مریم بهمن

Understanding and critically evaluating the views of orientalists on Islamic knowledge is essential for Muslim academic communities. This paper, conducted using a descriptive-analytical method, critiques and reviews the entry “Mawla and Wala,” written by Sebastian Gunther in the Encyclopaedia of the Quran Leiden. Upon examining this entry, it becomes clear that the author, based on his intellectual principles—emphasizing the influence of local cultures on Islamic culture—has taken a good historical approach to the term and discussed its usage in the tribal Arab society before Islam. Positive aspects of the entry include its logical structure, examination of the term “Mawla” in several Quranic verses, consideration of some exegetical sources, and brief mention of meanings like authority, ownership, and guardianship in the Quran. However, significant weaknesses of the entry include the limitation of the term “Mawla” to meanings like dependent, protector, and supported member throughout the article, a biased report on the concept of “Mawla and Wala,” selective approach to the term’s usage in the Quran, failure to highlight the primary meaning of “priority in authority” and “guardianship,” lack of references in various parts of the article, reliance on Sunni sources without using multiple sources, particularly Shia sources, and the omission of the Wilayah verse. These shortcomings have resulted in the article lacking the necessary rigor and depth, and the author failing to fully convey the concept of “Mawla,” and consequently, the principle of Wilayah and its importance in Quranic verses and Shia beliefs.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of oligomenorrhea and anovulation in women referring with infertility. The present study was performed aimed to investigate the effect of combined administration of Onsoli syrup and Samgh capsule on clinical and laboratory symptoms in women with PCOS.

This pilot study is a pre-and post-clinical study without control group which was performed in 2019 on 20 women aged 17-45 years with PCOS complaining of oligomenorrhea in Persian Medicine Clinic of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Samgh capsule and Tonic Onsoli syrup were used for two months. Anthropometric indexes, endometrial thickness, ovarian size, hormonal evaluation, number of menstruation per month, menstrual duration, and volume of menstruation bleeding were evaluated and compared at the beginning and end of the study. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 23) and paired t-test and Wilcoxon test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

There was no significant difference in body mass index, body fat mass, waist to hip ratio, endometrial thickness, left ovarian size, FSH, LH before and after treatment (p>0.05). The size of the right ovary and testosterone levels significantly deceased after treatment (p=0.02). The number of menstruation per month significantly increased from 0.35±0.18 to 0.92±18 (p=0.00). Also, the duration of menstruation significantly decreased from 7.53±2.43 days to 4.05±3.17 days (p=0.00). The volume of mensuration bleeding decreased from 33.40±15.28 ml to 31.07±10.05 ml, which was not significant (p=0.368).

Due to the effectiveness of combined administration of Persian medicine products (Onsoli syrup and Samgh capsule), it seems that the use of these products is effective in controlling of the symptoms of PCOS. It is necessary to conduct future studies with a larger sample size and longer evaluation time.

The authority of “Khabar wahed” in interpretation has always been discussed among scholars of Quranic sciences. Due to the concurrence of the commentators on the authenticity of the narrations of the individuals with definite evidence, there is a difference of opinion among the scholars about the narrations of the authoritative individuals. This article, with a descriptive-comparative method, seeks to answer the question of what is the view of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli and Ayatollah Maaref regarding the authority of using individual narrations in interpretation? Examining the sources, it was found that according to Ayatollah Javadi Amoli; In interpreting practical rulings, in addition to discontinuation, a special quote is also helpful; Therefore, the word of the infallible is valid even in the form of “ Khabar wahed” and without conclusive evidence in practical and sub-issues, but in the field of doctrinal knowledge, suspicion is not valid and should be cut. In the view of Ayatollah Maarefat; The validity of the news of the unit of trust is not only for jurisprudence and religious rules, but also has general validity and has authority in the interpretation of the Qur’an and other cases.

Polycystic ovary syndrome affects 5-10% of women of reproductive age and is characterized by irregular menstruation, hyperandrogenism, and ovarian cysts. Iranian traditional medicine products can be effective in treatment of this syndrome. This study was performed with aim to evaluate the effect of compound honey syrup on the polycystic ovary syndrome induced by estradiol valerate in female rats.

In this experimental study conducted by traditional medicine and matria medica research center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in animal laboratory of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences on female rats in 2017, the compound honey syrup (Ma-ol-asal) (containing honey, cinnamon, ginger, saffron, cardamom, galangal, nutmeg, mace and mastic) was used. Thirty female rats were classified into five groups of cases: negative control, positive control, and three treatment groups (receiving two doses of compound honey syrup (1ml/kg and 2ml/kg) and metformin). Polycystic ovary syndrome was induced by injection of Estradiol valerate. At the end of intervention, the rats were euthanized, hormones were measured, and the ovarian histology was examined. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 24) and Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn-Bonferroni tests. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

At the end of the study, weights of ovaries in the metformin and Ma-ol-asal 2 groups were higher than the untreated group. There was no change in body weight or abdominal fat. There was a significant increase in levels of progesterone in three treatment groups (P=0.002) and significant reduction of estrogen in the metformin group compared to the untreated group (P=0.021). There was significant reduction of number of ovary cysts in Ma-ol-asal 1 group (P=0.001), and significant increase in the number of Corpus luteum, and antral follicles in Ma-ol-asal 1 and 2 groups compared to the untreated group (P=0.010). The number of graph follicles did not differ significantly in the groups (P=0.083).

Compound honey syrup was effective in improving hormonal and histological status in polycystic ovary syndrome as much as metformin and was more effective in some cases.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age. Complementary medicine with a comprehensive and holistic approach in treating the diseases has become more popular in many countries. Since ancient times, leech therapy has been used to treat many diseases in Iranian traditional medicine. The present study was conducted with aim to review Iranian traditional medicine about leech therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome. In this review study, the issues related to polycystic ovary syndrome and leech therapy were studied in Iranian traditional medicine sources such as Qanun, kholasat al-hekmeh, Exir-e-aazam and Mofarrah al-gholub. Then, searching was performed in databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, SID, and Magiran using the keywords such as “leech”, “leech therapy”, “Hirudo medicinalis”, “Hirudins” with “polycystic ovary syndrome”, “uterus”, and “oligoamenorrhea”. The review papers and clinical trial studies were searched in Persian and English languages without any time limitation, and the related materials were extracted and categorized. The symptoms of PCOS such as the enlargement and stiffness of the ovaries and oligoamenorrhea were reported in ITM references entitled as “Ehtebas tams”. Leech therapy is useful in treatment of these patients by reducing the ovarian swelling, causing menstruation, eliminating waste material, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Leech therapy can be used as a complementary treatment in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Leucorrhea that was mentioned as Sayalan-e Rahem in Iranian traditional medicine is of the most common complains of women referring to gynecologic clinics. In Persian medicine, different treatment steps are proposed for these patients that nutritional recommendation is the first step in this regard. This study was performed with aim to summarize and present the nutritional guidelines in Sayalan-e Rahem from various sources so that it can be used to reduce recurrence and the incidence of drug complications.
In this review study, during several meetings of authors and reviewing the most popular sources of traditional Iranian medicine, the topics related to nutritional guidelines in uterine discharge were collected and classified. Also, nutritional recommendations for uterine discharges in different conventional medicine books and the studies in different journals were extracted and then compared.
Based on Iranian Physician's point of view, some types of food have been generally recommended for patients with Sayalan-e Rahem that among them, we can mention astringent (Barberry, Lentils, Sumac and Mung bean( and tonic foods (apple and quince(. Sourness, garlic, onion, turnip, cow meat and flatulent foods have been generally avoided in patients with Sayalan-e Rahem. If Sayalan-e Rahem be due to imbalance of four different humors in the body, appropriate diet will be advised for each distemperament.
Considering lack of enough nutritional recommendation in conventional medicine for patients with leucorrhea, so attention to the mentioned above and performing scientifically evaluations on the effect of recommended food in Sayalan-e Rahem can be effective on enhancing health and life quality of women.

Vaginal discharge is one of the most common complaints in women which is associated with failure to treatment and recurrence in many cases. Multiple previous studies have investigated its treatment in the view of complementary medicine, but its etiology has been fewer considered. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to investigate the pathophysiology of vaginal discharge in the view of ITM and compare it with common medicine.
In this review study, the causes and semiology of "Sayalan-e Rahem" was collected and categorized from ITM manuscripts such as Bouali Sina Qanoun, Aghili Moalejat, Exir Azam, Teb Akbari, …. Also, pathophysiology of leucorrhea was collected from gynecological textbooks such as Novak and Danforth and databases. Then the findings from two perspectives were compared with each other. The common and differentiations were categorized and two viewpoints were explained.
Based on the ITM's view, any discharge from the vagina is called "Sayalan" which could be normal or abnormal. Abnormal sayalan was considered as "Sayalan-e Rahem". The causes of Sayalan-e Rahem is divided into two groups of uterine and extra uterine. Uterine causes include the weakness of "qowwat-ol-ghadhiyah" of the uterine and extra uterine causes include "imtila of any humors" and loos them from the uterus and vaginal discharge. Based on common medicine, leucorrhea can be physiologic and pathologic. Pathologic leucorrhea is known as vaginitis and is divided based on the types of organism that causes infection.
Sayalan in ITM equivalents as leucorrhea in common medicine. Normal Sayalan is also equivalent to physiologic leucorrhea. The causes of pathologic include only infectious factors, while the causes of Sayalan-e Rahem are wider and each of them can be underlying factor for infection and they can also explain the lack of response to treatment and recurrence of vaginitis.

Excessive vaginal discharge is one of the most common complaints of patients referring to gynecologic clinics. Leucorrhea is treated in different ways based on the causal factor, however drug resistance and recurrence often occurs in some cases. Traditional Iranian Medicine has reviewed the etiology and treatment of this disease with a holistic view. This study was performed with aim to compare the treatment methods of leucorrhea and vaginitis from traditional and conventional medicine viewpoints.
Data was collected after reviewing the Iranian traditional medicine textbooks on vaginal discharge, and revising several times in meetings with professional practitioners. The treatment methods of conventional medicine were also reviewed from textbooks and research reports in this field. Finally, an integrated treatment protocol on vaginal discharge was recommended and presented.
There are three main steps in treating vaginal discharge according to the Iranian traditional medicine point of view which includes: purging of body, purging of uterus and strengthening the uterus. It seems that considering this treatment process in the conventional medicine is effective in treatment of non-infection or recurrence leucorrhea resistance to treatment.
With regard to the traditional medicine hypothesis and the limited evidences from traditional medicine clinics on few patients with vaginal discharge, it seems that the use of this protocol is effective on increasing the treatment response rate and also decreasing the recurrence and resistance to treatment. Therefore, performing more clinical studies is suggested to approve this theory and confirm the effectiveness.

Background and Health or disease in Iranian Traditional Medicine is due to balance or imbalance of four Humors in body. Fasd (phlebotomy) is an important treatment that restores this equilibrium. In this technique excretes inappropriate Humours through the gap in the vessel by a sword. On the other hand if this technique disused can lead many complications, thus it is necessary to fully understand its principles and applications in the treatment of various illnesses. The uterus is one of the major organs and place of birth that different disorders may affect it and also its disorder can effects on the other organs, so it is important to treat diseases of this organ. Thus in this study we try to identify Traditional Persian Medicine’s view about fasd in uterine disorders.
Methods and Materials: In this study, the traditional references for example canon, Zakhire Kharazmshahi, kholasat-alhekmah, Exir-eAzam and other books were reviewed. Important points about uterine diseases and treatments and some phlebotomy applications in the treatment of uterine diseases were collected and then classified. On the other hand, the contents of modern medicine were searched.
In traditional medicine, Fasd (Phlebotomy/ Venesection) is used in uterine disorders including menorrhagia, amenorrhea, infertility, cervical secretions and pelvic pain. But in modern medicine was not found any study about it.
Although a few phlebotomy is used in classic medicine, but according to using of this method for treating diseases especially in uterine diseases over the centuries, it seems necessary more studies and clinical trials to do to clarify real position of phlebotomy.

Background and Umbilicus dislocation is a famous disease among the people. But this disease has been explained less in Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM)’s manuscripts. So, we decided to collect the contents related to umbilicus dislocation.
Methods and Materials: This is a library article that studied umbilicus dislocation in ITM's references. This study was searched definitions, causes, symptoms, signs and treatments of umbilicus dislocation.
Umbilicus dislocation has been expressed “Taharok-e Sorre” or “Soghoot-e Sorre” in ITM. Umbilicus dislocation has expressed by various symptoms and signs. Treatment of umbilicus dislocation consists of food policy, drug policy and manual tasks like the other diseases in ITM’s school.
In ITM's point of view seems that the recommendations of avoiding intense, strong and fast movements cause maintaining health in line to not having umbilicus dislocation.

Man needs to take food to provide energy and replacement it per day. Proper nutrition plays an important role in human mental and physical health. For this purpose, it is necessary to apply certain directives on food intake. In Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM) in addition to the type of food, defined rules and conditions on how to eat, time to eat and etc. The aim of the study is time to eat in ITM. This study is a review using a number of sources of ITM about time to eat. The content of the texts was extracted and then classified. According to sources of ITM, food should be eaten with "true appetites”, because eating before it such as delayed of time, leads to corrupt of digestion. During the meal should be moderate. Time to eat is different according to the seasons, age and habits of people. Considering the importance of nutrition in human health, to provide daily needs, food should be used with certain commands. In ITM there are many recommendations about time to eat. We hope that by following these commands taken a step toward a healthier society.