افسانه زرکش

Utilizing passive architectural elements to conserve energy and optimize natural lighting is a common solution in traditional Iranian architecture. Various factors such as building shape and orientation, window positioning, use of local materials, and shading devices are recognized as traditional architectural elements in warm and humid climates. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the efficiency and optimize architectural elements in the warm and humid climate of Bushehr city, focusing on energy consumption control and utilization of natural light.

Firstly, through documentary resources, the residential architectural patterns of Bushehr were identified. Then, using the Rhinoceros software environment and Grasshopper plugin, selected variables were parametrically modeled, and quantitative data analysis was conducted using energy tools and radiation analysis. Finally, optimal patterns were selected using a genetic algorithm, and the final response was presented with an annual performance analysis.

By optimizing passive strategies, UDI could be increased up to 96%, and energy consumption could be reduced up to 174.1 kWh/m2. In hot and humid climates, paying attention to the minimum absorption of sunlight is essential, in addition to the importance of using natural ventilation.

Using passive architectural elements such as the use of Shenashir, the proportions of the room and the window-to-wall ratio increases the performance of the building. The conclusion emphasizes the pivotal role of the contemporization of traditional houses in resolving contemporary architectural challenges, especially high energy consumption and environmental regulation.

The design of plans has changed with the modernization of society; This is an issue that has consensus in all countries of the Islamic world. And according to the opinion of contemporary Syrian architects, there is another assumption that in cities like Homs, this change in plans happened after French colonialism entered Syria; Therefore, it was necessary to prove or reject this assumption by analyzing the plans of houses in different eras.Residential architecture involves spatial relationships that accommodate functions, provide social relationships, and create visual interest. Through openings and walls, architects manipulate the continuity and discontinuity of visual fields in two and three dimensions.Syntax of space, which is the subject of this study, is a scientific or research approach to understanding and evaluating architectural space. The "space syntax" method can expand and develop in many urban problems and can be the foundation of a methodical approach to architectural and urban space. The purpose of this method is to describe the spatial models and display them in the form of graphic forms and thus facilitate the scientific interpretations of the desired spaces.Therefore, the current research aims to identify the features of the historical and contemporary house plans of Homs City and to know the common features and elements of difference between them. And specifically, it can be said that investigating the concept of privacy and its effect on the spatial configuration of traditional and contemporary residential buildings is the main goal of this research.Therefore, the main question of the research is raised as follows: in what way does the spatial configuration of traditional and modern houses in the city of Homs respond to the essential need for privacy? And in the passage of time from the Ottoman era to the present, what changes have been made in the spatial configuration of the houses in the historical city of Homs?

This research has a theoretical approach based on the goal it pursues. The research method is interpretative-comparative; and according to its topic, several traditional and contemporary houses in Homs city have been investigated. And the required information has been collected through the study of documents, library sources, written sources, and maps of houses, in addition to a field survey of the old neighborhood of Homs city. Then, using the Space-Syntax method, the spatial structure of the selected houses has been analyzed and investigated.The sample studied is the houses of the old city of Homs. Considering the variable effect of the plan shape and the number of spaces and the physical shape of the buildings in general, the houses were selected based on the variable shape of the plans over time. And therefore, 12 houses from the old neighborhoods of Homs City were selected as a case study.

In this research, through the method of space arrangement and analysis of space syntax and based on the models resulting from the Depth map software from the analysis of residential buildings in the old neighborhood of Homs city, the plans were placed in the context of three main types of analysis:1- Access and hierarchy of spaces:And this is to measure the access in the spaces of the houses in different periods and its results can be seen in the correlation diagram resulting from the space syntax software.Analyzing the plans of Ottoman period houses, it seems that the central courtyard plays the role of access to different spaces. And it can be said that the courtyards have the highest degree of integration and access to deeper spaces is done through this space. But the houses of the French period were designed in such a way that they don't have a yard, but they have an intermediate space in the house similar to a yard, based on which the role of access to the spaces becomes somewhat similar to traditional houses. In fact, these houses have a space that acts as a distribution space. Contemporary houses that were built after the independence period have different and generally modern designs that do not have a yard or a large space like that, they only have about one corridor. And these buildings reflect great integration between spaces and there is easy access to all spaces.2- Confidentiality:And to check the privacy in houses, the method of visible space (and metric step) has been used. The analysis of the maps shows that assuming the origin of the entrance door of the houses, the rooms of the traditional houses are much longer than the rooms of the contemporary houses compared to the origin point. Also, the analysis of the maps of the French-era houses shows that the visual communication of the rooms is appropriate compared to the entrance.3- Overlapping connection and co-linking (explanation):Based on the findings from the upper table, it can be said that there is a correlation between the two variables of connection and co-connection; It can be said that in traditional houses, the regression line has a slope of approximately 45 degrees, which means that the reading between the amount of connection and co-connection in these houses is very high. And to some extent, it can be seen that the traditional houses left over from the Ottoman era and the houses that were built during the French era have more connections than the houses that were built after independence from colonialism.And based on the examination of the accessibility and hierarchy of spaces, privacy, and clarity, it can be summarized that the contemporary houses, compared to the houses of the previous periods, are both smaller in the area and have lower permeability. And by checking the maps based on the depth map program, it is clear that the spatial depth decreases in new houses compared to historical houses, and the integrity increases on the contrary; this is a big spatial transformation in the spatial arrangement of houses. And it can be said that due to the limitation of space and the removal of the yard from the house plan, in most cases the shared rooms have a role similar to the yard in modern houses, so the modern private space is only protected by closing the doors of the room.

The historical city of Homs is a treasure that is full of traditional houses, buildings that belonged to the Ottoman period, plus houses left over from the French era, and contemporary buildings that were built after independence. In this research, house plans were analyzed.The purpose of the current research is to focus on the spatial communication of houses in different periods, therefore, this research has examined fifteen examples of houses in the city of Homs with the spatial-spatial technique. And as you have seen in the findings of the research, similar spatial organizations can be seen in the shape classifications of the houses of the Ottoman period and the houses of the French period, unlike the houses of the contemporary period. Spatial connections that are not clearly seen in contemporary houses from the special features of the traditional houses of Homs city; In modern houses, bedrooms have little depth, while in traditional houses, they have the highest depth, and this shows low attention to privacy in the spaces and low attention to social relations between the residents of the space and intimacy and comfort.Now, based on the obtained results, it is possible to explain the configuration based on the old plans, and based on that, suitable plans for building residential buildings can be proposed. It should be noted that privacy is not related to the presence of a yard in traditional houses, but it is related to the lack of connection between the spaces in the bed of the houses. Because the buildings left from the French era had good privacy even though they did not have a yard, it can be said that the plans of these houses are a suitable model for building contemporary buildings and these examples should be considered in today's plans.

Since 1970, a major worldwide is energy shortage along with the high consumption of energy in buildings. Architects are attempting to find solutions for managing buildings energy consumption.Facades are borders between interior and exterior of buildings so they play an important role in promoting the quality of life and reducing energy consumption. Proper management of the building facade can reduce the building’s energy demand. In fact interaction with the environment occurs through façade of the building. Today occupants’ comfort can be optimized using kinetic architecture. The parametric nature of facades allows the movement of shading at different hours that can transform by describable codes for computers and movable robots. This causes applying dynamic system for energy optimization consumption in building facade. This research has done by simulation method and data analysis that has used Genetic Algorithm for achieving optimized states.Information collecting methods are included librarian and internet resources and simulation proposed building and exerting different states of shadings and energy consumption measurement and visual comfort indicators. The hypothesis is about movable shadings optimize energy consumption in addition to visual comfort more than fixed shadings. Comparison of movable case with cases without shading shows a 32% reduction in energy consumption and 55% providing interior light.

Iraq has mild winters and hot and dry weather in long summers, that's why cooling has become the most energy-consuming aspect in Iraq, and the amount of energy consumption is increasing. This problem lies in the unwillingness to use the ways of green building, which is done with the aim of reducing the consumption of energy and natural resources. Therefore, this research focuses on one of these strategies, which is the green roof as the best way to save energy. The purpose of the research is to present an example of roof design using green roof technology in an educational building in Wasit city, and to evaluate the thermal behavior of this technology in improving energy consumption.

 This study was done analytically through the Design Builder program to evaluate the effect of green roof on energy consumption of six types of native plants selected for the climate of Wasit. There are many research variables such as plant height, leaf area index, and growth layer height as research variables, through which the improvement in annual energy consumption is measured.

The results of the numerical analysis showed that after comparing the plants, the best thermal performance of the green roof was for two plants with a height of 15 cm and 20 cm with a high leaf area index. It was 4.43 and 5.82 respectively. The best height of the growing layer to improve energy consumption was determined to be 25 cm and 20 cm. Annual energy savings reached 11.7 and 13.49 respectively.

The green roof in the climate of Wasit city is a practical and sustainable solution for energy consumption in hot and dry weather, and one can take advantage of its many advantages in the climate of the mentioned city.

Reuse of heritage buildings is the best strategy to preserve the building. The lack of attention to industrial heritage buildings compared to other heritage buildings has caused their destruction, while due to its huge scale, it can be used appropriately. In addition, these buildings usually do not provide daylight standards for health and productivity. The main goal is to analyze the current state of the daylight and find solutions to reduce glare and optimal use of daylight instead of artificial light.

The case study is the research on the building of the old steam boiler in the Ghaemshahr textile factory complex in Mazandaran province. Building modeling is done with Rhino and Grasshopper, and daylight is simulated in Honeybee and Ladybug plugins based on Radiance. The design parameters of the shading system for horizontal and vertical louvres have been examined in order of the width of the blades, the distance between them and the angle, and the width has been considered for the frame. These parameters are examined by manual optimization method. With scrutinizing and validation, it leads to a better selection of shading system for better productivity.

With the aid of shading systems, it is possible to reduce glare and have enough daylight in the space. Among the shadings, the vertical louvre reports the greatest effect in reducing glare.

The result is presented as a design guideline for industrial heritage buildings in a humid subtropical climate so that the building can be reused with minimal intervention.

One of the challenges facing human beings today is the excessive consumption of fossil fuels, which has led to the depletion of non-renewable energy sources and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as global warming and climate change. This challenge has led to the search for solutions to reduce fossil fuel consumption, such as optimizing and reducing energy consumption and the use of renewable energy. One of the most important areas of energy consumption is man-made in the field of architecture. On the other hand, one of the most important parts of a building that interacts with the outside environment is its outer skin. In this study, the need to pay attention to the outer skin of the building, as one of the most important parts that can manage and control the amount of energy consumption in a building, has been addressed. Its purpose is to achieve appropriate and effective solutions to reduce energy consumption in the building by the adaptive skin. One of the sources of modeling is the study of the process of reaction of living organisms to their external conditions. In this research, general solutions to reduce building consumption in the field of outer skin as well as the convergence of challenges of a building skin and mechanisms in nature for survival are discussed. It can be said that one of the most similar living organisms to adapt behavior to the facade and skin of a building are plants. Because while they do not have much mobility, they have to manage their challenges such as receiving sunlight. By modeling plants, the challenges of using and protecting sunlight in the building can be managed. The method of collecting information and data from libraries and Internet sites and the research method is descriptive-analytical and simulation using simulation software and measuring its efficiency in controlling the entry of sunlight into the inside by climate analysis and light analysis software. By modeling the behavior of a special type of plant called Oxalis oregano and abstracting from it, a concept has been reached whose structural principles have been simulated by GrassHopper plugin in Rhino software 6. This module can be generalized on the facade and can control the amount of sunlight entering the building mass by opening and closing it. Transparent photovoltaic cells (TPV) are used in the body of the module, which in addition to providing energy for opening and closing the modules, does not impede visual vision. Examining the effect of the outer skin on the simulated space, it was found that these skins reduce the total heat load by 28%, reduce cooling load by 56% and the probability of glare from daylight by 23%. By modeling plants due to their static nature and adaptability to their surroundings, a mechanism in the building such as responsive skin can be achieved that control the impact of environmental variables such as sunlight into the building and thus provide visual comfort to residents in the glare of daylight reduced the use of building cooling energy.

The discussion of saving energy and rationalizing its use in buildings is one of the most important issues of the modern era. And with a little look at the ruling life in the past and traditional architectural techniques, we find that the foundations on which itis built depend on the good use of different natural energies by finding architectural solutions to save energy.Today, Syria is going through a major energy crisis after a war that has lasted more than ten years, in which huge vital facilities have been destroyed and the ability to invest in oil and natural gas energy to generate the energy needed to sustain life from gone And due to the lack of electricity produced, it is considered necessary to find alternative solutions for energy supply. And assuming that architects are responsible for the consumption patterns in the design of their buildings, then it is necessary to rethink the designs that are created after the war to reduce energy consumption as much as possible.It is estimated that residential and commercial buildings consume about 40% of the world's total energy. If construction consumption and construction processes are added to this ratio, the share of buildings in energy consumption increases to about 50%. And these buildings are responsible for 45% of the total carbon emissions. And because buildings are one of the biggest sources of energy loss; it is necessary to control and regulate the conditions of the living environment inside the building.Therefore, the current research with the objective of traditional residential architecture and its vocabulary in the old city of Homs, which is built in such a way that it meets human needs and maintains the rationalization of energy consumption. Therefore, the question raised by the research is: How can the architectural vocabulary of historical residential buildings of the city be used in the reconstruction of contemporary architectural buildings?

This research has a theoretical approach based on the goal it pursues. The research method is descriptive-analytical; and the required information has been collected through document studies, library sources, written sources and maps. And the identification and analysis of the residential buildings of Homs city has been done through field visits and analytical observation of the buildings of the investigated city. In addition, in-depth interviews with the residents of the old neighborhoods to know the hidden dimensions of the local elements in the houses, and of course interviews with the knowledgeable and old-timers (the original residents of the neighborhood over 68 years old) who have historical memory and knowledge of the historical developments of the neighborhood. Then the data analysis was done based on the content analysis method.The sample studied is the houses of the old city of Homs. The old city of Homs has historical and traditional buildings from the Mamluk and Ottoman eras and has remained with minimal changes. And contemporary buildings that have been built since the French colonial period and independence until today.

After examining the characteristics of the native housing architecture of the city of Homs as an environmental architecture, in this part of the research, the positive and negative points of these elements are identified and alternative solutions for the negative ones are sought to reach the vocabulary that is used in residential buildings today. New ones are built to be usable in the city of Homs after the war to save energy.As you can see in the picture above, unlike the new areas of Homs, the compact plan of the old city and the shape of the streets, in addition to the existence of some existing buildings that are still in good condition, is one of the architectural strengths of the old city. . And the important point that is brought up is that this situation should not be harmed in new construction works and new buildings should be adapted based on the general shape of the old city.But regarding the features of residential buildings that can be used in new buildings today, a few points can be mentioned in this case:The extension of contemporary buildings is towards east-west to reduce the amount of solar radiation and air penetration from the west, and the roof of the last floor of the building is built in the form of a gable.And today, with the impossibility of building houses that have an internal courtyard, we can replace the courtyard with a balcony, provided that it has certain characteristics to provide the required shade. You can create cooling by using shadows.As for the walls, and given that today it is difficult to build with stone in the traditional way, contemporary methods and modern building materials are likely to be used, taking into account that the outer layer of the wall is rubbed with stone to its overall proportions. The shape of the buildings and in order to reduce the heat transfer, it is recommended to use the air space inside the walls Today, the city of Homs is suffering from a crisis of energy shortage due to the long war, and of course, this is due to the direct dependence on non-renewable energy sources, as well as the difficulty of supplying them due to the high cost of production. Therefore, as a solution to the problem of lack of energy, architects today see an opportunity through post-war reconstruction, creating buildings with low energy and relying on natural energy to create a suitable space and try to reduce heat loss. The main goal of this research is to provide solutions for reusing the vocabulary of native architecture in accordance with the modern era, so that it can benefit the new buildings that are built in the city after the war. As you can see in the results, the most important elements that should be present in new buildings suitable for the climate of Homs city are: controlling air resistance and obtaining the maximum amount of air flow, in addition to providing less heat and creating shade as much as possible. . Also, the use of external walls made of materials with high thermal resistance should be considered, the higher the thermal resistance, the less heat transfer to the architectural space.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different planting plans, especially trees with varying characteristics of branch and leaf structure, height, canopy diameter, and density, leaf shape, and size, and compare the cooling effect under similar conditions to a suitable planting plan for maximum productivity. 

The data collection method in this field and library research and the analysis method used are simulations, and the findings and comparison of results are quantitative and qualitative. Vegetation information of the site in the first stage is harvested, and the current situation is simulated, and its impact is determined. Then two new planting plans with the same amount of greenery in the current situation are designed and manufactured in the environment, and the results are compared.

The simulation results show that group planting mode is completely similar conditions in terms of plant species and the number of trees 0.85 ° C reduces the average air temperature compared to the linear planting mode and the biggest difference is in the average radiant temperature, which is more than 3 (3.18) ° C There is a temperature difference between group planting mode compared to linear planting mode and group planting mode has a lower average radiant temperature.

This study revealed the effect of the group planting plan factor, despite creating a full shade of trees and reducing the shading area of ​​trees, improved the PMV thermal comfort index and improved environmental variables.

Case studies are frequently used in research in the field of architecture and urban studies and according to the research subjects, some cases are evaluated. However, the role of these cases in the research process and how to extract useful data from them are usually vague and no method is specified in this regard. In fact, researchers usually analyze the cases personally and without the scientific method. The lack of systematic method, on the one hand, diminishes the value of scientific research, and on the other hand, increases the possibility to exercise personal opinion of the researcher on the study, so that two researchers may make two different conclusions about a single case.
On the other hand, architectural studies that are going to benefit from past experiences are forced to refer to previous cases and take their positive aspects for further ideas. For this reason, it is essential that proportionate to the research subject, scientifically codified techniques be identified and used in a systematic framework.
To respond a need, i.e. how to formulate rules of juxtaposition with sacred monuments, the present study attempts to propose an approach to formulate criteria for future projects through existing cases. The resource constraints, holistic and non-indigenous laws and documents (international charters and recommendations), conflicting views of experts on the conservation and new structures, and the implications of study on valuable historical monuments indicate that among the available methods, a method that analyses the past cases in a geographic region and extract principles related to that geographic and cultural platform is preferred from all existing methods. The proposed method, "case-based reasoning", based on a structured model, helps the researcher to analyze cases in a specific process and achieve the expected outcomes. This method can be used for similar researches and makes researchers in the field of architecture and urban planning free from the different attitudes toward same cases.