.05), while there was no significant difference between the two groups.

Performing resistance-power training in the elderly improved the physical function indices; however adding vitamin D supplementation to the trainings did not had a greater effect on physical function.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating disease of the nervous system that causes muscle weakness and impaired physical function, including walking and balance. The aim of this study was to investigate cardiovascular endurance, muscle endurance, upper and lower strength, coordination, balance and vitamin D levels in MS patients after Home-based and Outdoor Pilates training.

44 women with MS were randomly selected and divided into 3 groups: home-based training (HPT), outdoor training (OPT), and a control. The training groups performed 8 weeks of Pilates between 8 and 10 a.m. individually (via DVD) at home or under sunlight, cardiovascular and muscular endurance, upper and lower body strength, balance, coordination, and vitamin D level of the patients were measured before and
after the 8-week training. The data were analyzed using the covariance statistical method 

Eight weeks of HPT and OPT increased cardiovascular and muscular endurance, upper and lower body strength, coordination, and vitamin D level, and improved the balance of patients (P<0.05). The post-hoc analysis revealed that, compared to HPT, OPT caused a greater increase in upper and lower body muscle strength, balance, and vitamin D in patients. However, the changes in cardiovascular and muscular endurance and coordination between OPT and HPT were not statistically significant (P>0.05).

In general, HPT and OPT increase the functional capacity of women with MS, and to be more effective, OPT is recommended due to the reduction of physical complications of the disease.

As a consequence of special properties such as superparamagnetic behavior, low toxicity, biocompatibility, numerous ways of synthesis and surface modification capability with diverse materials, nowadays Iron Oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are widely utilized in a great deal of scientific fields, as well as biomedicine. However, agglomerations formation and broad particle size distribution, beside rapid oxidation are still a challenge of these nano-sized particles. In this regard, several routes of synthesis and many chemicals in order to modify IONPs surface have been proposed so as to enhance their properties and increase their potency. Therefore, in this research based on previous articles and studies, the benefits and the drawbacks of various routes of iron oxide nanoparticles synthesis, surface modification of the produced nanoparticles with different components, the applications of the modified nanoparticles along with the leading challenges are discussed. In addition, suggestions offered by other biomedical researchers and scientists to intensify their performance and their effectiveness in-vitro and in-vivo are stated in the following.

One of the markers that change due to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage and the production of free radicals in the poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP-1) gene, which plays an essential role in inflammation, apoptosis, and necrosis. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training on cardiac PARP-1 gene expression in methamphetaminedependent male rats.

In an experimental study, rats were divided into four groups sham, methamphetamine, methamphetamine-control, and methamphetamine-highintensity interval training, using a simple random technique. First, methamphetamine was injected for 21 days. At the end of this phase, the methamphetamine-highintensity interval training group performed high-intensity interval training for eight weeks and five sessions per week. In the present study, the left ventricular tissue of rats' hearts was used to evaluate the PARP-1 expression gene. Data were analyzed using the GraphPad Prism 8 software at a P < 0.05.

The results showed that 21 days of methamphetamine injection increased the cardiac PARP-1 expression gene in the methamphetamine group compared to the sham group (P= 0.025). Eight weeks of high-intensity interval training did not decrease the expression of this gene in the methamphetamine-high-intensity interval training group compared to methamphetamine (P= 0.974) and methamphetaminecontrol (P= 0.993) groups.

Chronic methamphetamine use has increased the cardiac PARP-1 expression gene in rats. In the treatment field, high-intensity interval training cannot reduce the expression of this gene. Given that little research has been done in this field and the molecular mechanisms involved in this pathway are not well understood, researchers are suggested to do further research in this field.