فهرست مطالب a. (iran)

This research explored the concept of human perfection through the lenses of Ibn Arabi’s Mysticism and Theravada Buddhism Mysticism. The aim was to create a dialogue between Buddhism and Ibn Arabi's mysticism, and to shed light on the similarities and differences in their perspectives on human perfection.

This research presented a comparative research study of the profound mystical teachings of Ibn Arabi, a renowned Sufi mystic, and Theravada Buddhism, the oldest existing school of Buddhism. The study examined the nature of self, the significance of the spiritual journey, and the role of love  in both traditions. This study found that in the approach of the perfect human from Ibn Arabi's viewpoint, a individual achieves unity with the divine; While Theravada Buddhism seeks human perfection through the attainment of the Arhat, a liberated being free from suffering and ignorance.

The study offered a comprehensive understanding of human perfection from Ibn Arabi's and Buddhist mystical perspectives, and revealed that both traditions challenge the conventional understanding of self and advocate for a transcendent perspective that seeks to realize the ultimate reality of existence. The study also showed that both traditions have different metaphysical and ontological assumptions, as well as different methods and practices of meditation and contemplation. Finally, concluded that the comparative study of Ibn Arabi’s Mysticism and Theravada Buddhism Mysticism can enhance dialogue and understanding, as well as provide insights into the nature of human existence.

Every society along the way of its progress needs to create a favorable environment for the growth and well-being of people, and based on this environmental peace, the fields of progress are provided. Meanwhile, one of the factors that prevent the development of societies is the occurrence of environmental factors and the creation of hostilities by other countries. Issues such as war, terror, Sanction, etc. are among these issues that make the progress of any society difficult. This research, focusing on this issue, seeks to identify the factors behind the backwardness of Iranian society, which was created by the America.METHOD AND

In this research, by regarding a political philosophy approach, a descriptive research method of the case study and documents has been used to investigate the analytical history regarding; of course, considering the importance of America's confrontation in Iran's contemporary history during the last hundred years (1921-2020 AD), hundred historical events against Iran have been examined and subsequently, the strategy of resistance against sanctions in the international law system has been presented.

The problems that America has created against Iran in contemporary history is a sign of a historical deviation. This behavior outside of diplomatic relations causes one country to impose all kinds of economic and non-economic pressures on another country, the result of which is the backwardness of the society, and the solution to face it is to strengthen the structure of the governance system.

This article is to explain Machiavelli's view on the criterion of moral action and its evaluation based on the anthropological foundations of Ayatollah Misbah Yazdi.METHOD AND

The method of this article is descriptive-analytical and the findings of this article are: Machiavelli is a power-oriented philosopher who presented his moral opinions in the form of his political views. He believes that any kind of behavior and action can be used to achieve the goal of human power; But Ayatollah Misbah Yazdi believes, to determine the standard of goodness and ugliness of human actions, one must first gain a correct understanding of man, his existential dimensions, his happiness and misery, his perfection and ultimate goal.

Machiavelli considers the main goal of life to be human power and considers human actions moral if they enable humans to achieve material power. From his viewpoint, power has inherent value and man can use any means to acquire it. On the other hand, Ayatollah Misbah Yazdi believes in acquiring spiritual and moral life. He believes that the goal does not justifies the means, and to attaining the human power strength, you cannot use any behavior and action to achieve the goals.

Contemporary human, despite reaching the peak of development and enjoying significant scientific, advancements, do not seem particularly satisfied and content. The destructiveness of time, the fear of death, and the brevity of life are among the factors that contribute to the emergence of disillusionment and the proliferation of nihilistic thoughts in the modern world.  The constant pursuit of material gains has failed to address deeper existential concerns. Therefore, there is a growing need to explore the profound aspects of life, such as the search for meaning and the quest for personal fulfillment, in order to alleviate existential pains and enhance the overall quality of human existence. In this regard, the main subject and objective of the present research are focused on the issue of life's meaningfulness and human longevity by finding tangible solutions to existential pains, improving the meaning and values of their lives.METHOD AND

This research, with an Analytical-Descriptive approach to examine the philosophical and existential theories of Ludwig Wittgenstein, particularly focusing on his early philosophy and exploring the constitutive components of meaning from his perspective in human life.

The results of this research emphasize the importance of two fundamental elements, Aesthetics and Ethics, with a special emphasis on the metaphysical subject's eternal perspective, in creating a meaningful and purposeful life. These two components are considered as the highest means of expressing the real values of life and a solution for overcoming its challenges and difficulties, guiding humans towards a meaningful life.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the content of the articles in the International Multidisciplinary Journal of Pure Life (IMJPL) and answer the question about the characteristics and specifications of the articles and the authors of the articles.METHOD AND

In the present research, the content analysis method is used as a descriptive method. The statistical population of this research is the ten published issues of the IMJPL since the journal was promoted to the rank and its articles became English i.e. number 23 to number 32, and the statistical sample of this research included 60 articles published in these issues. The unit of analysis, was the relevant topics of the 11-question checklists of this research in the quarterly articles. The method of this research was collected by referring to the titles and contents, citations of the articles, and the required information. The data were analyzed using collection tools and descriptive statistics such as data classification according to frequency distribution and frequency percentage using SPSS software version 26.

80% of the articles were written as a group, men are so active than women, and 19 are faculty members, also among the participating countries, Iran with 71 authors, 93% of qualitative articles, 82% were descriptive-analytical articles, Islamic Azad University and Al-Mustafa International University With ten authors, The Meaning of Life with 24 articles, keywords: life with 11 repetitions, had the most quantity and the qualitative analysis of the articles was also reviewed.

Iran's 1979 Islamic Revolution, led by the Imam Khomeini, kicked off a new era in interaction between the clergy and the government; an interaction which has taken shape and been institutionalized at different levels of regulation, legislation and execution, and for sure within the framework of the views of the Leader of the Islamic Revolution and adopted laws. The Imam Khomeini's views about government-clergy interaction bears significance from two aspects; First and foremost, he was instrumental in the emergence of the Islamic Revolution and the ensuing establishment of the Islamic Republic, and also the stabilization of the role of leadership; Second, the criteria he has defined about clergy-government interaction could be an acceptable index for the assessment of their status quo.METHOD AND

The methodology of this article originally pursues an approach based on text analysis and hermeneutics although historical analysis is incorporated. For this reason, this article seeks to know the model of clergy-government interaction which is sketched out based on the Imam Khomeini's standpoint and specifically his 22-volume Sahifeh. The research hypothesis is that the model of clergy-government interaction preached by the Imam Khomeini relies on religious beliefs and the structure of an Islamic society with a view to monitoring the government and guiding people and making the life for its nation (Ommat) meaningful.

The results of the research showed that this article highlights the Shia ideology before discussing the standing of the supreme authority on religious matters (Marja'), Shia political discourse and the process of its formation throughout different periods, as well as the new potentialities of the Islamic Revolution like institution of supreme clerical rule (Velayat-e Faqih) and religious democracy which is an influential factor in the formation and development of the Shia political discourse.

The source of sovereignty and obedience is Allah, the Almighty. Any obedience to others but Allah is rejected and considered as oppression unless it be along with His sovereignty and through His permission, such as the Guardianship (wilayah) of prophets and Divine Authorities (wali). The question arises here that what are the reasons for the compulsion of obedience or forbidding opposition to the Prophets.METHOD AND

This paper, was conducted with the method of qualitative research and documentary review. Accordingly, the author has examined the most important proofs of the obligation to follow the commands and instructions of the prophets based on the Quranic sources of narration and the covenants.

This study argues that its evidences are based on both Sharia (Divine Law) and intellect; because if everyone acts according to his own ideas, as wherever the words of the Prophets agreed with his carnal desires, he would act according to them and if the words of the Prophets were not in accordance with his intentions and desires, he would not pay attention to them and so oppose him, surely such a person is not a follower of the Law of Religious, even though he seems to be a believer. In fact, he is really a hypocrite or ignorant of the truth of religion, which in both cases lacks faith.

One of the main contemporary issues worldwide is to achieve sustainable peace wherein people of different cultures are at peace with one another. In such a situation, it is expected that Islam, as the last and perfect divine religion, will provide solutions for various issues and problems that are in the way of human life, and this article was written with this purpose.METHOD AND

In this qualitative research, which is a type of exploratory study, the religion of Islam strives not only to correct the apparent behavior of human beings towards each other; but also looks at the problem at its core and provides a solution for them. In other words, the model lays the foundation for Islamic culture that manifests peaceful coexistence in human action and is in line with the ultimate human goal. The Islamic model of peaceful coexistence among human beings uses the traditional categorization of Islamic teachings of theology (worldview), jurisprudential (the dos and don'ts), and ethics (the paramount of human potentials), that these elements are interconnected. In such a way that the model firstly refines the self and then the society.

The results show that the Islamic model has the ability to lay the foundations of peaceful coexistence among human beings.

Due to the outbreak of a virus from the corona family called Covid-19, which has infected millions of people around the world, the subject of the possibility or impossibility of Government responsibility for infectious diseases is a global issue. It is the Government's duty to act in order to improve human life, and this is in accordance with its existential philosophy. This debate originates from the capabilities and powers that are monopolized by Government. It is believed that, by resorting to the authority and discretions of a conventional Government, it can prevent the spread of many infectious diseases to a large extent and in case of negligence in performing tasks, must be liable. This is the initial question: Why should the Government be liable for infectious disease which it had no role in creating it?METHOD AND

In this paper, by descriptive and analytical method and by collecting library resources, the continuity and relation between the responsibility of the Government and infectious diseases will be discussed. The Right to Life and the Right to Health are the basis of legal authority to intervene in the field of infectious diseases.

Public Law and Human Rights has a special view of infectious diseases and some statutes provide for Emergency Situations. Governments are committed to taking the most effective measures possible to prevent spread of infectious diseases. According to the findings of this study, during Corona, these liabilities for the Government can be enumerated: Identification, Determining the liable authorities and institution, Education, Responsibility for prevention and treatment, Establish and expand insurance protections, Compensation for victims, Judicial and political Responsibility. In Iran, it is necessary to design a comprehensive system for exceptional situations such as pandemics.

Revelation as the relationship between God and the holy prophets of which provides conditions to receive and declare the divine message. It is a phenomenon occurring among religions so that in order to understand it, requires a departure from material calculations and an understanding the divine world; because the phenomenon of revelation can be comprehend in the relation to God and the divine prophets and is done through the role of the angel of revelation. From this point of view, revelation is a phenomenon beyond the limit of human thought and scientific tools cannot recognize it as it will not experience or repeat again. In the process of receiving revelation, the Prophet, in a heavenly relationship, receives truths from the unseen world by his heart, it occurs without the support of his organs and senses, and without the power of his thought and intellect. Therefore, some people believe in that the truth of revelation is unknown to man and it is not possible to provide a comprehensive definition for it. At the same time, what has been said try to bring the human mind closer to this phenomenon and spiritual connection. Therefore, the possibility of recognizing the nature of revelation does not require denying the principle of revelation and prophecy of the prophets, Because revelation and prophecy is a theological issue that has been confirmed by conclusive proofs. In this research, and according to the explained course, we try to study the nature of the phenomenon of revelation and the divine religions comparatively. For this purpose, a qualitative research method of library studies used for religious documents and sources.

The Holy Quran and narratives, rejecting the invisible beings of the pseudonymous genius, reject the beliefs and beliefs of the falsehood, and by explaining the truth of the existence of the gens, the path to the arrival and prevalence of any religious and practical deviation among the Muslims is closed about this creature. Although the elements of the existence of the Jinn are different with man, the purpose of the creation of man and the Jinn is one and the most similar creatures are introduced to man; therefore, the explanation of the true characteristics of the genius from the perspective of the Quran and the Hadith, in order to recognize the false, false and distorted beliefs, It is necessary and necessary. Jinn has sex, genitals, authority, perception, responsibility, and duty, and therefore has groups of believers and infidels and different religions and sects, and because of the totality of these blessings, they have resurrection, publishing, and Account will be. Jinn from the perspective of the Quran and narratives are the most similar beings to humans; But because the original element of thecreation of the Jinn is different with humans, there are differences with humans. They were created from the fire before the human being created from the soil. For this reason, they benefit from certain features such as impurity and speed; Because of their power, they can appear in different forms in the sky and in the earth; But they are human beings. An inventory has authority, perception, science, responsibility and duty.

The pervasive phenomenon of the Islamic uprising has taken the West by surprise, and for this reason, with the available tools, it analyzed it to discover the strengths and weaknesses of the problem, and to be able to face such an analysis; but on the other hand, the religion of Islam is a religion of development and  it calls for all kinds of knowledge and asks the Muslim ummah to improve the elements of power in  their soul and try to be the best ummah and to be the pioneer of the people of the world. The religion of Islam in the West and the interaction way Western societies and governments and their interaction with Muslim minorities in those countries is a topic that has been the focus of analysts and culturologists for nearly two decades in scientific, academic, and media circles in Europe and the United States. Meanwhile, it seems that different attitudes and schools of thought towards Islam and Muslims living in Europe and America are far from the objective and practical situation of social movements of minorities and Islamic currents in these areas, in other words, due to the existence of different views and approaches on how to interact with these religious minorities, Islamic currents in the West find themselves in deep identity straits. Accordingly, the present study sought to explain the concept of Islamophobia and Islamism in the West, which was used to explain this meaning and concept.

This study is an examination of the relationship between Islamic and Christian ethical thoughts. In this study, we find that faith is the central element of both ethical thoughts. Ayatollah Mesbah Yazdi defining the Islamic ethical thoughts, understands faith as the key determiner of ethics, which is rationally understood by human reason. On the contrary Søren Kierkegaard who argues that surrendering to the will of God, regardless of the rationality of commands of God, is the highest moral trait. Kierkegaard concludes that the goal of humans is to reach the Abrahamic level of submission to the will of God, whereas Ayatollah Mesbah Yazdi concludes that the goal of human life is to find happiness obtained by seeking proximity to God.  Both ethical thoughts emphasize the importance of God as the true judge of virtues concluding that acting in accordance with the wish of God is the highest level of morality; but the Islamic ethical thought concludes that ethics are based on ethical truths. The final goal for both ethical thoughts is reaching nearness to God, through human responsibility. This means that both ethical thoughts argue that being ethical means the fulfilment of ethical responsibilities towards God, oneself and others. Finally working together in a symbiosis where God and all His creations are closely connected and upholding virtues in relation to all dimensions of life will lead to final bliss.

The key word “Rafiḍi” in historical sources comes in the form of “Rafiḍia”, “Rafiḍian” and “Rafiḍis” and it is derived from the word “Rafiḍi” meaning to leave, and in the theological term of the opponents of the Imamiyya denomination, it is a title that refers to all Shia sects and sometimes to a specific group and sect of Shia and sometimes to those who express love for the family of the Prophet, is applied. In this research, which has been done by library method and review of documents, various sources of Shia and Sunni hadiths have been used and an attempt has been made to point out their role in Islamic history and civilization by explaining the concept of Rafiḍi. The importance of the discussion is especially evident from the fact that the Rafiḍi discussion has caused ambiguity among Muslims, so the main question of the article was where did the origin of this naming start and what period does it go back to? In order to answer this basic question and the subject that helps to clarify the ambiguities in this area, this article was conducted with a historical approach to expressing the problem and exploring the nature and explanation of the discussion to reach the basic question of the research.

The manifestation of the Essence of God in the point of view of Ibn Arabi and Meister Eckhart is considered one of the most important and fundamental ideas on which the other mystical questions depend on. Ibn Arabi regards this matter in the way that it represents the Essence of God, namely the manifestation of the Essence of God and other worlds is because of His hiddenness in these worlds which is resulted from the Breath of the Merciful (the complete divine manifestation). Meister Eckhart also regards this matter as the truth of everything and originates from the divine perception of Himself, and this perception flows to all things by which the Essence of God manifested in the whole things including human, soul and the light. The Essence of God is the Love who penetrates the whole attracting things to Him. So the manifestation and hiddenness in the two mystics' views is the proof of the two verses (He is the First, the Last, the Manifest, and the Unseen and He knows all things), and We are closer to him than even his jugular vein. This manifestation and hiddenness don’t just concern  the worlds and beings; But includes the visible world, the world of unveiling matters relating to the unseen, the stations, and states. Mystics and holy travellers stated the secret of this manifestation and hiddenness of the Essence of God, namely, the full orientation towards the Essence of God, this approach gives an expansion of readiness to the mystic and holy traveller to enable him to receive and reflect the divine perfection more and more; for that they recommend the importance to protect this hiddenness and continuing its manifestation.

The issue of the “Trinity” is one of the most important and complex doctrinal principles of the Christian world and because of the many intellectual and philosophical difficultas that this belief entails, Christian scholars have faced serious challenges and in interfaith dialogue, this issue is always mentioned as one of the problems that the Christian intellectual system and ideas face. Many factors have been involved in the formation of the doctrine of the Trinity among christians, including the thoughts of Paul and Greek philosophy. The irrationality of the Trinity is now considered one of the prerequisites for the denial of Christianity among scholars of various religions. Therefore, recognizing the truth of the Trinity and the justifications of its acceptors along with examining the consequences of accepting the Trinity is one of the issues that this research which was carried out by a qualitative method and using library studies and reviewing of scientific documents, try to discover it. The results of this comparative research indicate the rejection of the doctrine of the Trinity based on the sources of monotheistic religions and rational arguments that show that this belief is not divine and is rooted in heresies that have entered the religion of early Christianity.

Since the revelation of the Holy Quran to the Prophet Mohammad, Muslim thinkers have been interested in the interpretation of the 35th verse of the Surah “Light”. From Fārābi, Avicenna and Sohrawardi to contemporary Islamic scholars, the structure, content and symbolism of this verse, reputed by the title of the verse of the Light, have been studied and commented on several methods. Imam Abu Hamed Mohammad Ghazali, the Great Iranian Master of jurisprudence, theology, ethics, philosophy, logic and gnostic has written a very concise essay on this subject, in order to answer the question of a disciple who asks him to interpret this quranic verse. This book, written in Arabic, is called “Mishkat-al-Anwar”, which means “The Niche of the lights”. In this article, we will faithfully follow the approach taken by Ghazali, this famous Muslim thinker, who was born in Iranian region of Khorasan at the time of the Seljukide dynasty, to explain the quranic notion of the Light. In the examined verse, the terms are positioned according to a well-ordered hierarchical order. The glass is in a niche. The lamp is in the glass. This shows the hierarchy between the sources of light. That is why the quranic verse says “Light on Light”.

Sovereignty is a power from which the legal order derives and is not subject to external norms or pre-norms and there is no power higher of it; Sovereignty also gives existence to the government and is inseparable from it. Internal sovereignty includes the authority of the government, which is used to govern of the country's political board and the exercise of power is used to pursue the interests and affairs of citizens. On the other hand, external sovereignty requires the denial of any affiliation or obedience to other governments. Considering the political system of any society, two types of governance can be expected. In the meantime, the Safavid era and the Safavid government as a part of the history and civilization of several thousand years of Iran, to achieve the goal of sovereignty can be considered and studied by scholars; a sovereign that considered himself a messenger of God and worked hard to dominate and expand the realm under his influence. A group of religious scholars and leaders of that time also confirmed the connection of this government with the extraterrestrial calculations considered by the Safavid rulers, because with the formation and establishment of this government, a glimmer of hope to achieve the goal and stabilize the religious position in Iran at that time, gained legitimacy, which indicates the mutual support between this group of Safavid rulers. Therefore, this group helped the government and the Safavids also acted according to their perception of religion. By regarding this explanation, in the present study, by examining the history of the basics of the government and the establishment of the government, the Safavid government was studied and analyzed as a case study and using the course of historical developments with the qualitative research method.

This study demonstrate the impact of cyberspace and its facilities, such as Google Translate, on the boundless realm of English translations. Particularly English translations of the most sophisticated text like a chapter (Al-Falaq) of Quran has been targeted to analyze cyberspace role in this regard. In form of tables, 57 translation of Quran including the one offered by Google Translate has been gathered. These translations were being compared in tables with four section: Translasion, Translators, Number of translations, Percent of frequency. Then section 2 eliminated and delivered to the references. Considering the numbers and percentages after each table a discussion about the meaning and regulations of words in Arabic language is appeared and offered the best equivalence for each word. In comparison with the Google Translate suggestions these discussions indicate how much it is efficient, reliable and qualified to use Google translate as a tool of cyberspace for convey the meanings. Result and Based on findings of the article and comparable tables, the preferred translation for Chapter Al-Falaq is as following:In the name of Allah, the All- merciful, the Gracious. 1. Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of daybreak. 2. and from the evil of whatever He has created. 3. and from the darkness when it falls. 4. and from those who blow in the knots. 5. and from the envier when he envies. In conclusion according to preferred translation above and its analogy with Google Translate suggested words it seems that Google translate is yet to be a perfect machine capable of giving the suitable translations and a translator with a reasonable sense of distinction between similar conditions and parts of speech cannot yet be replaced by a translation machine with no senses.

Aided by technology lots of people nowadays use online media many hours per day; regardless a mere access, online media is mainly used to surf net, get directions, do e-shopping, chat with friends and share messages among its many other applications while the present research tries to answer how social media as a part of online life could be used in religion field to be familiar with different religions, exchange religious ideas and in general for interfaith dialogue for peacemaking purposes such as decreasing the extent of violence, massacres, genocides and wars human beings witness these days due to faith differences. Even scholars work in religion sciences encourage people from all over the world to read about and get familiar with other religions. So far many papers have been written on the issue and it is believed that this is the duty of the elites to discuss about the problem and lead the people to the right way. The present paper however suggests that social media users can apply it to discuss about faiths and exchange their relevant religious ideas if of course they know how to analyze, evaluate and synthesize contents without bias. The authors of the present paper believe that so far the skills for dealing with media products have not been publicized in many countries. Thus, following Potter’s media skills pattern, they refer to three skills of analysis, evaluation, and synthesis of media messages.

Regarding the functions of the religion in contemporary world, the cyberspace can play a decisive role in teaching, research and call for the religion. Also in regard of practice of the religion and serving the humanity, this technology could be utilized and used as a very helpful instrument, but it depends on how to understand the religion and how to implement it. Ethics and Etiquette is needed for usage of this instrument. While we find that some of the extremists and terrorists are using it against the humanity and even against the fame and image of the religion, this makes a duty for the higher experts in the field of the ICT and cyberspace and also religious leaders to protect the younger generation and the future of the mankind.

The electricity generation from renewable sources is growing rapidly. The use of photovoltaic panels is one of the most popular renewable power generation methods that is available in most parts of the world. One of the problems facing to this industry is increasing the temperature of the panels during the hot days of the year; which reduces their output power. The use of phase change materials (PCMs) is a way to prevent the rapid rise of the temperature of the panels. In this paper, polyethylene glycol 600 (PEG 600) is used behind the panel as a PCM. This material, absorbs a portion of the panel's heat and causes to lower the temperature of the panel. In order to enhance the heat absorbed by the PEG600, a number of fins are also mounted on the back of the panel, and the results are compared with the non-fin state. The results show that at the beginning 150 minutes from the start of the experiment, the temperature difference between panel with both PCM and fin compared with conventional panel, is between 18 C and 34.1 C. Furthermore the maximum efficiency difference between the panel with both PCM and fin, with conventional panel is 4.65% and for the panel with PCM and non-fin, with conventional panel is 2.45%. Finally, the comparison of both experimental measurement and analytical calculation were performed.

Composite tubes may be subjected to quasi-static loads during placement or operation. By determining the impact properties of composite tubes and using them in the design process, the accuracy of the behavior of these structures in a quasi-static loading condition is guaranteed. In the present study, the effect of changing parameters such as pipe diameter, fiber density, fiber alignment angle and the addition of foam on the behavior of glass/epoxy composite tubes under axial loading has been investigated. The force-displacement diagram was extracted for all experiments and compared with other experiments. Also, the specific energy absorption in each experiment was calculated for all samples. The results of this study showed that the change of parameters mentioned on the energy absorption of composite tubes is effective. As the sample's internal diameter and the density of the fibers used to make the sample increases, the specific absorbed energy also increases. Also, the results showed that with increasing foam density up to1400 Kg⁄m^3 , the sample resistance was increased against the loading and the specific energy absorption was increased. From the present study, it was also clear that for samples with fiber density of 400 g/m2 and angle of alignment [±45], the clustering mode was folding with a special pattern, similar to the destruction of metal samples reported by other researchers.

The first and most important issue for deaf adolescents is communication problems that cause many problems for teens and their families. Hence, improving the psychological characteristics of these individuals has been considered by many therapists. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of communication skills training on general self-efficacy and social phobia in adolescent boys with hearing impairment. The present study is a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with control group. One hundred and thirty people were selected by simple random sampling method and randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups (each group of 15), among the hearing aid boys in Khorramabad city. The intervention group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes of communication skills training, and the intervention group did not receive any intervention. The groups completed Sherer's general self-efficacy questionnaire (Sherer and Social Connector Convertible Scale) as pre-test and post-test. Finally, the data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and SPSS-21 software. The findings showed that there was a significant difference between the means of self-efficacy and social fears in the experimental and control groups in the post-test. In other wo rds, communication skills training increased general self-efficacy and decreased social phobia in adolescent boys with hearing impairment (P <0.001). Regarding the effect of communication skills training on general self-efficacy and social phobia, counselors, therapists and clinical psychologists are recommended to use this method to increase general self-efficacy and reduce social phobia in deaf adolescents.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma is a rare, extra-nodal non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. It commonly involves brain, meninges or eyes. In this study, we investigated its clinicopathological features and survival rate in Yazd.
Subjects and

All samples related to the central nervous system lymphomas were extracted from 2011 to 2016 at Pathology Department of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. They were registered in the pre-designed check-lists. Survival rates were evaluated by referring to the physicians' offices, and also by calling on the patients.
Subjects and

All samples related to the central nervous system lymphomas were extracted from 2011 to 2016 at Pathology Department of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. They were registered in the pre-designed check-lists. Survival rates were evaluated by referring to the physicians' offices, and also by calling on the patients.

The present study was performed on 15 patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma including 7 males (46.7%) and 8 females (53.3%). The most common clinical presentations were motor deficits (33.3%), increased intra-cranial pressure (26.7%) and seizure (20%) respectively. All cases were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and high grade in 13.3% of cases. In most of cases (80%), the lesion was in one of the cerebral hemispheres. The most frequent sites were the temporal and parietal lobe.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma is a rare, invasive, extra-nodal non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. In our study, its clinicopathological feature was similar to the other studies. The mean survival rate in patients with immune-deficiency was not significantly different from patients without immune-deficiency