اعظم محمودی

The semantic evolution of a word over time is inevitable, indicating a social, political, religious or cultural process. Nurse is one of the words that has a significant presence in Persian literature texts and has been used in many different meanings such as slave, servan, maid, devotee, obedient, patient and preserver. The purpose of this study is to show its semantic evolution by using the views of linguists and reviewing literary texts.

This research is a library study, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method. By referring to some classical texts of Persian language and by studying various articles and books and searching in valid databases, Like Magiran, SID, noormags, civilica, the materials were collected and the information obtained after analysis was presented in a regular format. Search keywords include nurse, Persian literature, meaning.

In this study, the works of poets and writers of Persian literature from the fourth century to the contemporary century (more than 70 works) were examined, based on which it was determined:
Shahnameh is one of the oldest literary texts in which the word nurse can be seen with high frequency. The semantic range of this word expands from the fifth century onwards with the expansion of the field of Persian language and the greater frequency of prose and poetic works. And finds new meanings. It seems that the word nurse was rarely used in the modern sense until today before the eleventh century.

The results of this study indicate a semantic change in the nurse in the classical texts of Persian literature. This semantic change has manifested itself in periods in the form of semantic development and in periods in the form of semantic allocation. Also, based on the findings of this study, it was found that this word has changed from meaning to whole to meaning to part and from general to specific meaning.

The outbreak of coronavirus disease has caused a lot of physical and psychological damage to medical staff, especially nurses, and has reduced their happiness. Therefore, this study was to analyze the mediating role of responsibility in explaining the effect of social intelligence on happiness in nurses of coronavirus wards.

The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical sample of this study included 310 nurses in the coronavirus ward of Isfahan hospitals in 2020 who were selected by the multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using the Social Intelligence Questionnaire of Tet, Responsibility scale, and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. So, the data analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient test and structural equation modeling test using AMOS 26 software.

The direct effect of responsibility (β = 0.52 and P = 0.02) and social intelligence (β = 0.46 and P = 0.02) were significant in estimating nurses' happiness. Also, the indirect effect social intelligence (t-value=2.3) with mediating role of responsibility on nurses' happiness is significant.

Considering the effect of social intelligence and responsibility on nurses' happiness, it seems that strengthening and teaching social intelligence and responsibility in nurses, to Cause increased their happiness and improved their care performance in hospitals.

Compassionate care is considered one of the important elements of patient-centered and oriented care that gives health to the patient. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of designing and explaining the model of compassionate care of nurses based on moral identity and compassion for the lives of others. The present research method was done according to path analysis. The statistical sample included 250 patients with covid-19 and 250 nurses working in the corona department of hospitals in West Azerbaijan province in 2021, which were selected by available sampling method. Rodriguez's compassionate care questionnaire, Black and Reynolds' moral identity questionnaire, and Chang's scale of compassion for others' lives were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using Pearson, Bootstrap and Sobel tests and also through SPSS and Amos software program, version 24. The results showed that the variable of moral identify in interaction with the mediating role of compassion for the lives of others in explaining the compassionate care of nurses. A total of 0. 41 of the variance of compassionate care was explained through model variables. The direct effect of moral identity (0. 47), compassion for the lives of others (0. 36) was observed and it was significant in explaining the compassionate care model. Also, the result showed that the indirect effect of moral identity was found to be significant through the mediation of compassion and also towards the lives of others (2. 96). Considering the variable mediating effect of compassion towards the lives of others in the relationship between moral identity and compassionate care of nurses, it seems that the growth or strengthening of compassion towards the lives of others and moral identity can promote the compassionate care of nurses.

The empathy of nurses with patients, as a moral behavior towards the culture making of organ donation, always has been considered by health sector planners. Therefore, the study of empathy of nurses with patients and their attitude toward organ donation is one of the main goals of nursing education and this study aimed to determine the relationship between nurses' empathy with patients and their attitude toward organ donation in special section of Isfahan province hospitals.

A study of descriptive-sectional with participation of 348 Nurses of special sections in hospitals of Isfahan province in 2018 with the selection of cluster sampling method was carried. For gathering the data, questionnaire of empathy of nurses with patients designed by Jefferson and organ donation attitude questionnaire of Tihana were used.

The mean and standard deviation of empathy of nurses with patients was (39.26 ± 2.37) and the mean and standard deviation nurses' attitude toward organ donation was (50.46 ± 34.6). Also, the relationship between the components of adopting an empathic view (p=0, 002, R=0, 667), giving empathic care (p=0, 000, R=0, 781), self-care instead of being sick (p=0, 000, R=0, 598) and the empathy variable of nurses with patients (p=0, 000, R=0, 663) with Attitude with organ donation were significant. In total, %56 of the variance of nurses' attitudes towards the organ donation was explained by the variables of the research model obtained from the structural equation test.

According to the findings of the study, it seems that education of empathy' nurses with patients can enhance the positive attitude of nurses towards organ donation and eliminate the need for organ transplantation. Also suggested that in subsequent studies, the effect of empathy variable on nurses' attitudes toward organ donation should be investigated intermediacy.

Empathy, Spiritual Intelligence and social responsibility are Factors affecting on expanding the quality of nursing services and can have a basic role on the patient rights. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of empathy and Spiritual Intelligence with nurses Attitude to rights of patients with mediation of Social Responsibility.
This is a descriptive-correlational study carried out with 300 nurses in west Azerbaijan in 2016. Data gathering instruments were: Jefreson empathy scale, Salkovskis responsibility scale, King Spiritual Intelligence scale and Hoshmand and et al rights questionnaire. Descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and Path analysis) were done with spss ans amos-22 was analyzed.
The results showed the direct effect of empathy (p=0.04, r=0.05). Spiritual Intelligence (p=0.04, r=-0.19), responsibility (p=0.001, r=0.62) on nurse’s attitude with the rights of patients were significant. The indirect effect of empathy (0, 05) and Spiritual Intelligence (0, 03) with mediating the forming the model of responsibility were significant. In conclusion, %40 of the variance in nurse’s attitude with the rights of patients was determined using empathy, spiritual intelligence and responsibility.
It seems that empathy, spiritual intelligence and responsibility increases the nurses’ attitude in improving the rights of patients. In order to consider the rights of patients, it is recommended that necessary actions be performed in training empathy, spiritual intelligence and social responsibility among nurses.

The cultural competence, responsibility and ethical beliefs are influential factors in providing quality services by nurses and pay an important role in patient's right. The purpose of this research was to illustarte a predictive model of patient's right based on cultural competence, responsibility and ethical beliefs. The research method was correlational study conducted in 2016 among 300 nurses in west Azerbaijan in 2016, selected by multistage cluster sampling. For gathering the data, the Perng and Watson’s nurses’ cultural competence questionnaire, and the Mergler and Shield responsibility questionnaire as well as the Mahmoudi and et al questionnaire on ethical beliefs and Scale rights of patients were used. The data were analyzed by using Pearson correlational coefficient and bootstrap through SPSS software and amos-22. The results indicated that the model was fitted and has direct effect in cultural competence (0.11), responsibility (0.57) and ethical beliefs (0.24) on nurse’s attitude with the rights of patients were significant. The indirect effects of cultural competence (0.03) and responsibility (0/03) with mediating of forming the model of ethical beliefs were significant. In conclusion, %65 of the variance in nurses’ attitudes to the patient's rights was determined by the variables of this research model. Due to the direct and indirect effects of cultural competence, responsibility and ethical beliefs on the attitudes of nurses towards patient's rights, it is important to increase cultural competence relationship and responsibility with nurses’ attitudes towards patient’s rights by focusing on ethical beliefs.

Moral intelligence and altruism are the most effective factors on human behavior and it can have be the basic role in expanding of patient rights. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between moral intelligence and altruism with nurse's attitude to the rights of patients.
This is a descriptive-correlational study carried out with 200 nurses in western Azerbaijan in 2015. Kiel and Lennik moral intelligence scale, Carlo and et al altruism scale and Hoshmand and et al rights questionnaire have been used for data collection.
The results of this study indicated that there was a positive relationship between nurses attitude of patients’ rights with altruism (r=0.447), subscale honesty (r=0.234), subscale responsibility(r=0.459), subscale forgiveness (r=0.646) and subscale compassion (r=0.518) of moral intelligence. That was significant at p the results indicated the subscales of moral intelligence and altruism variable has have role in explaining nurses attitude of rights of patients. Thus, it seems that the growth of the moral intelligence and altruism increases the nurses’ attitude to the rights of patients.

The present research was intended to study the psychological violence against women based on structural and cultural theories, including the theory of sources and subculture of violence. The ultimate goal was to understand the role of these theories in psychological violence against women. The research was a field study. Survey questionnaires and interviews were implemented to collect data.  The statistical population consisted of all Shirazi married women with one year prolonged marriage. 400 women were randomly selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. The obtained results showed that religiosity, economic income, education and socio-economic status were negatively and significantly correlated with psychological violence and observing the relatives intervention was positively and significantly associated to the psychological violence.

Introduction & Self-care is one of the most important factors in controlling diabetes. Sometimes self-care is not possible due to certain barriers which inhibit the patient’s role in controlling the disease. This study aims to identify the barriers against self-care in diabetic patients and to find their associations with diabetes control. The subjects of our study were 225 patients with type II diabetes who were selected randomly. Data gathering devices were demographic and self-care behavior questionnaires with 34 questions about the barriers of self-care behavior scaling from low(1) to high (5). All cases were tested for HbA1c before entering into the study. The findings of this study showed that there are different barriers against self-care behavior including high costs of care/management, busy lifestyle, depressive effect of the treatment, forgetfulness, unawareness of the self-care programs, having no tendency toward the program, unawareness of blood glucose test interpretation and disbelief in self-care results. Among the mentioned barriers, cost of management/care (r=0.24) and depression (r=0.21) had significant associations with higher HbA1c levels. The result of the study indicates that one of the important factors in successful treatment of diabetic patients is to help them to be active in their self-care. Therefore health care team not only should train them to do self-care properly but also they should guide the patients to remove the barriers to reach the best results.

Diabetes is a kind of chronic conditions which needs a kind of adaptation during all time, thus some behavioral and psychosocial adoptive mechanism should be considered by the patient. Lack of self-control skills and information will lead to poor glysemic control among diabetics. Educational in this context has an important role in patient's well-being. the study aims to describe the concept of self-control as an important educational need in the diabetic patient's mental health. The qualitative content analysis method was employed in the study. Study population including health professionals (3 nurses and 4 physicians) and diabetic patients (n=12) were selected purposefully and were interviewed in-depth. Three main categories including three concepts were identified namely fight with self, internal versus external control, and dominance over self. The findings showed that such patients faced with various and often conflicting alternatives that resulted in experiencing internal breaking and conflict. It was founded that the patient's perception of their power span and whether they have control over disease was an underlying factor to deciding about the health related behavior's alternatives. Such findings emphasized on importance of supporting the diabetic patients in the rout of being responsible about their physical and mental status. Preparing the patients to maintain and expand their control over self is important specifically through developing communication, decision making and self supervising skills.

Diabetes according to its chronic condition and complications caused to reduce the psychosocial adaptation of patients and their mood has been affected by this reason. Investigations showed that fatigue, less irritability, hostility, depression and anxiety are more common in diabetic's patients. Prevalence of depression is three times more in type 2 diabetes versus type 1. Purpose of the study is to evaluate the factors associated with depression in type 2 diabetics’ patients and whether these factors are different with those in non diabetics’ depressive patients. A sample of 227 Diabetics adults and 151 non diabetics were assessed on a random sampling, using Beck's depression scale and self reporting for data gathering. Sample will include subjects if have diagnosed with diabetes, starting treatment from six month prior, and have-not depression. Demographic data and factors affecting depression (age, sex,, duration of diabetes, family size, and ethnicity) will be gathered from a questionnaire. The subjects will be completed questionnaires after their visit in diabetes centre. Non diabetic's peoples were recruited randomly from the clients of the center and completed questionnaires too.Data analysis was completed in stages. Descriptive statistics provided information on all variables. The development of models to explore the interrelationships of the Variables employed forward Fisher statistical test, Kai square and man-Witney test. All analyses were established a priori at P < 0.05 for acceptance. Depression was more common on diabetics (77% vs. 37%). Using fisher test was showed significant differences between two groups. Sever depression is more common in diabetics. women's and patients with less than 40 years old in two groups has more depression but marital status, family size, qualifications, housing status, onset of disease, income and support resources have not any significant relations with the disease. Incidence of Depression in diabetic's patients is two more than in non diabetic's peoples. The factors are the same but sex and age are more dominated.

Diabetes is an important internal disorder with complications such as metabolic abnormalities, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy. .. and vascular disorders. The patient plays the most roles in treatment. So we studied a self ‑ care planning effect on diabetic foot healing in some selected hospitals in Tehran. Methods & Materials: This quasi ‑ experimental study performed on 54 diabetic foot assess in two random groups (30 cases and 24 controls). In 3 months the cases trained how to use self ‑ care planning such as drug ‑ taking, regimen, exercise and ulcer dressing but the control care as usual. HbAlc and ulcer in two groups compared before intervention and in 1,2 and 3 months. The data gathered biweekly. Finding showed no significant difference in imean of HbAlc in both groups before intervention but significant decline in cases 3 month later. The score of ulcer with no significant difference in both groups before intervention but showed significant difference in the treatment and prevention of diabetic complications so it seems necessary and important to teach self ‑ cares planning to diabetic patients.