مقالات رزومه دکتر رضا قراخانلو

Inflammasome complex causes maturation and expansion of caspase-1activity and pro-inflammatory  cytokines including IL-1β. It is also critical for inducing pyroptotic cell death in response to pathogens and endogenous danger signals. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training with high-fat food on the regulation of the inflammasome complex in the adipose tissue of male Wistar rats.

In the present experimental study; 24 male Wistar rats (age: six weeks); were divided into four groups: control (C), exercise (HIIT), high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet+exercise (HFD+HIIT). Diet and exercise interventions started at the same time and continued for 10 weeks. Weight, BMI, serum lipid profile, and also the expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β in visceral adipose tissue were measured. To determine changes between groups, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used, and an independent t-test was used to determine the intensity of the effect size using SPSS27 software (P<0.05).

Significant weight reduction (P=0.009), NLRP3 expression (P=0.001), IL-1β (P=0.001), and LDL and cholesterol levels (P=0.001) in the HFD+HIIT group compared to HFD were seen. Also, a significant increase in HDL and HDL/LDL was observed in the HFD+HIIT group compared to the HFD group (P=0.001).

The exercise training protocol is used in the current study as an effective therapeutic strategy for improving metabolic disorders and inflammatory conditions, which leads to the reduction of inflammation. However, more research is needed to determine other cellular mechanisms of inflammation.

To investigate the effect of Non-Local Muscle Fatigue (NLMF) in functional conditions on force and electromyographic activity of knee muscles in professional footballplayers.

Metodology: 

10 healthy male professional footballer players participated in this study voluntarily. After determining dominant leg,1- maximum repetition (1RM) of both legs calculated, then 1RM, the onset of electrical activity of the vastus medialis obliqus /vastus lateralis (VMO / VL) during jumping and the VMO / VL electrical activity, at the moment of contact with the ground on single leg, before and after the fatigue protocol with the dominant leg (3 sets of 3 minutes bend and open the knee with 25% 1RM and immediately after the third set, jump on one foot for 2 minutes with maximum effort) , Were compared in both legs and dependent t test or Wilcoxon were used to examine the changes.

After the fatigue protocol, 1RM of both legs decreased significantly (P = 0.00), while the onset of VMO / VL did not change significantly in both legs (P = 0.26, P = 0.49) and the ratio of VMO / VL electrical activity at the moment of contact with the ground, significantly decreased in the dominant (trained) leg (P = 0.005), but did not change significantly in the opposite leg (p = 0.22).

NLMF in functional conditions reduced 1RM in the nondominant leg while there is no intervention in the ratio of the onset of activity and the electrical activity of the muscles around the knee.

Collagen 6 is one of the important components of the adipose tissue extracellular matrix, and its deposition is associated with metabolic disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effect of High-intensity Interval Training (HIIT) simultaneously with a high-fat diet on the expression of collagen 6 chain 3 alpha gene (Col6A3) and the amount of its protein product (COL6α3) in subcutaneous adipose tissue, as well as insulin resistance in rats.

Twenty-four adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), HIIT+ND, and HIIT+HFD. The HIIT consisted of eight periods of intense activity at 90% of Maximum Running Capacity (MRC) for 2.5 minutes, with periods of active rest at 50% MRC for 2.5 minutes. Blood samples were collected from the heart 48 hours after the last training session, and the subcutaneous adipose tissue was removed. Serum glucose and insulin levels were measured, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The RT-PCR and ELISA methods were used to measure gene expression and COL6α3 tissue protein levels, respectively. Two-way ANOVA and correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data (P≤0.05).

The combination of HIIT and a high-fat diet caused a significant decrease in COL6α3 gene expression and tissue protein levels (P<0.001) and a 21% decrease in HOMA-IR (P<0.001). A significant positive correlation was observed between gene expression and COL6α3 protein level and HOMA-IR (P<0.001) (r=0.794, r=0.870).  

HIIT, simultaneously with consuming a high-fat diet, prevents the increase of COL6α3 in subcutaneous fat tissue and can have a preventive effect on insulin resistance.

The effect of exercise in reducing fat tissue and fat cell size may be related to TGF-β1 signaling. This study aimed to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) simultaneously with high-fat diet on TGF-β1 gene expression and cell size in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of rats.

In this study, 24 adult male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: ND (normal diet), HFD (high fat diet), HIIT+ND and HIIT+HFT. HIIT consisted of eight bouts of intense activity at 90% of maximum running capacity (MRC) for 2.5 minutes, with active rest periods at 50% of maximum running capacity for 2.5 minutes for 10 weeks. 48 hours after the last training session, blood was taken and subcutaneous fat was removed. qRT-PCR method was used to measure TGF-β1 gene expression and the stereological method was used to determine the size of fat cells. Two-way ANOVA test with a significant level of P < 0.05 was used to analyze the data.

The interaction between HIIT and high-fat diet caused a significant decrease in TGF-β1 gene expression (F=24.99, P<0.001), but it had no significant effect on fat cell size (P=0.780, F=0.07). A positive and significant correlation was observed between TGF-β1 gene expression and fat cell size (r=0.896, P<0.001).

HIIT at the same time with consuming a high-fat diet prevents the increase of TGF-β1 in the subcutaneous fat tissue and may have a preventive effect on the increase in fat cell size.

Exercise activities can act as an endogenous adjuvant, enhancing the efficiency of the host immune response after vaccination. However, the effect of repeated bouts of eccentric endurance exercise on cellular and humoral immune-related responses to the vaccine is unclear. The present study was performed to investigate the activation of type 1 and 2 (Th) helper lymphocytes following three bouts of endurance eccentric exercise as an adjuvant for DNA vaccination. Thirty-six female Balb-c mice (6-8 weeks, body mass mean=18g) were randomly divided into six groups: control, exercise, vaccine, PcDNA, exercise-vaccine and exercise-PcDNA (6 mice in each group). Different groups underwent DNA vaccine and PcDNA injection immediately after the last exercise, all stages of exercise and injections were repeated after 12 days according to the vaccine protocol, and 12 days after the second vaccine injection, spleen samples were collected. On-way variance analysis was used for statistical analysis and P<0.05 considered for significance. According to the results of the study, the ratio of Th1/Th2 after antigen stimulation was significantly different between the control group with vaccine and exercise-PcDNA (P <0.05). Also, the exercise-vaccine group was significantly different from all research groups (P <0.05). The results of the present study confirm the increase in the Th1/Th2 cell ratio following repeated bouts of eccentric endurance exercise. Stimulation of muscle damage through exercise before DNA vaccination may have been effective in invoking innate immune system cells and effectively stimulating acquired immunity.

To enhance knowledge about the role of regular physical activity on brain structure and function in multiple sclerosis, this study designed to investigate the effect of 6-month home-based exercise on the thalamic pathology and metabolites concentration using magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion and spectroscopy techniques. In this study, 56 people with multiple sclerosis (39 female and 13 male, age: 37.33±9.59 year) were randomly divided into two groups, home-based exercise and control. Intervention include aerobic (3-session per week, 50-75 % heart rate reserve) and resistance (2-session per week, rating of perceived exertion 5-8) exercise. Brain and thalamic volume using magnetic resonance imaging, thalamic metabolites using spectroscopy, and microstructure changes using diffusion technique were assessed before and after the intervention. Results showed that six months of home-based exercise did not have a significant effect on brain, thalamic volume and diffusion parameters including fractional anisotropy, mean penetration, axial penetration and radial penetration (p>0.05). Thalamic metabolites analysis showed that home-based exercise resulted in a significant increase in the ratio of N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate to creatine (p<0.007) and a significant decrease in the ratio of choline to creatine and inositol to creatine (p<0.22 and p<0.002, respectively). Overall, the results provided evidence about the beneficial effects of regular physical activity on thalamic metabolites associated with myelin loss and axonal function in the brain of people with MS using spectroscopy imaging. However, home-based exercise was not associated with change in diffusion parameters as indicators of changes in thalamic microstructures, which may indicate that longer-term intervention is needed.

Decreased physical activity due to sciatic nerve ligation (SNL) cause muscle atrophy. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of decreased physical activity in the form of spinal nerve ligation (SNL) on the expression of muscle atrophy-related genes (TWEAK and Fn14) after resistance, endurance and combined exercises.

Thirty rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1- Control group-SNL (Sham+SNL) (N=7),2- Mixed training group-SNL (Mix+SNL) (N=7), 3- Endurance training group-SNL (TE+SNL) (N=8), and 4- Resistance training group-SNL (LA+SNL) (N=8). Mix+SNL, TE+SNL and LA+SNL groups participated in training program for six weeks. Decreased physical activity was implemented for four weeks. Real time-PCR technique was used to measure gene expression. To determine the difference between research variables, analysis of variance, Tukey's post hoc test were used at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that the gene expression of TWEAK and Fn14 increased by decreased activity. The expression of TWEAK in SNL+La and SNL+Mix groups was significantly lower than Sham+SNL group (P=0.001), and the expression of Fn14 was significantly lower only in the SNL+Mix group compared to the Sham+SNL group (P=0.003). However, there was no significant change in the expression of TWEAK and Fn14 genes in SNL+TE group compared to Sham+SNL group.

These findings show that performing six weeks of resistance or combined training compared to endurance training before reduced activity (SNL), prevents the increase in the gene expression of TWEAK and Fn14. Therefore, the animals that included resistance training in their training program are more resistant to muscle atrophy caused by reduced physical activity than the group that only did endurance training.

Understanding the involved mechanisms in muscle atrophy can help develop new treatment methods for atrophic conditions. Skeletal muscle atrophy via biochemical and transcriptional pathways can increase the expression of some muscle atrophy related genes. The present study aims to assess the effect of reduced physical activity by the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) after a period of resistance, endurance and combined exercises on the expression of MuRF-1 and Atrogin-1 genes in male rats.

In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control+SNL, combined exercise+SNL, endurance exercise+SNL, and resistance training+SNL. The exercises were performed for six weeks. After this period, the protocol of reduced physical activity by the SNL was implemented for four weeks. At the end, soleus muscle was isolated and the expression levels of MuRF-1 and Atrogin-1 genes were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. To examine the gene expression differences between the groups, analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test were used. The significant level was set at 0.05.

The results showed that the expression of MuRF-1 gene in the combined exercise+SNL and resistance training+SNL groups was significantly lower than in the control group (P<0.05). The Atrogin-1 gene expression was significantly reduced only in the combined exercise+SNL group compared to the control group (P<0.05).

It seems that the rats with resistance training are more resistant to SNL-induced atrophy than the group with endurance exercise.

Cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary artery disease, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Accordingly, the present study aimed to compare the effects of continuous and interval aerobic training on brachial artery diameter and endothelial function in coronary artery bypass graft patients.

The present study encompassed 30 male patients meeting the inclusion criteria, who were randomly assigned to three groups (namely continuous training, interval aerobic training, and control groups). The participants took the intervention for eight weeks (three sessions per week) according to the training program for each group. The continuous and interval aerobic groups observed the relevant protocols; however, during the same period, the control group took part in no regular training program.

The results indicated that flow-induced dilation (FMD) significantly increased in the two training groups (namely the continuous training group (P=0.01) and the interval training group (P=0.002)) compared to the control group; however, the difference was not significant (P=0.9). There was no significant difference among the three groups regarding the basal diameter of the brachial artery (P= 0.93). Comparing the secondary diameter of the brachial artery in the three groups indicated that the secondary diameter significantly increased in the two training groups (namely the continuous training group (P=0.044) and the interval training group (P=0.015)) compared to the control group; however, the difference was not significant between the two training groups (P=0.99).

The results showed that interval and continuous training caused positive changes in endothelial function and increased the secondary diameter of the brachial artery. Similar to continuous training, interval training can probably be used as a safe exercise in the cardiac rehabilitation programs developed for coronary artery bypass graft patients.

Considering the impact of HMB supplement on sport performance, the tendency to consume it in order to achieve more efficiency has increased. Accordingly, the present study investigates the impact of a 6-day consumption of HMB-FA supplement on factors that influence hypertrophy and recovery in inactive men. 20 inactive men with a body mass index of 21.5±1 kg/m2 and age of 25.1±4 years were classified into the following two groups: sport with placebo and sport with supplement. The subjects started to consume HMB-FA supplement 6 days before resistance exercises. The muscle biopsy samples were taken from the subjects immediately before and 10 minutes after resistance exercise. Similarly, blood samples were taken immediately before and after as well as 48 after the exercise. The Results of independent t-test indicated that there is a significant increase (p =0.001) between serum levels of testosterone before and immediately after exercise in sport with placebo group in comparison with sport with supplement group. In addition, there is a significant increase (p =0.001) in P70S6K values and a significant decrease (p =0.001) in serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) between sport with supplement group and sport with placebo. Therefore, acute consumption of HMB supplement before resistance exercise can increase P70S6K values as the index of hypertrophy. By the same token, it decreases CK and LDH as the indices of muscle damage

Exercise, with beneficial effects on brain health and cognitive function reduces the destructive effects of some neurological diseases such as Alzheimerchr('39')s. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of four weeks of aerobic exercise on cognitive function and expression of Sirt1, CREB and BDNF genes in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats with Alzheimerchr('39')s disease.

The statistical population included 18 male Wistar rats from the Pasteur Institute. Rats were randomly divided into three groups including Alzheimerchr('39')s group, Alzheimerchr('39')s disease-exercise group and a healthy control group. Alzheimerchr('39')s disease group was induced by injecting Aβ42 into the hippocampus. Seven days after surgery, the rats performed the aerobic exercise for four weeks (five sessions per week at a speed of 10-15 m/min). They underwent behavioral tests 48 hours after the last training session. Twenty four hours later, rat hippocampal tissue was extracted. Sirt1, CREB and BDNF mRNAs were measured using Real time-PCR.

Learning and spatial memory performance decreased in rats of Alzheimerchr('39')s disease group compared to a healthy control group (p˂0.001). Decreased mRNA expression of Sirt1, CREB and BDNF genes was observed in the hippocampal tissue of Alzheimerchr('39')s disease group compared with the healthy control group (p˂0.001). Alzheimerchr('39')s rats with intermittent aerobic exercise had improved learning function, spatial memory and increased mRNA expression levels of Sirt1, CREB and BDNF genes in comparison with Alzheimerchr('39')s disease group (p˂0.001).

Periodic aerobic exercise in rats with Alzheimerchr('39')s disease can improve spatial learning and memory by positively regulating the Sirt1/ CREB/ BDNF signaling pathway in hippocampal tissue.

The purpose of this study was to investigate on the effect of continuous and interval cardiac rehabilitation training on functional capacity homocysteine and Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in Coronary artery bypass surgery patient.

According to the aim of the study, 30 patients with inclusion criteria were selected and divided into three groups: continuous and interval training and control group. Individuals were trained for 8 weeks according to their special program. Before and after training protocol, blood sampling was used to measure homocysteine and ANP and functional capacity was assessed. To analyze the data, mixed design analysis of variance was used and when differences was significant Bonferroni post hoc test was used to determine the place of difference. All statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS software version 20.

Serum homocysteine decreased significantly after 8 weeks of training in both experimental groups, this decline was higher in interval training group than continuous training group (p <0.05). The intervention of continuous and interval exercises significantly reduced the level of serum ANP and improved functional capacity in experimental groups, which interval group experienced more improvement of functional capacity than continuation training group (p <0.05).

In this study, it was observed that interval training could increase functional capacity and cause to decrease the inflammatory factors, thereby preventing further complications in these patients like heart attacks.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and amyloid peptides playing a central role in its pathogenesis. Recently, regular exercise has been considered as one of the most important non-pharmacological mechanisms to contrast with AD. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks exercise on mRNA of GDNF in rat’s hippocampus with AD induced by Aβ1-42 injection.

56 male rats with mean±SD weight of 195±20 g were randomly divided Into four groups: training group, Aβ-42 induction + training group, Aβ-42 induction group and control group. injection of Aβ1-42 into the hippocampus was performed. Seven days after surgery, rats of each groups were either sacrificed or subjected to behavioral testing, randomly. Real-Time PCR were used for investigation of mRNA GDNF.

there is a significant difference between the groups. Gene expression level in training group was higher and in the Aβ-42 induction group was lower (p < 0.001). Moreover, spatial learning and memory were significantly better in the exercise + AD than AD group (p < 0.01).

It seems that 4 weeks of exercise could improve spatial memory and learning. Moreover, aerobic exercise could increase the level of neurotrophic factors gene expression specially GDNF in rat’s hippocampus.

Soccer is a complicated team sport in which performance, depends on physiological capabilities. Determining and addressing influential genetic factors can help an effective selecting process and guiding talented athletes and personalizing their exercises. This study aims to assess the potential importance of polymorphism of ACTN3, MCT1, PPARGC1A, ACSL1 and PPARA genes in professional soccer players in Iranian Pro League.

In this research, 30 professional players of a soccer team in Iranian Pro League were studied. The control group includes 100 non-athlete men whose genomic DNA were extracted from their saliva. Genotype detection using PCR-RFLP method was conducted to identifying polymorphism in ACTM3, PPARGC1A, genes. Frequency of these two polymorphisms among soccer players and control group was determined by statistical test Chi Squared (χ2).

Our statistical analysis show a significant difference in XX genotypic frequency in ACTN3 gene polymorphism between soccer players and control group (P = 0.022). Whereas, RR genotypic frequency show no significance difference between soccer players and control group (P = 0.058). Also, it was found that GG genotypic frequency in PPARGC1A gene polymorphism is statistically significant (P = 0.023). (In all genotypes P > 0.05).

The results showed that the rs8192678 polymorphism of PPARGC1A gene, can probably be a genetic marker for detecting and discovering talented people in the Iranian populations. In addition, regarding to the literatures, polymorph of ACTN3, individually or in combination, can be considered as a marker gene in soccer.

Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder in attention, impulse control, restlessness, and behavioral management. It is the result of major sensory, motor, or emotional neurological disorders and is one of the most common disorders. Neurobehavioral disorders in elementary school children have affected a large number of children in the world. This disorder is caused by the cessation of brain growth in the development of the central nerve. The most structural differences in these patients are in the prefrontal cortex, which is an area affecting executive functions. Executive functions are defined as the set of superior cognitive abilities that drive other cognitive activities and are the executive director of brain processing. This set includes components such as planning, flexibility, self-control, response inhibition and attention (including its selective aspect). Among these, selective attention refers to the process of rapid selection of more relevant stimuli than less relevant stimuli and also inhibition of irrelevant stimuli. Researchers believe that attention deficit disorder is the biggest problem for these children, and for this reason, parents and teachers complain that these children do not listen to other people's statements, do not concentrate, leave things unfinished, and are easily distracted. In general, selective attention has two main functions, which include the ability to change attention and search for connections and dependencies. This issue can play a decisive role in completing homework and learning process. The Stroop test is a common neuropsychological method used to assess executive functions, selective attention, and concentration. A variety of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments are used to treat and reduce the symptoms of ADHD, among which pharmacotherapy is used as the first line of treatment for this disease. However, experts seek alternative therapies for three main reasons: side effects, the short-term effect of the drug on the user, and its focus only on the child's behavioral symptoms. Among the treatments that are used to treat this disorder, we can mention physical activity. However, due to the limitations of participating in physical activity, the study of the effect of training methods on the intensity, duration and different qualities of these patients has received more attention than researchers; The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of two acute physical activity protocols with different training qualities on the selective attention of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder.

This research is quasi-experimental, is among the applied research and in it a pre-test-post-test design with a control group has been used. The statistical population of the study included all children aged 8 to 12 years with ADHD referred to Atieh Derakhshan Mental Psychology Clinic in Tehran. In order to select a sample from the statistical population and to diagnose the disorder in children referred, the Connors parent questionnaire and clinical interview were used. Finally, 24 children with combined ADHD were selected in a targeted and available manner that met the required conditions and were randomly divided into three groups of intense interval activity, cognitive physical activity and control group (8 each). Researcher-designed physical activity protocols were designed for both intense interval activity and cognitive physical activity and were first piloted on a smaller scale. In order to equalize the intensity of activities and control the conditions, the two factors of maximum heart rate and RPE were monitored and examined. Intensity for both activities was considered to be 90-80% of the maximum heart rate. Each protocol included a 15-minute program including 5 minutes of warm-up, 5 minutes of activity, and 5 minutes of cooling. Intense interval activity consisted of 5 exercise blocks and cognitive physical activity consisted of three exercise commands. The data were analyzed by dependent t-test to examine within-group changes and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was analyzed by SPSS 20 software to examine the differences between groups. Significance level was considered as less than 0.05.

The results showed a significant decrease in reaction time (P = 0.010) and error (P = 0.002) subtests in the intense interval activity group, which is the result of significant effect of this activity on selective attention in children with ADHD. But there was no significant difference in the groups of cognitive physical activity (P = 0.058) and control (P = 0.019). Also, a significant decrease in the time of interference was observed in the group of cognitive physical activity (P = 0.010), which also indicates the effect of this activity on facilitating the performance of these children. Regarding this subtest, no significant difference was observed in the groups of intense interval activity (P = 0.159) and control (P = 0.743). In the intergroup comparison, the results did not show a significant difference between the subtests in the research groups.

Overall, it was shown that participation in acute and short-term physical activity protocols compared to control conditions can have beneficial results on selective attention in children with ADHD, and it was also shown that physical activity in Quality of training and cognitive load are not the same, can also have different effects and results for these patients. If participation in intense interval activity with more emphasis on improving the selective attention factor and cognitive physical activity was associated with facilitating performance, these protocols can be considered as short-term activities before the child participates in the learning process; Of course, generalization of these results requires further studies in this area

Female athletes are more likely to have knee ligament injuries than men due to less coactivation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 4 weeks of plyometric training on the coactivation level of the lower limb muscles of active girls in different phases of drop jump. 20 female physical education students (mean age: 21.8±0.63 years, height: 1.64± 0.05 m, weight: 56.98± 9.26 kg) were randomly divided into two groups: experimental plyometrics (n=10) and control (n=10). The experimental group performed plyometric training twice a week for four consecutive weeks. In pretest and posttest, surface electromyography was performed on tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, biceps femoris and rectus femoris. The coactivation level of dominant thigh and shin muscles was calculated during 3 phases of drop jump from 20 cm height. Analysis of covariance was used to investigate the effect of training at the significance level of P≤0.05. The results of univariate analysis of covariance with controlling the pretest effect showed no significant differences between experimental and control groups in posttest coactivation of thigh and shin muscles in phase 2 (pre-activity, P=0.14 and P=0.07), phase 3 (contact, P=0.41 and P=0.11) and phase 4 (fly, P=0.65 and P=0.12). In the plyometric group, the coactivation level of thigh and shin muscles showed increasing and decreasing trends respectively. Backward plyometric movements increase the activity level of leg dorsal muscles and help the ACL stability.

One the major reason of the age-related muscular atrophy, Sarcopenia, is neurogenic atrophy. Despite this issue, the effects of some pathway which have probability effect, such as: kind of training methods, especially high interval intensive training, on the main factors of the neurogenic cascades is not yet clear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high interval intensive training period on the expression of the HDAC4, HDAC5, Dch2 and Myogenin gens in the plantaris muscle of the aged male Wistar rats. 28 male Wistar rats randomly assigned in to four groups (N=7, adult control, N=7, adult training, N=7, aged control, N=7, aged training). The training group performed HIT 5 times per week for 6 weeks. 48 hours after the end of the last session of training with control group were anesthetized and sacrificed. Then the plantaris muscle was removed. Real time PCR method was used to determine the gene expression levels of HDAC4, HDAC5, Dch2 and Myogenin. For the statical analyses two-way ANOVA and Tukey were used. The statical significant assumed P≤0.05. The results of this study have been shown that HDAC4, HDAC5 and Myogenin significantly decreased. The amount of the Dch2 increased significantly compared to young control group. According to the results of this study, it seems high interval intensive training suppress the neurogenic atrophy   in the orders adult.

Diabetes causes nerve tissue damage and ultimately death of nerve cells, especially in important areas such as the hippocampus. It seems that exercise training and anti-inflammatory supplements can moderate this condition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic training exercise and L-carnitine consumption on the levels of hippocampus CNTF and CNTFR proteins in diabetic rat.

45 Wistar rats between 250 to 300 gr were randomly divided into six groups, including healthy control groups, sham, diabetic control, diabetes + aerobic exercise, diabetes + L-carnitine supplementation and diabetes + aerobic exercise + L-carnitine supplementation. L-carnitine supplements were divided. Diabetic groups underwent subcutaneous injection of 55 mg / kg STZ. supplementary groups received 100 mg of L-carnitine per day orally. The aerobic exercise program was performed for 6 weeks and 5 days a week. The research variables were measured 24 hours after the last training session by the ELISA technics in the hippocampal tissue. The statistical method of one-way analysis of variance and Toki post –hoc test were used to analyze the data.

The present study showed an significant increase in CNTF and CNTFR protein levels of hippocampal tissue after aerobic exercise and L-carnitine consumption (P = 0.001), which greater effect found in combination manner.

Due to the effect of aerobic exercise and L-carnitine supplementation alone and in interaction with each other on hippocampal tissue, the use of this method can be considered as maintaining neural tissue in diabetes.

Individuals ability are different for achieving to success in sports disciplines and most of this differences are related to genetic factors. Finding genetic structures that effect on athletic performance is an important step in developing methods related to talent identification. Judo athletes for being successes in this discipline need to high levels of strength and power. The previous investigations revealed the insulin-like growth factor (IGF2) is associated with body mass index, fat-free mass, hand grip strength and leg strength.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible association between ApaI IGF2 and judo status. The athlete group includes 40 elite judo athletes who had medals in Asian and World championship and control group comprised of 120 health non-athletes men.

DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood using a non-enzymatic method and Genotyping was conducted by PCR method for identifying the IGF2 ApaI polymorphism. The distribution frequency of this polymorphism was determined by chi-square analysis.

There were no significant differences in genotype and allele frequency of the judo athletes compared with control.

The result of the present study revealed IGF2 ApaI polymorphism due to the influence of judo discipline from different factors and no relying completely on a single factor (such as strength or endurance) may have no effect in judo status in elite Iranian judo athletes.

Karate is considered as one of the most intense and challenging exercise due to its intensity and types of activities. In these activities, the body is inflicted by the number of injuries and its antioxidant capacity is disturbed. Therefore, the present study was aimed at assessing the responses of muscle damage markers, oxidative stress and plasma antioxidant enzymes to the simulated karate activities and supplementation of skullcap plant in the elite karate athletes. Twenty-four eligible elite karate athletes were randomly assigned to two groups, consisting of placebo-activity group (n=12) and skullcap-activity group (n=12). The considered activities were based on the World and European Karate Championships programs. First, blood samples were taken from research groups at the rest and then desired activities were performed by athletes. Next, the second blood sampling was taken, immediately after the activity and after that, the subjects in placebo and skullcap groups received 500 mg of placebo and skullcap capsules, respectively. The third blood samples were taken one hour after that and the fourth blood sampling was two hours after taking the supplement. Finally, plasma was removed from the blood and CK, LDH, MDA, GPx, TAC, and SOD indicators were measured.Results showed that the indicators of muscle damage and oxidative stress significantly increased (p < /em> < 0.001) immediately after simulated karate activates and decreased during the recovery period as well, while these changes were higher in supplement group (p < /em> < 0.05). Furthermore, antioxidant indicators have significantly increased after the activities, and this increase was at a higher level (p < /em> < 0.05) throughout the recovery period in the supplement group. The results of the present study showed that skullcap supplementation increased antioxidant indicators in the recovery period and decreased muscle and oxidative damage factors. Therefore, this plant can be recommended as a supplement to reduce damages, stress, and fatigue for karate athletes.

The aim of the present study, the effects of resistance training on gene expression and blocking blood flow signal transfer agent and activator of transcription (STAT3) and muscle-forming factor 5 (Myf5) is non-active young people.

The study population consisted of 20 active non-athletic young men aged 25 ± 5 years who were randomly assigned to two groups of ten eccentric resistance exercise with and without blood flow restriction (BFR). Using isokinetic, eccentric resistance exercise protocol (ECC RET) containing about 70 repetitions eccentric resistance exercise on knee extensor muscles was performed. For occlusion of blood flow using the air pressure gauge with width of 5 cm. The STAT3 and MyF5 measured by immunohistochemistry.

The expression of STAT3 gene in the samples compared to pre-test and post-test BFR group was 3.846 times the amount (p = 0.001) showed a significant difference, and gene expression in samples BFR MyF5 in the group after the test the pre-test was 3.479 times the amount (p = 0.005) showed a significant difference.

The use of eccentric resistance exercise combined with occlusion of blood flow through the increased expression of STAT3 gene and MyF5 can help maintain and improve muscle mass.

The purpose of this study was to develop a strategic plan for monitoring the well-being and physical activity of Iranian students. This research is a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) research and has been conducted in the field. The statistical population of the study consisted of all governmental universities throughout the country and all other experts in the field of student sport and student well-being monitoring. In the quantitative section, the sample consisted of 39 elites and supervisors of university well-being and sport counseling centers. According to the findings, the mission of the student well-being and Physical Activity system is "policy making, planning and implementation of student health monitoring, providing sports counseling and training and improvement programs for well-being development." 'Physical health and quality of life of the country's students and the development of their knowledge and sensitivity to maintaining and promoting well-being' and the vision considered as 'Iranian student: healthy and vitality' and core values including well-being, vitality' Physical activity, fitness, employment and self-sufficiency were considered. In addition, 20 weaknesses, 11 strengths, 12 threats and 15 opportunities were identified. Six major objectives were formulated and five strategies and 21 operational plans were designed to achieve these goals. The program derived from this research can be implemented as an outline and guide framework for the development of the well-being and fitness of Iranian students.