دکتر علی آقا صفری

Planning is one of the important functions of managers in the organization. This concept has a special place in the management history of Imam Hossein, whose roots should be found in the teachings of the Quran. This research aims to present a Quranic analysis of Imam Hossein's planning using the ijtihad method (inferential analysis). This research will use the library documentation method (note taking in descriptive analytical form) with ijtihad method to collect information. In this research, planning as one of the duties of management will be examined and explained first, then the managerial life of Imam Hussain (peace be upon him) will be expressed in planning, and then the Quranic documents and foundations of that Prophet's life will be examined in the Quran.Planning in the management of Imam Hossein has two aspects of material and spiritual planning. This planning has principles and bases that can be interpreted and analyzed based on the verses of the Qur'an, which started from the thought of the Imam and extends to the field of execution. Another achievement of this research is a new perspective that will be created on the Ashura movement and the Quran, and this approach will be very inspiring and effective for managers.

The army of the Islamic Republic of Iran has changed its approach due to the influence of the discourse of the Islamic revolution and, according to the interpretations of the Imams of the revolution, it has become completely different from the army before the revolution, and it was even described as revolutionary by Imam Khamenei. Therefore, knowing what the Imams of the Revolution, and in other words, the main commanders of the Islamic Revolutionary Forces, have in mind for the employees of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army in their intellectual system, is necessary to build and maintain the Revolutionary Army. Therefore, in this article, using the library method and the tool of scanning and analyzing the content of Imam Khamenei's menu (Zolah Al-Ali), 67 indicators of the revolutionary army in the field of knowledge were extracted and in three dimensions "benefiting from empirical knowledge and skill" ", "Equipped with scientific abilities and working knowledge (specialized field)" and "Seriousness in education and research" were categorized.

Marriage and the preservation of the warm nucleus of the family are divine traditions and the method of the pure heavenly leaders and the essential core of a healthy society. Legal marriage and a healthy family make a healthy society, leading to mutual acceptance and patience, providing a platform for ethical care, affection, mutual respect, trust-building, genuine love, and promoting each other’s growth and flourishing. Divorce, on the other hand, is the opposite point of marriage, which results from discord, strictness, contempt arising from excessive idealism, lack of commitment, moral corruption, spiritual and intellectual wastefulness resulting from emotions and indulgences in transient pleasures, leading to illicit relationships and un-Islamic interactions, violating the sanctity of chastity, and neglecting dignity, honor, and the philosophy of creation and life. Considering the familial and societal damages of divorce, this research aims to explore solutions for reducing divorce through a descriptive-analytical method and utilizing management literature, focusing on the ideological framework of Imam Khamenei, with the objective of achieving exploratory, fundamental, and practical outcomes. By focusing on the internal and external influential factors and elements, solutions are discovered, elucidated, and presented. The most fundamental achievements in the realm of internal factors include rational control of desires, considering appropriate roles for women and men in family and society, and meeting needs and caring for natural differences. The fundamental findings in the realm of environmental influential factors include goal orientation, commitment, peace and reconciliation, and safeguarding sanctities based on justice and dignity preservation.

Organizational behavior is the systematic study aimed at understanding the causes of behaviors, improving predictions, guiding and controlling with the purpose of revealing important realities in relationships and creating changes in undesirable behaviors. The necessity of understanding the influence of the turbulent and dynamic environment on organizational behavior in this age of communications and information, and significant technological advancements, the emergence of transboundary organizations, and complex organizations, as well as the importance of speed as a competitive advantage and improving flexibility, has become clearer than ever. This research, with fundamental and applied objectives, examines the issue from the perspective of the Quran, using a descriptive-analytical-inferential method and content analysis to clarify the viewpoint of Sepahar Vahiani. The findings indicate that in the Quran, not only attention is paid to the influence of the environment on organizational behavior, but also, with a broader view than contemporary management science, its implications are challenged in the areas of human, organization, and environment perspectives, while expanding the scope of this science, it emphasizes particular attention to the active, dynamic, and preventive interaction of human and organizational entities with the environment. The divine revelation emphasizes the role of the environment in perceptions, decision-making, education and learning, identity formation, and organizational culture; however, contrary to systemic and deterministic management, it does not accept human enslavement to the environment and, moreover, does not consider environmental factors limited to factors such as economic, technological, social, cultural, and political, but also raises and considers transcendental and metaphysical factors.

The Quran, as a divine source, contains strategic teachings in all aspects of life. Detractors have always raised doubts, based on prejudice, ignorance, and sometimes a lack of understanding of the verses, in order to silence its light. Recently, Dr. Soha has raised various doubts and objections, including the obstacles to women’s freedom, in a book entitled “Criticism of the Quran” consisting of 23 chapters. The negative and destructive outcomes of this work led the author to critically analyze Dr. Soha’s assumptions about the obstacles to women’s freedom in the Quran using a descriptive-analytical approach with a critical perspective and based on reliable linguistic, contextual, and interpretive sources. The research findings indicate that the raised doubts are based on sensory thoughts accompanied by fallacies, skepticism, defamation, false attributions, distorted proportions, and lack of solid arguments based on scientific and rational methods with the aim of challenging the eternity and authenticity of revelation and undermining its authority. It also became clear that the effort to institutionalize irreligiosity, hostility towards truth, falling into the trap of idealistic perspectives, and reviving humanistic and feminist ideologies in politics are evident. Therefore, this research has portrayed the weaknesses and groundlessness of the perspectives, thoughts, claims, and actions presented in the realm of obstacles to women’s freedom, demonstrating that Dr. Soha has raised such doubts due to the influence of Orientalists such as Gustave Le Bon, David Powers, Margot Badran, Ruth Roded, Owner Giladi, Barbara, Harald Motzki, etc., as well as due to the lack of interconnection between verses and having negative preconceptions and a lack of precise understanding of the reasons and purposes of the verses.

Production planning is one of the most important tasks and strategies of production management, which should be taken as a pioneer in terms of quantity and quality considering the requirements of the competitive market promptly and with the most suitable method in various fields of product production. One of the administrators of the monotheistic system whose comprehensive program is prominently reported in the Quran is Hazrat Yusuf (A.S.). With the design and implementation of a unique production plan, that revelatory leader was aiming for better efficiency of employees, higher quality, more flexibility and improvement of the state of the government and the nation. By taking advantage of the participatory culture, he tried to eliminate the existing damage in the ruling system by institutionalizing the culture of responsibility and in this way the advantages of his plan compared to others in the way of management, organizing affairs, mass production and on time, relying on the level to draw acceptable maintenance quality and supply chain and so on to solve organizational problems and social issues. The present research has discovered and analyzed the production planning of Hazrat Yusuf (A.S.) by relying on revealed data and using the literature of organization and management science and using the content analysis method. The results and findings of the research indicate that the model used by Hazrat Yusuf (A.S.) in a three-stage process, in addition to providing biological needs and social well-being, has brought spiritual excellence and progress in spiritual dimensions, and today it can be considered as the most important in organizational planning, the effective and efficient model.

Contingency management claims that there is nothing as the best universal principle in management. Considering the outcomes of the contingency approach, its epistemology must be analyzed from the perspective of the Quran using the interrogative/ cross-examination [istintaqi] method to express the propositions of the revelatory word in rejecting, confirming, correcting, and completing the epistemology of contingency management as we can eliminate its epistemological shortcomings relying on them. The research findings indicate that epistemology in contingency management is based on objective and sensory knowledge and ignores supernatural causes and factors in explaining natural propositions. The Quran, while pointing to the shortcomings of contingency management, considers the subject of knowing God, human-being, nature, and understanding how they are interdependent, and emphasizes that human-being and the environment affect and influence each other visibly and invisibly, and the,refore human-being must take his/her advantage using networking tools by combining a horizontal view of the relationship between phenomena and a vertical and longitudinal view and their relationship with their creator. The results indicate that the Quran, in addition to reason and empirical findings, emphasizes that the best methods that lead to greater efficiency cannot be presented without revelation.

One of the most challenging issues raised by the Supreme Leader is the negotiation with the United States. He was not optimistic about the negotiations, considering the requirements of the Islamic Ummah, and in many cases stated that negotiations should not be held with US for various reasons, including the non-compliance of the United States with its obligations. Given that negotiation and non-negotiation with the United States have far-reaching implications for Islamic society, it is necessary to discuss the Quranic documentation of the Leader’s opposition in this regard, emphasizing the views of American Orientalists. The present study has analyzed the mentioned issue using descriptive-analytical method and referring to the verses of the Quran and referring to the statements of the Supreme Leader and the views of American Orientalists. The findings suggest that the reason for the Leader’s opposition was that the United States and some of its Orientalists have shown over the years that they are arrogant and do not stand with their commitments. As a result, not-fulfilling promise, distrust, threats to national security, and maximum pressure will be the consequences of unconditional negotiations with such stubborn enemies. The revelatory word also states that Muslims have no right to retreat in the face of such enemies, but must stand up to their extravagance and avoid any dependence on them, and rise up to defend the oppressed in order to intimidate them in all areas.

Anti-arrogance is one of the most important goals of the Islamic Revolution that the Supreme Leader in the field of thought and action has theorized arrogance and expressed its characteristics and presented solutions to deal with the arrogant ones. Given that the fight against oppression is in the human innate and is still one of the most challenging issues in the world today, it is necessary to analyze the Quranic documents of the view of the Supreme Leader. The authors have studied and documented the mentioned issue by referring to the works of the Leader and verses of the Quran and the sayings of the commentators and using a descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that the fight against arrogance is one of the axioms of the Holy Quran and many verses refer to it which show the importance of recognizing the enemy and the ways to deal with it. Numerous verses instruct Muslims to increase their capabilities, because the only way for nations to succeed is to fight against arrogance comprehensively, and the success of this struggle depends on the unity, cohesion and self-sufficiency of Muslims in the areas of cultural independence, scientific, economic, and military and patience. The Supreme Leader has stated in his various speeches and sayings over the years and in the declaration of the second step and has also shown a practical model of fighting against arrogance.

The contingency theory challenging the classical and neo-classical approaches, emphasizes that in each context, managers’ decisions must be evaluated based on a correct understanding of the “situation”; Because this issue has a decisive role in the efficiency and effectiveness of organizational goals. The present research seeks to criticize and review the axiology of this school of thought, which has a fundamental role in the attitudes and shaping of theoretical norms and model of behavioral intention and pattern and tools for measuring the actions, speech, and behavior of others, and its decision-making and operationalization rooted in it to be analyzed by referring to the revelatory word and using the combined method based on exploratory, meta-synthetic and interrogative/ cross-examination [istintaqi] methods. The research findings indicate that the values presented in contingency management in the field of instrumental and ultimate values such as importance to the environment, adoption of multiple styles, group participation, coordination, adaptation, prudence, cohesion and correlation and organizational survival are considered merely material and conventional dimensions, while the Quran emphasizes that in the matter of axiology of beyond-material factors such as occult factors, transcendence, divine nearness and pleasure, prudence and utilitarianism corresponding to worldly and otherworldly interests and cooperation should be considered also. The final result of this research is that the Quran pays attention to the requirements of time, place and environment and the secondary rules have a special place in the geometry of Quranic cognition; But principles, fixed rules, and fundamental values never change under any circumstances, but the subjects can change.