abdolhamid hajebi

In order to determinating of the grazing behavior tali goat as dominant livestock, this investigation was done from 2007 for 4 years in Sirik rangeland of Hormozgan province. Parameters examined in this study included time arrival and departure of livestock from pastures, daily distance traveled by livestock, livestock path in the rangeland considering the slope, livestock speed (mean and maximum) and the time spent for livestock rest, grazing and movement per day. To determine the parameters, Garmin GPS was used on the back of a 4- year-old ewe using a special belt. After livestock exit from the fold, GPS was active and at the end of the day all recorded data were extracted by Mod-track in Ilwis software. The livestock path was determined by shepherd. The results of livestock grazing behavior in the months of the grazing season for the four years studied showed that there was a significant difference between average mileage and grazing time in different years and for the months of the grazing season, all behaviors except mileage. The average speed of livestock was 2.65 km / h, the distance traveled was 12.8 km and the grazing time was 4 hours and 49 minutes. Also, during the study years, 44 to 45% of the time when livestock was moving in the pasture was dedicated to grazing. It is worth mentioning that the information extracted from the correlation of GPS livestock route map with the slope map of the region showed that in all five months during the years under review, all distance traveled by livestock is in the slope class of 0-8%.

One of the important factors in determining the grazing capacity of rangelands is determining the preferred value of rangeland plants according to the type of livestock using the rangeland and its changes during the grazing season. In this study, the preference value of rangeland species in Zaminsang rangeland in Hormozgan province in the months of grazing season (January to May) and different years (2007-2010) was investigated. To determine the preference value, the method of utilization percentage of plant species and determination of preference index were used. The results were analyzed in a split plot statistical design in time in a randomized complete block design in SAS software and the statistical mean of the studied trait was compared with LSD test. The results showed that the most preferred livestock is primarily Aeluropus lagopoides and Atriplex leucoclada and Alhagi graecorum. The lowest percentage of exploitation was from Halocnemum strobilaceum and Desmostachya bipinnata. Based on the preference value index classification, Aeluropus lagopoides and Atriplex leucoclada species are relatively palatable species (relative preference), Alhagi graecorum and Halocnemum strobilaceum species are moderately palatable species (moderate preference) and Desmostachya bipinnata was one of the almost non-palatable (relative avoidance) species.

In order to investigate the effect of dehydration stress and planting date on some physiological indices and growth of Cymbopogon citratus, a field experiment in the form of a split plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications, including 3 levels of different irrigation (100% full irrigation as a control, 75 and 50% full irrigation) and 3 levels of planting date including 20 May, 30 May and 10 June in Rahdar Rudan area in Hormozgan province in 1399. In this study, physiological growth traits including LAI (leaf area index), CGR (crop growth rate), NAR (net uptake rate), LAD (leaf area durability), plant height, wet and dry plant yield along with chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll , carotenoids, soluble carbohydrates and proline were examined. The results showed that drought treatment was significant in all the studied traits at the level of 1%. Also, planting date was significant in total chlorophyll, carotenoids, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, soluble carbohydrates and proline but did not have any effect on plant height, wet and dry plant yield. On the other hand, the interaction between drought and planting date had caused significant changes in total chlorophyll, carotenoids and chlorophyll a and soluble carbohydrates. Drought treatment reduced leaf area, crop growth rate, net uptake rate and leaf area of Lemongrass grass by 50%, but the treatments of planting date had no effect on the physiological traits of Lemongrass plant growth. Therefore, it can be concluded that Lemongrass is a plant that is resistant to mild stress but sensitive to severe stress.

Measuring the preferred value of rangeland plants is one of the most important factors in determining rangelands' grazing capacity. The preferential value of rangeland plants is measured based on the type of livestock which uses the rangeland and the changes made in the rangeland during the grazing season. This study sought to investigate the palatability of rangeland plant species within the Sirik rangeland (Hormozgan province) during the grazing season (January to May) of the years 2007-2010.

The study area was located at sand dunes of Sirik city (Hormozgan province) at 26˚ 39ʹ 12ʺ and 57˚ 4ʹ 26ʺ overlooking the sea. The 30-year ambrothermic curve of the study area showed that the wet and dry seasons lasted one and eleven months, respectively. The average minimum and maximum temperatures of the study area in the coldest and warmest months of the year were found to be 14.36 °C and 33.78 °C, respectively. However, the lowest and highest temperatures in the region were 5.5 and 48.5 °C, respectively, and its average 30-year rainfall rate was 121.8 mm.The region's rangeland type was a mixture of Sphaerocoma aucheri and Cenchrus pennisetoformis. In the study area, seventy plant species from twenty-eight genera were collected and identified, the most important of which were Moltkiopsis Ciliata, Heliotropium bacciferum, Cyperus conglomeratus, and Panicum turgidum. The livestock examined in this study was Tali goat that is bred in Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Bushehr provinces.This study was conducted in Sirik rangeland, Hormozgan province, throughout the grazing season (January to May) for four consecutive years (2007 to 2010). The study area comprised a one-hectare enclosed area located on sand dunes ten kilometers away from Sirik city, overlooking the sea. At the beginning of the grazing season, five similar rootstocks were selected for each species and marked inside and outside the enclosed area.The forage of each rootstock was placed in a separate bag and weighed. Then the consumption percentage was determined for each species. Each species' share in the livestock diet was determined throughout the grazing season by calculating the percentage of production and consumption of species inside and outside the enclosed area. Moreover, the preference index was obtained by dividing the species' share outside the enclosed area by its share inside the area. Finally, preferential value indices were determined according to the classification proposed by Rosiere et al. (1975). The study's results were analyzed in a time-based split-plot statistical design through a complete randomized block design in SAS software, followed by comparing the statistical mean of the studied features with the results of the LSD test.

The analysis of the variance of the preferred index showed that there was no significant difference among the studied years. However, a significant difference was found between the months of the study period and between the species examined. The years of the study period were grouped together in one statistical category, and the months of the study period were classified into two statistical categories. The highest value of the preference index was found in March, which was in the same group as January. Cenchrus pennisetoformis showed the highest preference index with the value of 1.516, followed by Cyperus conglumeratus, whose value was reported to be 1.338, both of which were not statistically significant. It was also found that Cenchrus pennisetoformis was a relatively palatable species (relative preference), Cyperus conglumeratus, Sphaerocoma aucheri, Moltkiopsis Ciliata, and Panicum turgidum were moderately palatable species (moderate preference), and Heliotropium bacciferum was identified as almost a non-palatable (relative avoidance) species.

Cenchrus pennisetoformis was identified as the highest livestock preference in Sirik rangeland, Hormozgan province. According to the classification table proposed by Rosiere et al. (1975), the species is classified as palatable with a preference index of 1.516. Moreover, Cenchrus pennisetoformis was one of the region's low-density and highly consumed species. The second livestock preference in Sirik rangeland was Cyperus conglumeratus, whose preference index was found to be 1.338, representing a boundary between the ratio of good food and average good food. The two species were then grouped together in a statistical category. The third preference rank belonged to Sphaerocoma aucheri with a value of 0.960, which was a highly distributed and consumed species in the region with the highest dense value. It should be noted that this species plays an essential role in Tali goat's nutrition at the end of the grazing season, i.e., April and May, when the annuals are dried up.Other preference indices belonged to Moltkiopsis ciliate and Panicum turgidum, with index values of 0.819 and 0.800, respectively, both of which are classified as moderately palatable species. Moreover, annuals with a preference index of 0.729, including Stipa capensis, Plantago psylium, Erucaria hispanica, Mathiola longipetala, Fagonia bruguieri, Anagalis arvensis, and Medicago polymorpha were among the moderately palatable species. However, it should be noted that at the beginning of the grazing season, the livestock tends to graze those plants that are more than one year old, while at the end of the grazing season, when the grasses are dried up or sowed, the one-year-old plants are less favored by the livestock. Finally, the last preference index belonged to Heliotropium bacciferum with an index of 0.605, which was classified as an almost non-edible species.

Platychaete aucheri is one of the exclusive and important rangeland species in the south of the country that has an important role in animal nutrition. In this study, using a generalized increase model, the pattern of response of this species to the slope of soil and topographic factors in its habitats in the province Hormozgan was identified and for this purpose, three regions of Bastak, Sirmand and Kuh-e-Geno, which were the main habitats of the species, were selected and vegetation information and habitat factors of the species were collected. The results showed that all soil measurement parameters except acidity were significantly different at 5% level. The highest electrical conductivity, the percentage of soil saturation and silt was in Bastak region, the highest amount of soil lime and sand was in Sirmand region and the highest percentage of organic carbon, nitrogen and soil clay was in Geno mountain region. Soil texture in Bastak was loam and sandyloam, in Sirmand was sandyloam and in Geno region was sandyclayloam. The application of a generalized collective model for each of the environmental variables showed that the response of Platychaete aucheri to soil sand percentage, soil silt percentage, soil salinity, soil lime percentage, slope and altitude was significant. With increasing sand percentage and soil lime percentage, the species response is increasing and the presence of species is increasing. With increasing soil silt percentage and with increasing slope percentage, species response is decreasing and species presence is less. By increasing the electrical conductivity of the soil, up to 25 species responses are increased, and after that, with the increase of electrical conductivity of the soil, the presence of the species decreases. With increasing the percentage of soil saturated moisture to 20%, the species response is increasing and since then with increasing the percentage of soil saturated moisture to 35%, the presence of the species has decreased and again with increasing the percentage of soil saturated moisture, the presence and growth of the species has increased. With increasing altitude up to 400 meters, the species response is increasing and since then with increasing altitude to 650 meters, the presence of the species has decreased and again with increasing altitude, the presence and growth of the species has increased.

Taverniera spartea is one of the most important species in the Gulf and Omani rangelands. In this study, some ecological needs of Taverniera spartea and their response to soil and topographic factors in three main habitats in Hormozgan province (Siahoo, Ahmadi and Bashagard) were determined. The results showed that the percentage of cover was significant at the level of 1% and the percentage of bare soil and the percentage of rocks and pebbles at the level of 5% was significant. Applying the generalized collective model for each of the environmental variables showed that the variables of soil lime percentage, clay percentage, acidity, soil organic carbon content, soil nitrogen and bare soil percentage on species yield are significant. Increasing the percentage of soil clay from the Monotonic decrease, increasing the acidity of the soil, from the Bimodal distribution, increasing the amount of soil lime and also the percentage of bare soil from the Unimodal and increasing the percentage of organic carbon and soil nitrogen from the Monotonic increase followed. The phenological study of the species showed that the growth of this plant starts from the second decade of November and from the third decade of May, enters a stage of stagnation. Considering the nutritional value of the species and its role in the protection of rangeland soil, it is recommended to plant this species in the degraded rangeland areas that have the conditions for its establishment.

Considering the extensive degradation of Iranian rangelands and forests due to livestock grazing and the land use change in recent decades, rangeland management requires a comprehensive knowledge concerning the ecological characteristics of native plant species and how they respond to environmental factors. Developed from the Fabaceae legume family, Taverniera spartea is an important species indigenous to the Persian Gulf and Omani rangelands of Iran. As a rich source of plant protein, this plant has a high value in feeding animals. Possessing a strong root system, the plant plays an important role in biologically stabilizing nitrogen, increasing soil's organic matter, improving soil texture, and preventing soil erosion. Lack of sufficient knowledge concerning this plant species and the relationship between soil, environmental factors, and the vegetation status is a serious obstacle to using soil for biological regeneration of degraded rangelands and planning for optimal management of existing habitats. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the response pattern of the plant to the slope of soil and topographic factors in its habitats in Hormozgan province using the generalized incremental model.

This study was conducted in Siahoo, Ahmadi, and Bashagard regions in Hormozgan province. Siahoo region is located 55 km north of Bandar Abbas at an altitude of 450 meters above sea level, Ahmadi region is located 95 km north of Bandar Abbas at an altitude of 750 meters above sea level, and Bashagard region is located 135 kilometers east of Bandar Abbas at an altitude of 600 meters above sea level. The average rainfall of Siahoo, Ahmadi, and Bashagard region is 171.54, 183.61, and 193.18 mm, respectively, and their average annual temperatures are 27.34, 25.52, and 28.6 degrees Celsius respectively. Located among the semi-humid hot regions, Siahoo region is a semi-dry hot region with the average minimum and maximum absolute temperature of 21.8 and 32.3 ° C, respectively. Moreover, Bashagard is a hot dry region with the average minimum and maximum absolute temperature of 21.1 and 33.9 degrees Celsius, respectively. A 30 plots were chosen via random-systematic sampling for each ecological unit (90 plots in three study areas). Then, the percentage of canopy cover was measured for each species located inside the plots, and a soil sample was taken from each plot for analysis. Moreover, conventional comparative analysis method was used as a nonlinear method to investigate the relationship between effective and significant environmental variables and vegetation, and forward selection was used to reduce error. On the other hand, the significance of the relationship between species composition and axes obtained from environmental variables was investigated using the Monte Carlo permutation test. Furthermore, a generalized incremental model was used to predict the response of plant species to changes in environmental factors. Finally, the Akaic information criterion was used to rank the variables affecting the performance of the species.

This study found that the soil texture was sandy loam in all three habitats. The amount of electrical conductivity in the three habitats revealed a significant difference. Soil acidity was also higher in Bashagard region than the other two ones. The highest amount of soil lime was found in Siahoo region with 54.3%, and the lowest one was observed in Ahmadi region with 19.3%. It was also found that as the soil clay percentage increased, the species response was decreased and the species presence was reduced. On the other hand, with an increase in soil acidity to 7.5%, the species response increased, and as soil acidity was increased to 7.7%, the presence of the species decreased. Also, the presence and growth of the species increased with and increase in soil acidity. The results also indicated that the presence and growth of species increased with an increase in the amount of soil lime to 55, and that the presence of the species decreased with an increase in soil lime. Moreover, as the percentage of the soil's organic carbon increased, the species response and presence increased. Furthermore, the species response and presence increased with an increase in the soil's nitrogen percentage. Also, as the percentage of uncovered soil (bare soil) increased to 55, the species response increased, and as the bare soil increased, the presence of the species decreased.

The results of conventional adaptive classification showed that seven factors, including the percentage of neutralizing material, altitude, percentage of bare soil, electrical conductivity, soil saturation, litter percentage, and soil silt percentage were the main factors which influenced the distribution of Taverniera spartea. Applying the generalized collective model with Poisson error distribution for each environmental variable showed that soil lime percentage, clay percentage, acidity, soil organic carbon content, soil nitrogen, and bare soil percentage has a significant influence at the level of 0.05%. on the species yield.The study also examined the role of the presence and yield of Taverniera spartea as a valuable rangeland species in forage production, soil and water conservation using environmental factors. It could be said that to rehabilitate the degraded rangeland areas with the required conditions for the establishment of this Taverniera spartea, the species should be planted according to its ecological needs. At the same time, proper and optimal use of the species in rangeland and suitable habitats reduces the loss of capital and time.

Salinity is a basic non-living environmental factor that reduces the yield worldwide. In arid and semi-arid regions, the salinity of water and soil limits crop production. Therefore, it is crucially important to assess the salinity tolerance of medicinal herbs if they are to be cultivated in saline areas.

To investigate the effect of water salinity and some saline organic fertilizers on the lemongrass' (Cymbopogon citratus) physiological features and growth, a greenhouse experiment was carried out in the research greenhouse of Hormozgan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center through a completely randomized design with four replications at seven salinity levels including non-saline water as a controlling factor, saline water at 4, 10, and 15 ds/m levels, and saline organic fertilizers at three levels including fish meal fertilizer with salinity rate of 5/2, liquid fish manure with salinity rate of 4/9, and poultry slaughterhouse fertilizer with salinity rate of 4/6 ds /m. Moreover, the physiological growth features, including the leaf area, the leaf's fresh and dry weight, the root's fresh and dry weight, the plant's height, the number of tillers, and total chlorophyll were investigated.

The study's results indicated that water salinity and organic fertilizers had a significant effect on all studied features. It was also found that treating Irrigation water with a salinity of 15 ds /m had the most negative effect on all studied features, with the root's dry weight affected the most. On the other hand, treating poultry slaughterhouse fertilizer with a salinity of 4/6 ds/m improved all physiological growth features compared to the control factor except the number of tillers per plant. The results also showed that lemongrass was sensitive to over 5 ds/m salinity but tolerated less than 5 ds/m salinity and that it was possible to use the relatively saline organic fertilizers studied as a food source in cultivating this plant.

In order to investigate the preference value of plants, this study was conducted in Sirik rangeland in Hormozgan province. To determine the preferred value in this region, two methods of timing and production and consumption of plant species were used. The results of analysis of variance of the preferred value in both timing methods (using a video camera) and the operating percentage yielded the same results. Because in both methods, there was no statistically significant difference at the level of 5% between the years and months of the study and only a significant difference between species. In the chronological method, Sphaerocoma aucheri with statistically assigned the highest mean (29.8%) along with annuals with an average (28.9%) were placed in a class statistically, followed by Moltkiopsis ciliata and Cenchrus pennisetoformis 9.3 and 7.8, respectively. In the method of exploitation percentage, the highest exploitation percentage was Cenchrus pennisetoformis with 52.9%, although with Heliotropium bacciferum with 49.6%, Moltkiopsis ciliata with 45.8%, Sphaerocoma aucheri with 44.6% and Cyprus conglomeratus with 44.5% were in a group. In the Sirik region, Sphaerocoma aucheri was one of the high density and high consumption species and Cenchrus pennisetoformis was the low density and high consumption species. Sphaerocoma aucheri was in the first place in terms of preference value, but it should be noted that livestock tends to graze more than annuals at the beginning of the growing season and at the end of the growing season with drying or seeding of grasses, annuals are received less attention.

The appropriate and permissible utilization of the rangeland causes stability, prevention of degradation, stability of high quality plants and improvement of its condition. Appropriate grazing intensity causes continuous and economic use in rangeland and to achieve stability and continuity of production in rangelands and determine the most appropriate level of exploitation, study the effect of different harvest intensities on forage production of three important species of Cenchrus pennisetiformis, Panicum turgidum and Sphaerocoma aucheri in Sirik region of Hormozgan province since 2006 for four years. Experimental treatments included four harvest intensities of 25, 50 and 75% and control (without harvest). In each treatment, 10 rootstocks of the species were considered as replicates, which were evaluated on each of the dependent variables. The results were analyzed in SAS software. The results showed that different harvest intensities, years and months studied and their interactions in species are very significant. Harvest intensity affected the amount of green forage and species height and all treatments were significantly different from the control. Therefore, an allowable harvest of up to 50% can be suggested for the above species.

Taverniera cuneifolia is one of the most important palatable rangeland species in Hormozgan province that unprincipled and excessive exploitation has destroyed the natural habitats of this valuable species. Only careful planning and crop cultivation and observing the rotation frequency and promoting plant cultivation in the habitat can be an effective step to maintain the survival of this species. In this study, Taverniera seeds were collected from two habitats (Geno and Tezerj) and pre-emergence treatments were soaking in sulfuric acid for 15 minutes, soaking in sulfuric acid for 30 minutes, soaking in warm water (70 °C) for one hour, soaking in gibberellic acid solution at a concentration of 1000 mg/l for 24 hours, scarification with sand, soaking in a potassium nitrate solution at a concentration of 0.1 molar for 24 hours, soaking in normal water for 24 hours and control. According to the results, all treatments had a higher germination percentage than the control. Meanwhile, treatments placed in sulfuric acid for 15 and 30 minutes caused 100% seed germination and were superior to other treatments. Sulfuric acid treatment for 15 minutes had the highest germination rate, and sulfuric acid treatment for 30 minutes had the highest radicle and plumule length.

Mangrove forests are one of the most beneficial ecosystems that have lost more than 50% of their primary extents. Because of uncontrolled degradation, many countries go beyond standard measures of mangrove forests protection and produce standard seedlings to afforest for higher success rates. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of species, irrigation, and light regimes as well as their interaction on vegetative growth of grey mangrove (Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.) and red mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata (Lam.)) seedlings in the nursery setting. Seeds of mangrove trees were collected and planted in plastic pots during July and August 2008. Then collar diameter, height, and stem height to stem diameter (h/d) were measured as influenced by species, irrigation regime (every day, every other day, and three days in between) and light condition (shade and light) using a three-way analysis of variance. Results showed that the diameter growth in the red mangrove is more than 0.38 mm than that of the grey mangrove (p < 0.05). Interactive effects of species × light condition showed that diameter growth of grey mangrove and red mangrove seedlings are significantly different in the shade condition. Diameter growth of grey mangrove seedlings was higher in light condition than that of in shade (p < 0.05). In shade, the stem height to stem diameter of seedlings was significantly higher than that of those measured it in light. Furthermore, the stem height to stem diameter as influenced by species × light condition was significantly different between two species and was also higher in shade condition compared with grey mangrove seedling (p < 0.01). The results suggested that light provides more favorable conditions for the grey mangrove seedlings growth, whereas it is not beneficial for the red mangrove seedlings.