دکتر جهانگیر صفری

Paying attention to the negative effects of the culture industry is among the principles of critical aesthetics of Frankfurt School. Culture industry eliminates one's creativity and individualism through their assimilation. In this documentary research that was conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach, the first five books of Simin Behbahani, including Jay-e Pa (Footprints), Chelcheraq (Chandelier), Mar Mar (Marble), Rastakhiz (Resurrection), and Khatee ze Sorat va az Atash (A Trajectory of Speed and Fire), were analyzed from the critical aesthetics perspective. The results of this research showed that besides depicting the life narration of the persons such as the dancer, the prostitute, the employee, and the rich man as some manifestations of the culture industry like beauty industry and entertainment industry in her poems, Simin Behbahani has represented reification as the consequence of the culture industry in the form of gender reification and administrative reification. Regarding the form area, Behbahani is, at first, an imitator by following the literary tradition, but she has liberated her art from imitation and entered the creative art area by bringing a manifesto in Khatee ze Sorat va az Atash manuscript and using the unprecedented and rare weights in Persian poetry. It can be said that her poem is an authentic one and complies with the principles of Frankfurt School. This way, Behbahani has, in fact, criticized the consequences of the culture industry by negating the status quo and presenting an indictment against the established rhyme.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the family structure in selected novels for teenagers based on Boerman's point of view. Boerman considers seven patterns and structures for the family. This essay examines Boerman's seven-fold structure in the novels of Hasti, man nowkare baba nistam, and asheghanehaye yunes dar shekame mahi' , using the method of content analysis, in order to determine what the family structure is like in the novels in question, and the teenager What is the role and place of being a member of the family in this structure? And which of Boerman's structures is more reflected in the studied novels? The method of gathering information is by examining and analyzing the content of works and library documents. The results of the research showed that among the desired patterns and structures, authoritarian structures, non-intervention and free and condescension were seen in all the studied novels. The structure based on equality was only one case and democratic and benevolent structures were not observed in any of the novels, which shows the passive and weak role of teenage characters in important family decisions. The role of mother as a member of the family has a different function in novels. In the novel Hasti, the mother plays the role of the supporter of Hasti; As it is, with the support of this support, he was able to change his father's authoritarian and authoritarian personality. In the novel man nowkare baba nistam, the mother has a passive role.

Darab Raisi is one of the contemporary bilingual poets who has expressed himself as a poet at the national level with his Persian and Bakhtiari poems, and it is expected that his poetry will have such characteristics. Analyzing his poetry from the perspective of ritual and mythological literature is important considering the poet's bilingualism and the lack of research in this field. The present research has chosen his two Persian poetry notebooks named "Awai Il" and "Khunnameh Alidad" and one of his Bakhtiari poetry notebooks named "Golbang Bakhtiari" as indicators of his poetry and based on the descriptive-analytical method, These questions should be answered: What is the reflection of ritual and mythological literature in the poetry of this bilingual poet, how does the poet approach these categories in Persian and Bakhtiari poems, what are the most used themes of this type of literature in his poetry? The results of the research showed: Persian poetry by Bakhtiari Raisi is ritualistic. In all three poetry books, according to the style of the predecessors, there is a religious and formal initiation as the beginning. The frequency of his religious rituals in his Persian poems and the dominance of extra-religious rituals and his mythicism are often in his Bakhtiari poems. His thought system is organized by three cultural currents of pre-Islamic Iran, Bakhtiari ethnic culture and post-Islamic cultural current. In his Persian poems; Rituals and religious myths in his Bakhtiari poems; Rituals and national and ethnic myths are fascinating.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the values and criteria related to marriage in the common wedding poems in Bakhtiari culture with an emphasis on Lordegan region. To collect wedding poems, library and field methods were used, and after collecting the poems, issues related to values and criteria related to marriage were extracted from them, and then the extracted concepts were divided into categories and subcategories. They have been divided and analyzed with documentary method and descriptive approach. The findings and results of the research show that different values and criteria are reflected in the wedding poems; As they seek help from God to solve wedding problems and the success of the bride and groom, they expect the bride to maintain the family's social prestige; Attention is paid to the originality and roots of the bride and groom, and in choosing a spouse, their literacy; The bride's hijab is a formality that must be observed; The groom must be a rider and a person with zeal, and beauty is also an attribute that is attributed to couples and is a source of pride for families. In general, it should be said that the content of these poems is related to the wishes that the bride and groom should have, and in fact, through these poems, the wishes and expectations in the field of marriage are institutionalized in the Bakhtiari culture.

In the contemporary period, poets with different political tendencies and even differences in the level of benefit have not been able to avoid referring to examples of religious beliefs in their poems. Pejman bakhtiari is one of the poets who, although he does not have deep religious beliefs, but in her poetry, he used the examples of religious belief and the description of Shia imams. In this article, an attempt has been made to portray a general image of religious beliefs in Pejman bakhtiari's poetry, and by categorizing these religious beliefs, the contradictions and confusions that exist in the divan of this contemporary poet have been investigated. his study shows that Pejman Bakhtiari is not a completely religious poet, but he is not devoid of the beauty of religion in her poetry, and especially when he is bored and tired of the material world, he pays more attention to religion, religion and God, and in a way he heals his tired and painful heart by this means it relieves. 

The entrance of modernity into Iranian traditional society had a major impact on changing the mentality and social status of women. Because of the undeniable relationship between literature and society, this article investigates the evolution of the Iranian woman's mentality in dealing with modernity, relying on Persian novels. For this purpose, two novels "Black Times" and "Ziba" have been selected from the early years of the 14th century. The confrontation of the female characters of these two novels with modernity is compared with the confrontation of the female characters of the novel "Night One Night Two" written in 1974. women play a central role in these three novels so by analytical and descriptive comparisons it can show, in the authors' view, what has changed in the fifty years of the Iranian woman's mentality towards the components of modernity (based on Giddens's theories). To this end, the female personality in the face of the components of education, women's social presence, male and female equality, women's individuality, humanism, secularism and anti-tradition in the novels have been compared and investigated.

The present study analyses the status of researchers in the field of Persian Literature with a scientometric approach based on the articles of Persian journals in the field of Persian Literature and tries to determine the importance and influence of each of the authors and research institutions in the field of Iranian academic Persian Literature, provided the possibility of evaluating the previous scientific policies of the country in this field. In this research, first, the trend of the rise and fall of the number of articles and co-authorship patterns over time has been investigated and researchers with the largest number of articles have been identified. In the following, after the formation of the co-authorship network, the relationships and importance of authors in this field have been investigated. Observations indicate that the number of articles has grown greatly since the 2000. According to the present research, despite the increase in the number of three-person articles, the collaboration of two authors in writing articles is still considered the most common pattern of co-authorship. According to the results of this study, the scientific centre of Tarbiat Modares University and Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies and the scientific centre of the University of Isfahan are the most influential research centres in terms of publishing scientific articles in the field of Persian literature in Iran.

Saeed Naji is one of the activists of the philosophy program for children in Iran who has done a lot of research in this field. One of his most important works is the story of " the Philosopher's Child, Leila ", which he has adapted from the philosophical story " a Child at School, Lisa," by Matthew Lipman, the founder of philosophy for children. He has tried to preserve the structure and philosophical content of this work, to adapt it to our beliefs and culture. To this end, using the methods of adding, deleting, refining, changing the title and matching, has made changes in the content and structure of Lisa's story. Comparison of these two stories shows that the author's emphasis on localization has affected some components of philosophical adequacy such as credibility, philosophical discourse, open end, etc., and by damaging the philosophical function of Leila's story, this story has caused Philosophical adequacy to act weaker than its predecessor.

Phenomenology began with Husserl's research; From that time, it began its evolution and was expanded by other philosophers. This evolution continued and reached its peak with Heidegger's efforts. One of the prominent positions of the study of existence, everyday life and space in the field of phenomenology is in the examination of the personality of novels; Especially in the personality of Iranian women, who have been subjected to everyday life due to the duties of being a wife and housekeeper, they have forgotten their original existence. In this research, which was carried out by analytical-descriptive method, Zari's character as a housewife has been investigated. The research results indicate that Zari's existence goes through three stages from the beginning to the end of the novel. 1- the stage of neglect and degraded human reality; 2- The stage of fear and awareness, emptiness and despair as a result of internal and external factors; 3- The stage of transformation from degraded human reality to authentic human reality. Therefore, Zari's existence as a result of everyday life is full of emptiness, sadness and self-doubt; The hadith of the soul, which Heidegger refers to as conscience, after Yusuf's death, causes Zari to release himself from the degraded human reality and finally realize his original existence

The world of short stories includes the characters and events in which they are created, and the ultimate goal of any writer is to persuade the reader to enter this creative world. The entrance that opens the way for the reader to enter and be drawn to this imaginary world is the threshold of the story. Bozorg Alavi is one of the storytellers who has played a significant role in the evolution of short stories and the spread of critical realism insight, and in this regard, he has tried, especially in his early stories, to pay attention to modern storytelling techniques, including paying informed artists. Drawing on elements such as mystery and ambiguity, dialogue, conflict and indicative scenes evoke the reader's attention and interest. In the present study, the author, after a brief analysis of the theories presented in the field of storytelling, seeks to rely on Robert Funk's theory and add adverbs to it, using a descriptive-analytical method, after determining the beginning and end of the threshold of great short stories. Alavi and the mechanisms of their beginning, examine the initial sentences of the stories and, if necessary, point out their strengths and weaknesses. The results indicate that the great Alavi in his stories paid special attention to the combination of beginning and beginning with staging, and most of his storytelling skills were reflected in the initial staging section. Also, among the tricks of how to finish the threshold, he paid the most attention to the details of the story, which is the central focus of the narrative "clarity", but in this way, due to the rupture between the threshold and the middle of the story, he did not act very craftily.

In the present research, by investigating the retrogression of Salm, Tour (ethical retrogression), and Rostam (retrogression with regard to power and authority) characters based on the documentary method, we aim to answer these questions: Do the characters under study go to the ultimate limit of human experience (negative in negative) or do not? Does this retrogression affect the character realization? and if yes, how? The research results indicate that Salm and Tour move from the point of justice to discrimination, injustice and tyranny due to exposure to the opposing force of greed in their retrogression, and their retrogression is negative as they surrender to the opposing force. In contrast, Rostam who reaches from the authority to the power limitation, defeat, and finally the point of inability due to the strong opposition forces, such as Kavous, Sohrab, and death, has a positive retrogression due to his resistance against the opposing forces. The investigation of these characters' retrogression indicates that the characters achieve the ultimate human experience in Shahnameh and this increases their depth.

Sociology of literature is one of the systematic and scientific efforts that helps to study literature. To examine the role of social structures in the production of literary works, Lucien Goldman chooses the method of evolutionary constructivism, which discusses the effects of creative structures. According to him, the literary text shows the links between the mental structures of literary realities and social realities. The author does not reflect the pure reflection of consciousness, but there is a strong connection between the categories raised in his work and his social consciousness. In this research, relying on the method of formative constructivism, the relationship between the characteristics of the main character of Golshirichr('39')s stories and the political, social and cultural conditions of the time of their writing is analyzed. This study shows that although Golshiri belongs to the middle class of society, by entering the privileged group of intellectuals, he has paid more attention to the issues and problems in this class, including political and reformist concerns, more than the general problems of the people. This, along with his party and political leanings, has led most of the main characters in his stories to be selected from the new, educated middle class. Therefore, political ideology is more prominent in its stories than other ideologies. In this context, Golshiri provides a vivid picture of political deceivers, expedient actions, and the fear and pessimism of political repression. In social ideology, the confrontation between poverty and wealth and its consequences and the boredom of the main characters from family and professional life are prominent. In cultural ideology, the tendency of the middle class and the intelligentsia to study socio-political works as well as the tendency of deprived and rural people to superstition and popular beliefs is evident. Finally, from the point of view of religious ideology, most of the main characters have a religious nature, and the author, by creating them, shows his critical and anti-sectarian view of this ideology.

Undoubtedly, death is the biggest unsolved, strange and terrible mystery of man. He/she has always longed for eternity and immortality. Man seeks to create abstract places where there is no death; in this way, he/she convinces himself/herself and comes to rest. Man builds forts, castles, palaces and paradise gardens that show his longing to return to Eden. On the other hand, these buildings refer to a safe place that is impervious to death and provides peace of mind. Var of Jam is one of the most prominent mythological places among the ancient Iranians that has been built to imitate Mitra Palace. There are similar places in the myths of other nations; the most important common point of these places is immortality for those who enter them. The results show that the mythological buildings have much in common with each other. In the present study, by using the analytical-comparative method, these common points are examined.

Modernity made widespread changes in the institution of theIranian family reflected in the Persian novels. The aim of this research is to study the effect of modernity on the traditional structure of family based on the novel of Shohar-e Ahoo Khanoom. The method of research is qualitative content analysis. The effect of modernity on the relationship between family members, changeof family functions, presence of women in the society, and marriage and divorce are among the topics which were studied in this research. Afghani tried to depict the changes of Iranian family in the period of the first Pahlavi. The findings of this study shows that modernity diminished the high status of the father in the Iranian family and, on the other hand, women attained independence and individuality and became more active in the society. Moreover, more traditional members of the family developed tendency to modernity, though their understanding of modernity has been superficial.

Most traditional grammarians in describing conjunctive make use of metaphoric genitive construction. However, one can see that there is a great difference between the two genitive constructions. The most important difference is the analogical structure which exists in the metaphoric genitive construction but it does not exist in conjunctive. Unlike grammarians who consider that the adjunct in this genitive construction is the main goal in conjunctive, what is considered here is the combination of the adjunct and the governed word and not just either of them alone. In most of the sentences in which there is a conjunctive, if we omit the adjunct or the governed word, the sentence will have a figurative meaning, a meaning which derives from the genitive construction.The strategy that traditional grammarians have suggested for identifying the characteristics of conjunctive is incorrect. Grammarians who have studied the subject from a linguistic perspective also did not explain this properly and they have only paid attention to the appearance of the compound and have neglected the meaning differences. This study concludes that in explaining the conjunctive we should not make a comparison between conjunctive and metaphoric genitive construction. The only resemblance of these two genitive constructions is in the structure “core + e + dependent.” If in examining genitive constructions only the structure is considered, all of the genitive constructions will be put in one group. But paying attention only to the form of the compound does not complete the grammatical concepts. In grammatical investigations, it is better to consider the structure and meaning at the same time. Having said that the purpose of conjunctive is the figurative meaning of this kind of genitive construction and is not the adjunct or the governed word alone.

Magic realism is assumed a new style of fiction developed in the second half of 20th century. This style is said to be rooted in Latin America. However, some of the literature scholars argue that this style is originated in east literature specifically in mystical texts. Imagination, which is considered one of the fundamental components of magic realism, may break down cause-and-effect link in the story. Stemmed from myths, legends, beliefs, anecdotes, or folk stories, imagination can be distributed all over the stories. Mystical texts or specifically speaking mystical bibliographies of great mystics are primarily written in imaginary and storied form. They present amazing and astonishing events in realistic way. This method is the same as narrative mode in magic realism texts. Elucidating different definitions and characteristics of magic realism, authors of present study probed the origin of magic realism in east literature, specifically mystic texts (bibliographies). Common points of these two schools or styles are also presented. The most important of which are crossing the border between reality and ultra-reality, unifying reality and ultra-reality, unifying opposites, seeking truth through imagination, marvel actions and amazing behaviors of story characters, and etc.

Narrative is the best method for report real in series of events. In the ready research the plot of Tahmuroth story (from Shahname-Ferdosi) as a member of incorporator, was analysis by the view point of some structuralists. In this story, first the stable situation is in working. In the days of Tahmuroth king ship, the tranquility envelop all around the country. Afterwards the happen mishap and this primary situation changes to undesirable. Tahmuroth started to righteous and courtesy and since bureau saw the complete calm of people, ill temper persuaded them  to in refusal of his precept and discharge him of majesty. After Tahmuroth known their plans, the war happened and the bureau failed. Afterwards after that the hero get at to his target, a stable situation create. This condition happens in this story one time. The target of election this subject is adaptation this theoris on this kind of literary(story).

Regeneration and simplification of ancient literary texts to make them understandable to different age groups including adolescents is very important. Adolescents need to be familiar with their culture, customs, national figures and their pas literary assets. One of these ancient and valuable literary texts is the story collection of Kelil VA demneh. The book is full of moral and social teachings which show the readers how to live. This study, first, focuses on the importance of its moral and social inspiration and then it is compared to its regenerated and simplified version to examine whether the elements and principles in terms of story (plot, character and characterization, theme, point of view and atmosphere) are kept as they are in the original one. The findings indicate that the simplified version seems to enjoy more integrity to the original one. The findings also show that although the themes in both versions seem to be alike, the way they are presented to the readers are different.

Many years ago, colour as an effective element has been considered in feelings and relations among creatures. At the light of psychologists, colours are effective on mental-psychological conditions and we can understand the internal personality of people by their tendency of colours.Poets use colour elements for elaborating their works and also for exploiting words, poetic pictures and describing concepts. Khaghani is one of the poets that used this phenomenon, frequently. In this article, we try to consider colours, quality of its use and also its usages in his poetic art. In addition to image-making, Khaghani has used colour in usage of words, expressions and concepts transferring.

This study investigates Mersād al-‘Ebād and its contents on the policies of the rulers. Chapter five of this book on “various groups and their policies” deals with policies of different monarch and ministers of the time. It discusses issues such as the legitimacy of the monarchs, the position of kingdom in mysticism, special and ordinary kingdoms, and the superiority of monarchs over prophecy policies of ministers. Najm Rāzi is one of the sophists who believes in the relationships between politics and mysticism. From his viewpoint, monarchy is God’s blessing on human beings and a monarch is God’s successor in the world as long as he does not commit cruelties. If he does evil, he will no longer be the successor of God on earth. His duty is to be kind to peasants and he has to performs his job well to satisfy God.