abbas bakhshipour

 Problematic internet use is one of the emerging issues in modern societies, and psychological factors play a prominent role in its etiology. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between attention deficit, impulsivity, and emotional regulation deficits with problematic internet use due to the feeling of loneliness.

 The multi-stage cluster method was adopted to select 450 students from the middle schools in Tabriz in the 2022-2023 academic year. Subjects were assessed by the questionnaires of Achenbach's behavioral signs, Barth's impulsivity, Gratz's and Roemer's emotion regulation deficits, Russell's feeling of loneliness and the problematic Internet use by Lopez-Fernandez et al.

 The data analysis using structural equation modeling showed that the effects of attention deficit, impulsivity, and emotional regulation deficits on the problematic internet use were mediated by the feeling of loneliness. In addition, the findings revealed that attention deficit, impulsivity, emotion regulation deficit, and loneliness had a positive significant relationship with problematic internet use (P<0.05). The effects of attention deficit, impulsivity, and emotion regulation deficit on loneliness were also significant (P<0.05).

 In sum, the attention deficit, impulsivity, and emotional regulation deficits may have predicted the problematic internet use caused by feeling of loneliness.

Childhood maltreatment affects people’s mental and physical health and causes physical, mental and interpersonal problems. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and body image disorder with mediating role of attachment styles and depression.

The design of the current research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical sample of this study consisted of 452 female students in the 9th, 10th, and 11th grades who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling from among the students of secondary schools in Rasht city. In this study, in order to measure the studied variables, Body Image Concern Questionnaire (Littleton et al, 2005), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein et al, 2003), Revised Adult Attachment Scale (Collins & Read, 1990) and Children's Depression Questionnaire (Kovacs, 1992) were used. SPSS24 and AMOS24 software were used to classify, process and analyze statistical data.

The results showed that the modified measured model has a relatively good fit with the hypothetical model. Attachment styles and depression are able to significantly mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and negative body image(p<0.05). Insecure attachment styles and depression are directly related to negative body image(p<0.05). No significant direct relationship between childhood maltreatment and body image was observed.

Based on the results obtained, it can be said that negative body image can be the result of the interaction of attachment styles and depression with childhood maltreatments. Paying attention to these results can be effective in formulating preventive and therapeutic interventions for body image disorders.

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy on perceptual and attitudinal body image in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. The study was conducted with multiple baseline single subject design. Using purposed sampling, three participants were selected among the women with body dysmorphic disorder referred to the psychiatric clinics of Tabriz city in 2022. They were assessed by Attitudinal Body Image Questionnaires (MBSRQ) and Perceptual Body Image Questionnaire during the baseline, treatment and follow-up periods. They received an one-hour 8 sessions of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. The findings of the research showed that acceptance and commitment therapy has a positive effect on attitudinal body image with an average reliability change index of 3.62 and recovery percentage of 58.66 and perceptual body image with an average reliability change index of 2.28 and recovery percentage of 62  in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. The results of this research showed that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy can improve perceptual and attitudinal body image in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. These findings have practical implications in clinical settings, which have been discussed.

Paying attention to users' emotional desires and facilitating user-product interaction have become an essential component in design, production and marketing. User experience includes user’s perceptions and feedback while using or anticipating the use of products. Optimizing user experience can increase the satisfaction of users, motivate customers to buy products and, consequently, improve the competitive position of manufacturers in the market. Product designers need to carefully identify and evaluate user’s needs in different groups of products to create different features, semantic, sensory, and behavioral functions in the product and improve the perceived user experience of the product. So far, different methods have been proposed to collect users' opinions and demands regarding different types of products. Surveying and focusing on groups are the traditional methods in market research, which have their own strengths and weaknesses. There are some integrated solutions proposed to solve problems by these methods. Designers and manufacturers face an urgent need to use the different proposed methods to accurately extract demands of users in practical examples, so that they can understand these methods and their application in real projects. This research seeks to identify the needs of users and evaluate the user experience with some types of these products. This research is based on a practical approach that applies the repertory grid technique to extract factors involved in user experience in everyday products for chopping onion. This technique is a semi-structured method to define different aspects of a phenomenon from the personal viewpoints of subjects by minimizing the possible biases of the researcher. Based on this, a case study of that technique is conducted to extract the factors involved in the user experience in everyday onion chopping tools. The implementation of the technique has three main stages including element selection, construct extraction, and identifying element relationship to constructs by using content analysis. For this purpose, by interviewing 20 users of onion chopping tools, a conceptual model was presented on the factors affecting user satisfaction in this category of products. The reason for choosing the onion chopping tool was the daily use of these tools, and the target population consisted of 20 to 40-year-old female users who did daily cooking activities. Seven elements were arranged based on the subjects' suggestions for onion chopping tools. The interview was conducted in a kitchen with the presence of the mentioned onion chopping tools, and the subjects were allowed to do onion chopping by any of the tools they wished. To discover the constructs, the elements were provided to the subjects in the form of triple comparisons, and then an in-depth interview was conducted. As many as 545 personal constructs were extracted in the initial stage. After the content analysis, they were reduced to 42 final constructs. The priority of the final constructs was extracted based on an online questionnaire, and the superiority of the elements was determined on the Likert scale. The obtained scores were entered and analyzed in the Idiogrid software version 2.4, and information was extracted in three stages including statistical information of structures, and statistical information of the elements and cognitive map of elements. Then, principal component analysis was done to understand the relationship between the structures and elements and their graphic expression showing the combination of the constructs and elements. In general, the range of the scores obtained in the structures was from 2.85 to 4.85, which has little dispersion according to the determined range (1 to 5). This result can indicate that the extracted structures have correctly identified the needs of users which are more or less important. Also, the results showed that the structures related to the safety criteria are the most important, and structures related to appearance and personal preferences of the subjects are the least important in this type of products. The results of the comparing the tools showed the strengths and weaknesses of each tool according to the extracted structures, the discovery of which will lead to the creation of new and optimized products. Since there are many dimensions in evaluating user-centric products, in order to achieve user’s satisfaction, it is necessary to pay attention to all of the effective items in user experience. The number and details of the structures obtained showed that the repertory grid technique can be used as a suitable solution for extracting the demands of users about different products. By using multiple comparisons, this method, brings up various cases in the minds of users, which are not expressed in traditional interview methods. Also, comparing the users of different products creates a situation that can include a wider range of user demands. This is the strong point of this method in comparison with the focus group method because, to uncover underlying hidden needs, approaching unusual or off-target users can provide an opportunity for product development.

Only a small percentage of individuals with eating disorders have responded positively to standard cognitive-behavioral therapy. This study compares the effectiveness of schema therapy and behavior model-based dietary regimen in regulating emotions and body image in obese individuals with binge eating disorder.Research This research employed a pre-post-test design with a control group. Thirty obese individuals with binge eating disorders attending nutrition clinics in Rasht were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups received schema therapy and behavior model-based dietary regimen interventions, respectively, while the control group received no treatment. Data collection tools included the Garnefsky and Craig Short Form Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Young Short Form Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire, Lilton, et al. (2005), Body Image Concern Questionnaire, and Body Mass Index. Data were collected before, after, and during the follow-up period. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, variance) and inferential statistics (covariance test) were used for data analysis using SPSS. Both schema therapy and behavior model-based dietary regimens effectively reduced eating disorder symptoms and improved body image. There were no significant differences in the subscales of self-blame and catastrophizing between the two treatment approaches, although the schema therapy showed a greater impact. No significant effects were observed in the acceptance, planning, positive reappraisal, and perspective focus subscales. Both interventions targeted the blame and appearance rumination subscales. The behavior model-based dietary regimen only positively affected the positive emotion regulation subscale. Both treatments effectively reduced body image concerns, but each approach had limited effectiveness in regulating emotions.

A growing body of research stresses the effect of time perspective (TP) on the genesis and maintenance of psychological disorders. However, the variations in the TP configuration of individuals with different disorders have not yet been completely investigated. We aimed to compare the differences in TP among patients with three common psychiatric disorders.

We recruited 30 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), 30 with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and 30 with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Participants completed Zimbardo’s Time Perspective Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory, and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5). The one-way MANOVA was utilized for the comparison of TP dimensions among the three disordered groups.

The results showed that TP was significantly affected in all three clinical groups. The effect of the disorder on time perspective was significant for Past Negative (PN) (F (2, 84) = 11.86, P < 0.01), Past Positive (PP) (F (2, 84) = 6.66, P < 0.01), Present Fatalistic (PF) (F (2, 84) = 7.08, P < 0.01) and Future (F) (F (2, 84) = 26.40, P < 0.01), but not for Present Hedonistic (PH). The findings revealed that the MDD group scored the highest on PN, with the GAD group scoring higher than the OCD group. The GAD and OCD groups reported higher PP than the MDD group. In addition, the MDD group scored higher than both the GAD and OCD groups on PF. Finally, the GAD patients reported higher scores than both the MDD and OCD patients on the F dimension, while the OCD patients scored higher than the MDD patients.

Individuals with MDD tend to obtain higher scores in PN and PF time perspective, whereas those with GAD and OCD showed higher PP and F scores. These findings demonstrate the significance of examining TP in clinical patients and prompt further research into the association between TP and the disorders being studied. Perspectives on therapy are also explored.

Patients with multiple sclerosis(MS) experience many physical and emotional disorders. Therefore, this study aimed the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on emotional dysregulation in multiple sclerosis patients.

The research method in present study was based on the practical aim, the experiment of type the single-subject with ABA design. The statistical population included all individuals 20 to 50 years with multiple sclerosis disorder who attended the MS Association of Tehran in 2022. Among them, 5 patients with multiple sclerosis (two men and three women) were selected based on inclusion criteria and by purposive sampling. The multiple sclerosis intervention was performed for each patient in 8 sessions of 2.5 hours. The research instrument included demographic questionnaire and difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS).  The data were analyzed using visual analysis at both within-condition and between- condition levels in SPSS and Excel software.  

The results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy intervention reduced the emotional dysregulation in patients with multiple sclerosis. So that the scores had a significant decrease compared to the baseline scores in the 8 intervention sessions and follow-up after the treatment (P<0.05).    

The results of this study showed that acceptance and commitment therapy can be effective in reducing the emotional dysregulation in multiple sclerosis patients; And it is suggested that therapists and counselors use this treatment in order to improve the emotional dysregulation of these patients along with other therapeutic interventions.

Although health anxiety is a rare type of anxiety in adolescents and children, it has a negative impact on their mental health. Health anxiety refers to worries and fears about one’s health and physical sensations. The current study aimed to examine the correlation of early maladaptive schemas with automatic negative thoughts and health anxiety in school students.This correlational research was conducted in 2022 in Tabriz, Iran. The participants were 200 students recruited through convenience sampling method. To collect data, we used the Health Anxiety Inventory, Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, and the Young Schema Questionnaire- Short. The early maladaptive schema’s factors were significantly correlated with health anxiety and automatic negative thoughts (P=0.001). Early maladaptive schemas are pervasive dysfunctional themes or patterns that negatively impress people’s thoughts and lead to misinterpretations about internal and external events.

 The aim of the present research was to evaluate the effectiveness of a therapy package for weight control based on Acceptance and Commitment with the Matrix Approach and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Food Craving and Physical Activity in overweight individuals. 

 The research Design was a quasi- experimental with pretest and posttest and An Active Control group. For this purpose, 40 person were selected via availability sampling and in regard to include and exclude criteria. The instrument of the study were Baecke's Physical Activity Questionnaire (1982) and Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait of Cepeda- Benito (2000, FCQ-T). The experimental group received the intervention package in 12 online group sessions of 2-hour weekly sessions and 8 individual sessions of tDCS AR/CL stimulation(2Ma for 20 minutes) and the control group received only 8 individual tDCS sessions of AR/CL stimulation(2Ma for 20 minutes). 

 The results of between- within group mixed analysis of variance showed that the combined intervention package of weight control based on Acceptance and Commitment with the Matrix Approach and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) had a significant effect on physical activity and cravings of overweight people in comparison with tDCS alone. 

 According to the results, it can be concluded that the therapeutic package of the present study can be a good option to increase Physical Activity and reduce Food Craving.

Dyslexia is a prevalent childhood disorder. Contrary to leading hypothesis of phonological deficit, new studies showed that the phonological representations in dyslexic children are intact but the ability to access them is impaired. Dysfunctional fronto-temporal connection has been interpreted as a neural evidence for this impaired access. Coherence training via neurofeedback provides the possibility of voluntary control on functional networks of brain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of improving functional connectivity between brains regions involved in reading. In this single subject study, four dyslexic children aged 7-9 years old completed twenty 30 minutes sessions of coherence neurofeedback training. The training protocols were the normalization of fronto-temporo-parietal connections. The results showed improvement in reading abilities and coherence values between target regions after treatment. These changes in coherence indicate dyslexia as a brain network disorder and coherence guided neurofeedback seems to be capable of modifying these disturbances.

The aim of this study was to compare mindfulness and emotional dysregulation between patients with GAD and healthy group. Research subjects included two groups that subjects of clinical group were patients (n=20) with GAD selected by purposive sampling methodfrom consecutive referees to psychiatric and psychological clinics of Tabriz. The control group (n=20) was selected among people who were accompanying the patients. All patients were asked to complete the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) and Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). Data were analyzed by Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and discriminant analysis. Results showed that There was a significant difference between patients with GAD and  healthy group in emotion regulation subscales (P<0/01). Also there was a significant difference between both groups in mindfulness. (P<0/01). Besides, Discriminant analysis indicated that low mindfulness and emotion dysregulation could correctly classified cases either GAD or healthy group. Overall, mindfulness and emotional dysregulation as two transdiagnostic factors probably have a role in development of GAD.

Twenty patients with GAD were selected nonrandomly from consecutive referees to psychiatric and psychological clinics of Tabriz. The control group of 20 people was selected from patient’s accompanying. All patients were asked to complete the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) and Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ).

There is a significant difference (p < 0/01) between GAD with healthy group in emotion regulation total score and in all subscales. Also there is a significant difference (p < 0/05) between the GAD with healthy group in mindfulness. Discriminant analysis indicated that low mindfulness and emotion regulation difficulties could correctly classified cases either GAD or health group.

Overall, mindfulness and emotional dysregulation as two transdiagnostic factors probably have a role in development of GAD.

People with gastrointestinal and skin disorders are prone to severe psychological and physical damage—one of these potential damages is cognitive and emotion regulation problems. Cognitive emotion regulation refers to people's cognitive methods to solve unpleasant emotional experiences and increase or decrease excitement. One of the most critical injuries for any human being can be problems in the cognitive regulation of their emotions. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in improving the emotion regulation strategy of people with gastrointestinal and skin disorders.

The present study was a quasi–experimental study in which a pre–test and post–test research design with a control group were used. The study's statistical population included all patients with skin and hair disorders and gastrointestinal disorders of psychosomatic origin who were referred to internal medicine and dermatology clinics and hospitals in Bukan from 2018–to 2019. 30 People were selected by a purposive sampling method. Criteria for entering the study included expressing satisfaction and ability to participate in training sessions, having gastrointestinal and skin disorders under the treating physician's approval, clinical documents and tests in the file, and criteria for leaving the study were unwillingness to continue cooperation and absence. Furthermore, they were randomly assigned to two groups of 15 people, including an experimental group and a control group. (ACT) program based on Hayes (2002) approach was performed on the experimental group for eight sessions of 1.5 hours per month. Two sessions were held each week, and the control group did not receive any intervention. In the present study, a univariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data, and the research findings were analyzed using SPSS 23 software at a significance level of 0.05. In this study, descriptive statistical methods such as mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics such as the Shapiro–Wilkes test, Levin test, and analysis of covariance were used.

Descriptive findings indicate the age of the subjects in the experimental group with a mean and standard deviation of 37.06 and 3.91, which includes 6 (40%) females and 9 (60%) males, and in the control group with a mean and standard deviation 38.60 and 2.69, which included 5 (33%33) females and 10 (66%66) males. Our groups were not significantly different in terms of age. Based on the results of the univariate analysis of covariance and due to the lower average scores of the experimental group in the post–test of cognitive emotion regulation scores, our ACT–based training program significantly improved the cognitive emotion regulation strategy of people with anxiety (p<0.001). It promoted the strategy of emotional and cognitive regulation of these people.

Overall, the results showed the effectiveness of the (ACT) in improving the emotion regulation strategy of people with gastrointestinal and skin disorders. Therefore this treatment can be used to reduce problems in emotion regulation, and improvement is recommended for its upgrade.

Making risky decisions in adolescents has become a major public health concern and understanding the correlations affecting this process makes it possible to implement prevention plans. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of positive and negative mood induction on risky decision-making by moderating high behavioral brain systems. In order to meet this aim, 327 adolescents aged 18-13 years in Isfahan were randomly selected and screened through the Behavioral Brain Systems Questionnaire (BAS / BIS).based on the standard score, two groups of 24 participants including high BAS and BIS were selected. The members of each group were randomly divided into two equal subgroups, we induced positive mood in the first subgroup and negative mood in the second subgroup using Pieces of emotional movies. Participants completed the Balloon Risk Test (BART) and the Positive and Negative Emotion Scale (PANAS) before and after mood induction. Results of data analysis by univariate factor covariance analysis showed that there is a significant difference between inducing positive and negative mood on risky decision making (p≤ 0/05) and positive mood leads to increased risky decisions, The findings also showed that behavioral brain systems as biological personality traits significantly moderate the effect of mood induction on risky decision making (p≤ 0/05). This means that adolescents with a high behavioral activation system have more hyperactivity when faced with positive moods and they are more at risk than people with behavioral inhibition systems while adolescents with behavioral inhibition systems, on the other hand, are more sensitive to negative moods and signs of punishment and they are more cautious.

Studies have indicated that adolescents take more risks in the presence of their peers. This study aimed to examine the effect of passive and active (online) peer encouragement on adolescentschr('39') sensitivity to reward and risk-taking. One hundred fifty girls and one hundred fifty boys aged 13-17 participated in the experiment. First, the participants completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task alone. Then, the participants were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: 1)Active peer encouragement group, 2)Passive peer encouragement group, 3)Control group and performed the BART again; however, this time, they performed the task with the presence of unfamiliar online peers. The participants in the passive and active groups performed the BART with their peerschr('39') presence. However, the participants in the control group performed the task with no presence of peers. Our findings demonstrated that passive but not active peer encouragement increased adolescentschr('39') risk-taking and sensitivity to reward (p<0/05). Also, findings demonstrated no gender differences (p>0/05). Thus, girlschr('39') risk-taking should not be underestimated. Also, future interventions should focus on the influence of passive peer encouragement.

An extramarital affair is a traumatic event that can jeopardize a couple's married life. Therefore, the present study was performed to provide a causal modeling of the vulnerability of extramarital relationships based on emotional schemas mediated by sexual function. The statistical population in this study was all married women in Tabriz in 1399 who had been married for about 1-10 years. To select a sample from the mentioned population, a sample of at least 384 people was selected by purposive sampling method. Research data were collected using questionnaires on vulnerability of extramarital relationships, female sexual function index and emotional schemas. All analyzes were performed using Smart PLS software version 3. Findings showed that the path coefficient and t-statistic related to the effect of "emotional schemas" on "vulnerability of extramarital relationships" are equal to 0.025 and 1.531, respectively. Because the value of t is less than 1.96; therefore, at a significance level of 0.05, emotional schema has no direct effect on the vulnerability of extramarital relationships. It is also observed that the path coefficient and t-statistic related to the effect of "sexual function" on "vulnerability of extramarital affairs" are -0.249 and 8.240, respectivelyAs the absolute value of t is greater than 2.58; therefore, at a significance level of 0.01, sexual function has a direct effect on the vulnerability of extramarital affairs. Undoubtedly, recognizing and examining the roots of extramarital affairs and planning to prevent and reduce and eliminate the underlying factors, will guide the society in order to improve the level of health, maintain social order and balance.

 During adolescence, developmental changes related to pleasure structures in brain, and emotion dysregulation may lead to an increase of involvement in addictive behaviors. Thus, the present study aimed to examine the role of cognitive emotion regulation in drug-seeking behaviors in students.

 The present correlational study was conducted in 2021. The subjects included 320 students aged 13 to 17, who participated in this study after our announcement in schools of Tabriz city, Iran. We used the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire and tendency to drug use scale for data collection. For data analysis, the correlations of the variables were primarily calculated via Pearson correlation method. Afterwards, we used the stepwise multiple regression analysis for prediction of dependent variable.

 Acceptance strategy (coefficient= -0.124, P= 0.001), positive refocusing (coefficient= -0.133, P= 0.001), refocusing on planning (coefficient= -0.108, P= 0.02), positive reappraisal (coefficient= -0.589, P= 0.03), and putting into perspective (coefficient= -0.144, P = 0.001) could predict negatively the tendency to drug use in adolescents. Additionally, self-blame strategy (coefficient= 0.114, P= 0.002), other-blame (coefficient= 0.283, P= 0.001), rumination (coefficient= 0.142, P = 0.001), catastrophizing (coefficient= 0.180, P= 0.002) were found to be able to predict the tendency to drug use in adolescents.

 The obtained findings revealed that maladaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategies are associated with drug-seeking behaviors in students.

The presence of variables such as stress, depression and anxiety can overshadow the life of any individual and deviate them from the main path and consequently, from achieving their goals. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of commitment  and acceptance based therapy (ACT) on reducing stress, depression and anxiety in people with gastrointestinal and skin disorders.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design, utilizing a control group. The recraited population included all patients with skin and hair disorders, as well as gastrointestinal disorders of psychosomatic origin who visited the clinics of internal medicine physicians and dermatologists and the clinics and hospitals in Bukan in 2019. Among 30 patients who had the highest score in the short form of DASS-21 Depression, Anxiety and Stress Questionnaire were purposefully selected and then randomly divided into experimental (15) and control groups (15). The protocol of ACT sessions based on Hayeschr('39')s (2002) approach was administered to the experimental group for eight 1.5 hour sessions in one month, two sessions per week. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using covariance analysis.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the means of the experimental and control groups in the variables of stress, depression and anxiety. In fact, ACT reduced the mean stress (7.47±1.959), depression (6.47±1.187), and anxiety (6.67±1.345) in the posttest stage.

Considering the efficacy of this type of treatment, this program is deemed to be a good option for therapists who work in counseling centers and psychological clinics.

With attention to considered various cognitive beliefs in psychopathology of disorders, the purpose of this study was comparison of cognitive beliefs include; thought action fusion (TAF), responsibility and the overestimation of threat (RT), and overimportance and control thoughts (ICT), perfectionism and the intolerance of uncertainty (PC) in obsessive –compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), major depression disorder (MDD) and normal group for more clarification psychopathology of these disorders.

This study is causal-comparative research. The clinical samples include patients with OCD, GAD and MDD that referred to Sari Shahid Zareh hospital in 2015. From each of these clinical groups and normal people, 30 persons were selected available sampling method and accomplish obsessive beliefs questionnaire and thought action fusion scale. Data were analyzed by MANOVA.

The result of MANOVA and Tukey posthoc test showed that OCD group were significantly higher than other groups in TAF, RT and ICT (p

Impulsivity is one of the features of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Rapid response impulsivity and choice impulsivity encompass two different structures of impulsivity, which take place due to the deficiency in response inhibition and inhibition of immediate execution of a strong desire, respectively. Studying the existing differences in these structures between two groups with and without this disorder is clinically crucial. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the rapid response impulsivity and choice impulsivity between children with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder and normal children.

This research was conducted with a causal-comparative method on 19 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and 19 normal children (at the age of 8 to 10 years) who selected, based on the purposive sampling method. The participants were evaluated using Structured Diagnostic Interview, Raven IQ test, and Conners' Parent and Teacher Rating Scales-revised (short form), and they were then grouped. The performance of the groups has determined using the second version of the Continuous Performance Test (CPT-II) and Real-time Discounting Task. Data have been analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and SPSS-20 software.

The results obtained from the current research indicated a significant difference between groups in the rapid response impulsivity (P<0.017), while there is no significant difference between groups in the choice impulsivity (P>0.017). Based on the obtained results, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder performed poorly in the rapid response impulsivity task.

According to the results of this research, there is a significant difference in rapid response impulsivity between two groups but there is no significant difference in choice impulsivity between them. Thus, rapid response impulsivity may be more important than choice impulsivity in the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Today, substance abuse has become one of the major problems in societies and has become more prevalent among young people.The aim of this study is to appointment of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) effectiveness in reduction of craving and lapse in methamphetamine addict patients.

In this study had been used single-case experimental design in kind of multiple-baseline design in asynchronous manner. Three of male methamphetamine addict patients choose that had come to Welfare Organization and to the Addiction Withdrawal Center in Takab Township by diagnostic interview and structured clinical interview and with purposeful sampling method. The study tools had been used such as Structured Clinical interview (SCID), demographic characteristic questionnaire, urine test, Relapse Prediction Scale (RPS) and Individual Therapy Protocol (ACT).the achieved results considered by methods of visual inspection, reliable change index (RCI), change percentage formula, clinical significance change and operational measurement.

Achieved data showed that acceptance and commitment therapy in treatment's targets intensity reduction (craving and lapse) statistically is in level of (P<0.05), clinically and significance operational measurement.

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is effective in intensity reduction of craving and lapse in methamphetamine addict patients. Given that the therapeutic approach increases psychological flexibility in patients, it can be used to treat methamphetamine dependence.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a multidimensional and heterogeneous disorder. Research has shown substantially in the last three decades that child abuse is a pathogenic factor for borderline personality disorder. The main purpose of this study was to predict the borderline personality disorder on the basis of childhood maltreatment and alexithymia, in nonclinical young adults. In this regard, 413 participants were selected using multistage sampling among all students studying in Tehran University. The Borderline Personality Scale (BPS), Child Abuse Self Report Scale (CASRS), and Toronto Alexi-thymia Scale (TAS-20) were used to measure variables. The raw data collected, was analyzed by structural equation modeling. The findings were similar to results of previous studies. The results indicate that theoretical model has a good fitness and childhood traumatic experiences (specially emotional abuse) and alexithymia are good predictors for borderline personality disorder. In addition, results revealed that alexithymia mediated rela-tionship between maltreatment and BPD symptoms.

Drug abuse has become one of the major problems in society and has become more prevalent among young people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in relapse prevention in methamphetamine-dependent patients. In this study, a single-case experimental design with a linear asynchronous base line was used. Three male methamphetamine addicted patients were chosen, who had come to the Welfare Organization, and to the Addiction Withdrawal Center in Takab Township. Patients underwent a diagnostic interview, and a structured clinical interview with a purposeful sampling method. The study tools used were Structured Clinical interview (SCID), demographic characteristic questionnaire, urine test, Gorski Relapse Prediction Scale (1989) and Individual Therapy Protocol (ACT). The results were determined using methods of visual inspection, reliable change index (RCI), improvement percentage formula, clinical significance change and operational measurement. The data showed that there was a significant reduction in the probability of recurrence in patients (P <0.05), based on clinical and operational measurements. Acceptance and commitment (ACT) therapy is effective in preventing relapse in methamphetamine-dependent patients.