دکتر رضا قانعی قشلاق

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic disorder during pregnancy, which has adverse consequences for both the mother and the baby. Different studies aimed at estimating the prevalence of gestational diabetes in Iran have reported different results. This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to estimate the pooled prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Iran.

PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database (SID), and MagIran databases were searched with the keywords GDM, Meta-Analysis, Iran, and prevalence and their combination between 2001 and 2021. The Persian equivalent of these keywords was used to search in local databases. Data were analyzed using meta-analysis and random-effects model. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the I2 test. Meta-regression was conducted to explore the relationship between the prevalence of GDM, publication year, and the mean age of women. Subgroup analysis was utilized to estimate the prevalence of GDM based on screening methods and regions across the country. Publication bias was evaluated using the Egger test.

The analysis included fifty-one studies with a total sample size of 53,614 people. The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was found to be 10% (95% CI: 8-11). The prevalence based on the one-stage and two-stage methods is 10.8% (with a 95% confidence interval of 12.9-1.5) and 7.5% (with a 95% confidence interval of 5-10), respectively. Between 2001 and 2021, there was a significant increase in the prevalence of GDM (p=0.002). Additionally, as women's age increased, the prevalence of GDM also rose (p=0.05). There was a significant publication bias (p=0.001).

Given the high prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Iran, it is essential to conduct general screening for all pregnant women and implement preventive measures to reduce the prevalence of GDM and its complications. The findings of this study offer healthcare officials valuable insight into the current situation, enabling them to implement necessary interventions based on this information.

Needlestick injuries are amongst the most common occupational injuries in nurses, which are often not reported due to various reasons. This study aimed to determine the frequency of needle stick injuries and the challenges associated with non-reporting among nurses working in emergency departments at teaching hospitals affiliated with the Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in 2023.

In this cross-sectional study, 192 nurses were selected using the convenience sampling method. Data was collected using a checklist of demographic characteristics and a questionnaire regarding needle stick injuries and the challenges of not reporting them. An independent t-test was used to compare quantitative variables in two groups, and a Chi-Square test was used to check the relationship between qualitative variables. Data was analysed using SPSS software ver. 16.0.

The results indicated that 72 nurses (37.5%) had experienced needlestick injuries in the past year. Fingers were the most injured site (70.8%), and needles were the leading causes of injuries (44.4%). In addition, 59.7% of these nurses did not report their needlestick injuries. The main reasons for non-reporting were “no previous use of a needle” (30.4%) and “fear of doing paperwork” (19.6%).

One-third of the nurses experienced a needlestick injury in the past year, and over half did not report it. Considering the potential risks of infection transmission, educational workshops to raise awareness of the consequences of needlesticks are necessary. Additionally, it is crucial to educate officials on the proper protocol to follow in the event of a needlestick injury and to eliminate the culture of silence surrounding such incidents.

Diabetic foot ulcers are among leading causes of disability in diabetic patients, often resulting in amputation and disability. Proper foot care can prevent diabetic foot ulcers. One assessment tool is the Nottingham Assessment of Functional Footcare (NAFF). This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Nottingham Assessment of Functional Footcare.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in the winter of 2023 on 517 patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes who were referred to the diabetes clinics in Bam, Hamadan, and Asadabad cities, Iran. Patients were selected using convenience sampling. The instruments were examined to assess their psychometric properties, including face validity, content validity, construct validity, internal consistency, and stability.

The mean age and duration of diabetes in patients were 50.01±18.14 years and 10.70±9 years, respectively. Most samples were female (54%) and married (80.9%). More than one-third of the patients (36.4%) were taking hypoglycemic tablets. The exploratory factor analysis identified five factors: general foot self-care, foot examination, shoe examination, wound management, and use of appropriate shoes. Together, these factors accounted for 52.381% of the total variance. The internal consistency of all extracted factors was above 0.70, as measured by McDonald's Omega coefficient. The stability reliability of the questionnaire was 0.790 for the whole instrument with a two-week interval.

The Persian version of the Nottingham Assessment of Functional Foot-care tool is a valid and reliable tool for measuring the foot care of diabetic patients. It allows domestic researchers to use this tool along with other available tools to check and measure the concept of diabetic foot self-care based on their facilities and preferences.

The emergence of Covid-19 has many psychological effects on teenagers, one of which is depression, anxiety and stress, and it has brought physical and psychological effects.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of anxiety and depression in students of Sanandaj city during the epidemic of the Covid-19 virus in 1401.

This study was conducted in a cross-sectional descriptive analytical way. The studied population included all middle school students of Sanandaj city in 1401 with a sample size of 270 people and an age range of 13-15 years. DASS-21 questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analyzed using SPSS-24 software.

The results of the study showed that the average scores of depression, anxiety and stress were 14.68 ± 3.39, 14.56 ± 2.99 and 14.74 ± 2.989, respectively. There is a significant relationship between the mean score of depression, anxiety and stress with sleep time, duration of daily activity and body mass index (P<0.05). Also, there is a statistically significant relationship between gender, history of covid-19 in the student and their family, having daily activities and economic status with the average score of depression, anxiety, stress (P>0.05).

The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic causes anxiety, depression and stress in students. This phenomenon is intensified when children are confined at home and do not have outdoor activities. As the spread of covid-19 increases, the level of anxiety, stress and depression also increases. Therefore, increasing public awareness of this disease and providing positive psychological programs can reduce anxiety in society

Performing preventive activities with the active participation of the patient and treatment adhering regimen is the most important behavior related to diabetes that ensures the health of the client and reduces the severity of its complications. The aim of this study was to Evaluation of adherence to treatment regimen in patients with type 2 diabetes referred to Sanandaj diabetes clinic, 2018.

In the present study, 181 patients with diabetes referred to the Sanandaj Diabetes Clinic with inclusion criteria were selected. Study data were collected using a demographic Checklist and a standard treatment adherence questionnaire in chronic patients.  Data analysis was performed using SPSS-16 software at a significance level of P <0.05. Data analysis was performed by descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential tests.

The mean and standard deviation of the overall score of treatment adherence was 116.25±18.90. The mean overall score and score of different dimensions of treatment adherence in patients with abnormal glycosylated hemoglobin was significantly higher than patients with normal glycosylated hemoglobin (P <0.001).

It is necessary to carry out more investigations and provide solutions and more precise planning in order to increase compliance with the treatment of these patients and prevent the occurrence of complications due to non-compliance with the treatment.

Hypertension is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Self-care ability in patients with hypertension can be influenced by various factors, such as health literacy. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between health literacy and self-care ability in patients with hypertension.

This cross-sectional descriptive correlational study employed a convenience sampling method to investigate 120 hypertensive patients referred to medical centers in Sanandaj, Iran, between November 2018 and February 2019. The inclusion criteria included age between 30 and 75 years, diagnosis of hypertension by a specialist, and diagnosis of hypertension at least six months ago. A demographic characteristics checklist and standard hypertension self-care questionnaires (HSCALE) and Adult Health Literacy Assessment (HELIA) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 16 software. A significance level of 0.05 was considered.

The mean and standard deviation of patients' self-care scores and health literacy were 56.1 ± 8.6 and 117 ± 25.2, respectively. There was a positive and significant correlation between the mean scores of self-care and health literacy (r = 0.409, P = 0.001), with health literacy scores increasing in line with a rise in self-care scores.

Considering the observed relationship between health literacy and self-care, it seems necessary to perform educational interventions aimed at promoting the health literacy of patients with hypertension.

Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is a common complication following surgery that in addition to imposing a high cost on the patient and the health system, increases the risk of death. However, most of these infections are preventable, and Nurses, as the medical staff most involved with the patients, play a vital role in this field. The high knowledge of nurses regarding the prevention of surgical infection plays a vital role in identifying people at risk and controlling this situation. This systematic review and meta-analysis study was conducted to assess the status of nurses' knowledge about SSI.

To access related articles, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science/ISI databases were searched with these keywords: surgical wound infection, surgical site infection, postoperative wound infection, knowledge, epistemology, awareness, nurse, and their combination without time limit. Observation studies published in English that reported nurses' knowledge of SSI prevention were analyzed. Cochrane's Q test and I2 index were used to evaluate heterogeneity among selected studies. Data analysis was performed with a random effects model using STATA software version 16.

In the initial search, 204 articles were found, and 12 qualified and entered the analysis. In 6 studies, the standard score of nurses' knowledge about SSI prevention was reported to be 55% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 40-70). Meta-regression findings showed that over time, nurses' knowledge scores had an upward trend (p = 0.019), but with increasing sample size, knowledge scores decreased significantly (p = 0.01). Publication bias was significant (p = 0.01). In other 6 studies, the level of knowledge of nurses was ranked, and the level of knowledge was good and moderate in 51% and low in 49% of nurses.

Nurses have insufficient knowledge about surgical infection prevention, and providing training on using up-to-date guidelines to improve their knowledge seems necessary.

Universities have also used online courses as a tool to establish lifelong learning among students. Lifelong learning has become part of the way of life due to the dynamic nature of modern society. The community's demand for lifelong learning will be supported by the growth of online learning courses. Universities can reduce the cost of education providers by developing distance learning and e-learning programs.

This qualitative study is the conventional content analysis. Medical and nursing students formed the population. Sampling was purposeful and with maximum variability. Data were collected using semi-structured individual interviews. The interview begins with general questions, and deeper questions were gradually posed in line with the research objectives.

After conducting interviews, 324 initial codes were retrieved. The themes and sub-themes are as follows:1) Perceived benefits (strengths and advantages of e-learning, and opportunities of virtual learning program), 2) Perceived weaknesses, (problems and shortcomings of the program in various dimensions, and fundamental threats of the program), and 3) Strategies to overcome obstacles and threats (infrastructure solutions and management solutions).

Considering that virtual education received serious attention with the onset of the COVID-19 epidemic, there are some shortcomings in this regard. Utilizing the results of the benefits and opportunities of virtual education can provide a good platform to improve the quality of this type of education. Besides, by looking at the obstacles and threats extracted in this study, plans can be made to solve the problems and challenges of virtual education.

Intruduction: 

Hesitancy about vaccination has grown, and the World Health Organization now considers it a major threat to global health. Hesitancy about vaccination and not doing it in people who have not been vaccinated yet and those who have a weak immune system and are vulnerable to infection reduce immunity against the disease. This psychometric study was the Persian version of the Covid-19 vaccination Hesitancy scale in Iranian adolescents and children.

This methodological and cross-sectional study was performed using a simple sampling method with a sample size of 1260 people. The instrument used in the study was a questionnaire including demographic questions and a translated vaccination Hesitancy scale (VHS) that was sent to eligible individuals through social media. The completed scale data were analyzed using SPSS-AMOS26 software

Exploratory factor analysis revealed two-factor structures that generally explained 49.73% of the total variance of parents' desire to receive the Covid 19 vaccine in children and adolescents. According to the findings of the Confirmatory factor analysis, all fit indices were appropriate and the model fit was confirmed. The convergent and divergent validity showed that both factors have good convergent and divergent validity. The results of internal consistency showed that Cronbach's alpha and omega McDonald's combined reliability and maximum reliability of the two extracted factors are excellent (> 0.77). In addition, the scale had good reliability values (> 0.3). According to these results, it also had a good internal consistency scale.

The Persian version of the vaccination Hesitancy scale had acceptable construct validity and reliability. It has two factors with 9 items that explain 49.73% of the total variance of vaccination Hesitancy in the parents' desire to get the Covid 19 vaccine in children and adolescents. This scale can be useful for researchers and healthcare providers in identifying and screening parents who are skeptical about vaccinating children and adolescents

Risks and complications caused by long-term exposure to ionizing radiation can reduce job satisfaction in radiologists. Improving the level of knowledge, attitude and performance can be effective in increasing their job satisfaction.  The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the job satisfaction of radiographers and its relationship with knowledge, attitude and performance towards the principles of radiation protection among radiographers in Sanandaj, 2018.

The present study was an analytical cross-sectional study that was conducted on 63 radiologists working in the radiology departments of Sanandaj city. Sampling was done by census. The data was collected by using a demographic characteristics questionnaire, a job satisfaction questionnaire, and a questionnaire to measure the knowledge, attitude and performance of radiographers about the principles of radiation protection in radiographers. Data analysis was done using SPSS-16 software at a significance level of 0.05.

The mean and standard deviation of the job satisfaction score was 82.90±12.50. There was no significant relationship between job satisfaction score with knowledge, attitude and practice. There was a statistically significant relationship between the average practice score and marital status(P=0.02), education(P=0.002) and employment status (P=0.009).

Despite the fact that the job satisfaction of radiation workers is desirable, it is necessary to take steps to maintain and improve the job satisfaction of radiation workers by paying more attention and facilitating the environmental and organizational factors of the workplace. It seems that in order to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and knowledge, attitude and performance parameters, more research with a larger sample size is needed.

Background &

Domestic violence against women is considered a concealed social harm and a clear violation of women’s rights, which harms the mental health of women, families, and society. The present study aimed to investigate domestic violence against women living in Saghez and its related factors.
Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 married women who were referred to the health centers of Saghez. Samples were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were gathered using demographic characteristics and violence against women (domestic violence) questionnaires. Data were analyzed using PASW software with descriptive and inferential statistical tests. The significant level was set at 0.05.

The mean age of the studied women was 30.8 ± 6.65 years. Studied women gained more than half of the total domestic violence score. There was a significant relation between the total score of violence and husband’s educational level (p=0.019), job (p=0.002), and history of illness (p=0.16) and family’s monthly income (p=0.010). Also, a significant positive correlation existed between the couple’s age and the total score of violence and its physical and mental dimensions and also between the duration of the marriage and the total score of violence and its dimensions.

Saghezi women are exposed to physical, mental, financial, and sexual violence. Recognizing the condition of domestic violence against women and its related factors could help design purposive programs for reducing and preventing this problem.

Privacy is a complex phenomenon that has various interpretations within healthcare systems. Understanding and measurement of this concept is essential for care providers. This study aimed to design and test the psychometrics of the hospitalized patient privacy measurement instrument.

The present study is a sequential exploratory study of instrumentation that was conducted in 2018 in three consecutive steps. In the first step, the concept of privacy was defined using hybrid concept analysis. In the second step, items were produced based on the first step findings. In the third step, 300 patients hospitalized in internal and surgical wards of public hospitals in Tehran completed an instrument for census sampling in order to evaluate instrumental psychometric features.

Based on the obtained findings from content analysis, the initial pool of questions included 91 items, which dropped to 74 by eliminating repetitive and overlapping items. After formal and content validation and item analysis, a total of 19 items remained. The overall content index of the instrument was 0.81. The results of exploratory factor analysis including personal privacy, psychosocial privacy, and spiritual-religious privacy were identified as 45.5% of the total variance. Instrument reliability was obtained by using Cronbachchr(chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr('39')39chr('39')))s alpha coefficient of 0.856 and the intra-class correlation of 0.95.

Research findings provide new insight into the patients’ privacy implications and introduce PPI as a simple, valid, and reliable instrument for measuring the privacy of patients in general admissions departments.