abolfazl akbarpour

The urgent and increasing human need for water resources around the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, has focused more attention on researching new methods of storing and reusing groundwater and surface water (Karim, 2018). In order to design a suitable artificial recharge method, sufficient information about the distribution of water flow in the soil is required. On the other hand, researching water flow distribution in porous media without modeling field conditions is time-consuming and costly. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of trench dimensions on infiltration capacity in unsaturated environment and to introduce artificial recharge method suitable for desert areas

In order to achieve the goals of this research, the physical model was built in the hydraulic laboratory of Birjand University. In the conducted tests, the depth and width of the trench (separately) were variable and other fixed factors were considered. Considering that the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of trench dimensions on the amount of infiltration capacity in an unsaturated environment. Therefore, in the first stage, water with a flow rate of 2.2 liters per minute entered the trench with a depth of 10 cm, a width of 8 cm and a length of 80 cm (the length of the trench was constant in all the experiments) and the volume of water exiting from the measurement model became. In the next step, keeping the depth of the trench constant, the width of the trench was 0.5, 0.75, 1.25, and 1.5 times, and the volume of water coming out of the model was measured for different widths. Also, considering the width of the trench as fixed, the depth of the trench was changed with the mentioned ratios. After the water reached the stagnation level, the output water volume was measured at 5-minute intervals for 60 minutes for all the inlet flow rates of the model. Then, after 60 minutes, the output water volume (V_out) from the model was measured for another 30 minutes. Then the inlet flow was stopped and the output flow rate from the model was measured at 5 minute intervals for another 120 minutes.

The amount of   is directly affected by the changes in depth and width of the trench. In equal volumes, in cases where the ratio of depth to width is greater, the value of  is greater.In Figure 1, the trend of changes in the volume of the trench with the trend of changes in the flow output from the model according to the changes in the depth of the trench and also the changes in the width of the trench are examined. The results have shown that the slope of changes in the volume of the trench is not proportional to the slope of the output flow and shows a higher value. The slope of changes in trench volume is 20%, while the slope of changes in output flow is 2.8%, and the slope of changes in output flow is 0.8%. This shows that depth changes are more effective than trench width changes in increasing the amount of infiltration.Also, the effects of the infiltration level on the output flow rate from the tank were investigated. Investigations show that the trend of changes in the trench level changes with a greater slope than the trend of the output flow rate from the model. The slope of the trench surface change trend was calculated as 14.29% for the trench depth change, while the slope of the model output flow rate change for the trench depth change is 2.8%. also . The slope of the trench surface changes was calculated as 5.7% per trench width change, while the slope of the model output flow rate changes was 0.8% per trench width changes.

The results showed that in the conditions where the width of the trench was considered constant and its depth was considered variable, compared to the conditions where the depth of the trench was considered constant and its width was considered variable; The changes in the output current from the model are greater. For example, in the case where the width of the trench was considered fixed, for every 1.5 times the depth of the trench, the output water volume increased by 7%. 1.5 doubling of the width of the trench, the volume of the outflow water increased by 1.3 percent. Also, the results showed that the trend of changes in the volume of the trench and the infiltration level of the trench is more than the trend of the changes in the flow rate of the model. The trend of changes in trench volume is 7 times and 25 times the ratio of changes in flow rate output from the model per change in depth of the trench and the trend of changes in flow rate output from the model per change in width of the trench, respectively. The trend of changes in the infiltration level of the trench was calculated by the change of the depth of the trench, the ratio of the trend of the output flow rate changes was calculated 5 times from the model. Also, the change trend of the infiltration level of the trench for the change of the trench width, the ratio of the change trend of the output flow rate was obtained from the model 7 times

Accurate prediction of wastewater effluent parameters is crucial for evaluating the performance of wastewater treatment plants, as it significantly contributes to reducing time, energy, and costs. This study employed three machine learning algorithms such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Gaussian Process Regression (GPR)  in order to forecast the output COD values of Wastewater Treatment Plant No. 1 in Parkand Abad, Mashhad, Iran. The input data for the models included BOD5, COD, TSS, Temprature, and pH of influent sewage, recorded daily from March 2018 to June 2019. The findings indicated that the SVM model surpassed the ANN and GPR models in predicting effluent COD parameters across all three phases, with GPR also performing better compared to ANN throughout the training, validation, and testing stages. The SVM model achieved values of  r = 0.82, R2 = 0.67, RMSE = 19.02, MAPE = 0.069, and MAE = 13.26 during the training phase, and the model exhibits values of r= 0.74, R2= 0.45, RMSE=28.02, MAPE=0.080, and MAE=18.46 in the testing phase.

In this research, modeling and estimation of dew point temperature values ​​in eight meteorological stations located in the eastern regions of Iran were done. These stations, including Bam, Birjand, Iranshahr, Kerman, Mashhad, Tabas, Zabol and Zahan, are all characterized by a dry climate. First, the correlation of different weather parameters with dew point temperature was investigated and then the parameters of mean temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature were selected as the parameters with the highest correlation to dew point temperature. These selected parameters then incorporated into a VAR (Vector Autoregression) model as inputs for estimating dew point temperature values. This modeling approach allows us to capture the interdependencies between these variables and enhance our accuracy in predicting dew point temperature. Then the stability of the residual series of the VAR model was investigated and the residual series of this model was developed using the generalized ARCH model. The result of the development of the VAR model was the investigation of the dew point temperature in eight meteorological stations with the VAR-GARCH model. The results indicated that this combined model outperformed VAR model in both the train and test phases. Specifically, the VAR-GARCH model demonstrated higher accuracy and improved results compared to solely using a VAR model. The incorporation of GARCH allowed better modeling of the residual series, leading to an overall increase in accuracy ranging from 5% to 30% during the test phase. These findings suggest that considering both autoregressive dynamics and conditional heteroskedasticity is crucial for accurately predicting dew point temperatures. By incorporating GARCH into our modeling approach, we were able to capture additional information about volatility and further enhance our predictions.

The importance of the optimal and efficient use of all available water resources becomes noticeable when today due to successive droughts and a decrease in rainfall, the surface water resources are running out. Runoff and surface water resources are some of the primary and vital available water resources, and hence, modeling and predicting their behavior are especially critical. In the current research, the aim was to model the stream flow of the Chehel Chai watershed in Golestan province, Iran, using the data of the stream flow and precipitation for a period of 45 years. For this reason, 4 machine learning algorithms namely, Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), Random Forest (RF), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), and Gene Expression Programming (GEP) were used. The data were entered into the modeling in the form of different scenarios consisting of the stream flow and precipitation with varying lags of time. The results showed that scenario M2 (using only stream flow data with two time lags) in the ELM (extreme learning machine) model with the values of RMSE (root mean square error) =0.984 (m3/s) and R2=0.613 had the most accurate performance and predictions among all the models and scenarios.

Groundwater resources are facing unprecedented pressures due to overexploitation and contamination. Effective management necessitates robust tools for understanding and predicting groundwater behavior. Numerical simulation models have emerged as indispensable instruments in this regard. This study employs a bibliometric analysis to explore research trends, influential authors, and journals within the field of numerical simulation and groundwater from 1997 to 2023. The analysis, based on the Web of Science Core Collection, reveals a substantial increase in research output over the past two decades. Journal of Hydrology, Water Resources Research, and Water emerged as the most prolific journals in the field. Wang Y was identified as the most productive author. While early research predominantly focused on spatial distribution and finite element methods, recent studies have shifted towards addressing complex hydrological processes such as inrush flow, drainage, and watershed management. The analysis also highlights the growing importance of computational advancements, including the integration of distributed parameters and isotopic analysis, in enhancing the accuracy and applicability of groundwater models. The findings underscore the need for continued research to address emerging challenges in groundwater management, with a particular emphasis on inrush currents and evolutionary algorithms as promising areas for future exploration.

Today, groundwater pollution has become a serious environmental problem. On the other hand, climate change affected the quality of aquifers. The results showed that the quality of groundwater resources changed over the time and some cations such as arsenic, chromium and some anions like mercury, fluoride, and nitrate penetrated into the water sources. Research showed that there were various methods to eliminate pollution in groundwater, including traditional and cheap techniques also, chemical precipitation methods, ion exchange, absorption, and membrane filtration. Therefore, in the present study, with analytical and descriptive investigation, some common pollutants in polluted aquifers and various methods to reduce pollutants from water were stated. Also, since nanotechnology guarantees long-term access to safe drinking water, some methods of nanoparticle synthesis and their wide applications in reducing aquifer pollution were investigated. The results of these studies showed that nanomaterials can increase the rate of chemical reaction, compatibility with the environment, and selectivity in reducing pollutants from water.

Groundwater aquifers are the main source of water for billions of people living in arid and semi-arid regions. Major changes in rainfall, groundwater pumping and feeding, and severe soil erosion, floods, and droughts are among the most noticeable consequences of climate change. All this complicates the challenge of conserving groundwater resources for the foreseeable future. These scenarios highlight the need to rethink current strategies for groundwater studies. This paper deals with the application of finite elements in groundwater studies. This paper analyzed Web of Science data using Biblioshiny - a powerful bibliometric analysis tool based on R software. The study shows that the Quebec National University of Scientific Research and the Indian Institute of Technology are the most active research centers on the use of finite elements in groundwater studies, and China, America, Canada, Germany, Italy, France, Great Britain, and Iran are the leading countries in this field. Are. This distribution reflects the worldwide interest and participation in research related to the application of finite elements to groundwater problems. Based on this research, the current popular topics in the world regarding the application of the finite element method in groundwater studies are: "seepage", "deformation" and "stability analysis". The present study not only highlights the relationship between collaborations and scientific advances and trends in scientific collaboration but also serves as a model to show new research directions in the field of finite element applications in groundwater.

Among the problems faced by artificial feeding methods, we can mention low rainfall, limited water resources, high temperature and high evaporation, high sediment yield due to poor vegetation cover, etc. Artificial feeding methods in these areas should be designed in such a way that it has maximum efficiency from the available water resources. In this research, it has been tried to reduce the aforementioned problems by presenting a new method of artificial nutrition suitable for desert areas. In order to design a suitable method of artificial nutrition, sufficient information about the distribution of water flow in the soil is needed. On the other hand, research on the distribution of water flow in porous media without modeling the field conditions is time-consuming and expensive. In the current research, the issue of determining the infiltration capacity in the unsaturated environment was discussed using the integration of the infiltration trench and the permeable pipe in the laboratory environment.

For this purpose, a physical model was built in which water was injected into the unsaturated environment through a permeable pipe and a trench. The input flow to the model included 5 flow rates of 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 liters per minute. With the beginning of the experiment, which was entered into the model with the mentioned flow rates, the amount of progress of the moisture front was determined every 5 minutes. This process continued until the moisture front reached the water level. At the same time as the water was removed from the model, the output flows were measured every 5 minutes. The way water moves in the unsaturated environment and the formation of the moisture front was photographed and the images were analyzed using Plot Digitize and AutoCAD software. In the next step, after creating a flow in the porous medium, the volume of passing water was measured in different conditions at a certain time. The amount of water output from the model depends on factors such as the flow rate entering the model, the dimensions of the model, the slope of the ponding surface, the distance between the bottom of the trench and the ponding surface, the texture of the soil, the length of the trench, the width of the trench, the height of the permeable pipe to the bottom of the trench, the average diameter of the permeable material, and the entry time. The water depends on the model until it reaches the stagnation level and the time it takes for the water to reach the stagnation level until the end of the test. In the experiments, the input flow to the model was variable and other factors were considered fixed. After the water reaches the stagnation level in time intervals of 5 minutes for 60 minutes (a fixed time, the duration of which is obtained according to reaching the peak output flow rate from the model and preliminary tests for the lowest flow rate) It was measured for all model inlet flow rates. Next, after the completion of 60 minutes, the amount of water output from the model was measured for another 30 minutes. In flow rates of 2.5 liters per minute and 3 liters per minute, due to the fact that the inlet flow rate was higher than the capacity of the model, the excess water volume overflowed from the model. Then the inlet was cut off and for another 120 minutes, the output flow rate from the model was measured in 5 minute intervals. Then, the volume of water entering the tank (V_in) and the volume of water leaving without calculating the base flow that was mentioned earlier was measured to simulate the static level, V_out=(V_B-V_A). V_A is the volume of water input to simulate the static surface and V_B is the volume of water output from the model. The performance of the model was calculated based on V_out in relation to the volume of water coming out of the model without calculating the base flow rate as maximum 〖(V〗_(out max)) and also V_out was calculated in relation to V_in.

The highest penetration capacity of the model was determined to be 2.049 liters per minute. The results showed the trend of changes in the output flow from the model, the time the moisture front reached from the trench to the reservoir surface, the average infiltration velocity, V_out, the time to reach the maximum output flow from the model, and the slope of the water discharge line from the model after approaching the flow rate proportional to the capacity. The influence of the model has decreased. The performance of the model was evaluated based on V_out during the duration of the experiment in two modes. The best performance of the model was related to the flow rate of 2 liters per minute, which is the closest flow rate to the flow rate corresponding to the infiltration capacity of the model. The results showed that the performance at a flow rate of 2 liters per minute in the case where V_out was measured in relation to V_(out max) (water entering the model is less than the infiltration capacity of the model), 96% and in the case where V_(out max) was compared to V_in was taken into consideration (water flow entering the model is greater than the infiltration capacity of the model), its performance was determined to be 98%. In the presented artificial feeding method, the inlet flow rate through the permeable pipe should be designed according to the infiltration capacity of the trench so that the maximum capacity of the trench is used and water loss is minimized.

Aquifer regeneration is one of the essential primary solutions to better the crisis of these resources. Optimum locating of injection and considering the influencing factors of the aquifer's features are the most critical issues that have always been challenging for researchers. Hence, this study addressed the efficiency of two developed numerical methods in simulating artificial recharge. For this purpose, three scenarios were defined to evaluate the performance of numerical methods (comparison of analytical and numerical solutions), simulating the rise of the groundwater level, and analyzing the sensitivity of the hydrodynamic features of the aquifer. The concept of two numerical methods (i.e., Finite Difference 'FD' and Finite Element' FE') was performed as open-source coded in MATrix LABoratory (MATLAB), and their efficiency was examined. Results indicated that the simulated groundwater drawdown due to extraction wells is compatible with the analytical solutions regarding RMSE and NSE. Also, the performance evaluation results showed that the accuracy of the FE method is better than the FD. The experiment's results of artificial recharge into the aquifer through the injection well also showed that the groundwater level rise in the FE method is faster than in the finite difference method. Also, after 1500 days of recharge, the height of the groundwater level is up to about 90 cm.

Today, quality monitoring of water resources played an influential role in its exploitation and use. Water sources usually contain heavy metals in minor concentrations. The research showed various methods of removing heavy metals in aqueous solutions, such as chemical reduction, ion exchange, adsorption, etc. Hence, the widespread applications of nanotechnology to remove toxic pollutants from different contaminated water sources are known. In this study, while the existence of other methods for pollutants elimination from water, the use of iron nanoparticles was investigated. Eco-friendly and cost-effective nanomaterials are vital to ultimately removing contaminants from water. Meanwhile, iron nanoparticles are available, cheap, and practical in water and wastewater treatment. Therefore, Nano Zero-Valeant Iron (nZVI) with high surface area, nanoscale particle size, unique catalytic activity, more reactivity than bulk iron, and mobility in the underground has attracted significant consideration due to their performance in removing pollutants from aqueous solutions. Since nZVI could have aggregated, various linkers have been used to stabilize these particles on the substrate, and the use of some linkers to support these nanoparticles was examined. The results showed that hydrophilic and biodegradable linkers such as Starch, Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), Polyethylene glycol (PEG), Polyacrylamide (PAM), and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) could increase the speed of chemical reaction in reducing pollutants from water. Because linkers often had different functional groups that could enhance the stabilizing of these particles on the substrate. Among these linkers, PVP, as a hydrophilic, cheap, and biodegradable polymer, has performed an excellent function in supporting nZVI.

Groundwater resource management to meet human water needs and reduce the drop in groundwater levels due to uncontrolled abstraction, is one of the important issues of the country. Therefore, in this study, the simulation-optimization model (FEM-IPO) was used to manage the operation of the aquifer. The mathematical model of the aquifer groundwater flow was performed using finite element numerical simulation. In order to find the optimal location of wells and reduce the drop level, the optimal model of the aquifer was prepared using the slope algorithm. The results show that the western and northwestern areas of the plain have more potential for digging pumping wells. Also in the studied aquifer and according to the defined water requirement, 5 wells located on the west and northwest sides with a maximum drop of 28.49 meters has been the most optimal model for exploiting the aquifer. In this study, the water level calculated by the finite element model was compared with the observational water level of the model, so that the relative error and the root mean square error were 0.00024 and 0.224, respectively, which indicates the high accuracy of the model. Also, due to high accuracy, efficiency and time saving in modeling, FEM-IPO model can be used as a model for optimal operation of the aquifer.

Currently, uncontrolled extraction of groundwater resources has led to a decline in the water table of aquifers, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Today, one of the ways to improve the water table of aquifers is the use of artificial recharge plans. This study has been done to numerically simulate the artificial recharge plan of Birjand plain through the construction of injection wells using the numerical model of Isogeometric analysis. In this regard, first a standard example with two wells with discharges of 1142.85 and 1428.57 m3/day was used to simulate the water table for 210 days. After evaluating the accuracy of the model, the water table before injection was simulated based on the existing conditions and after injection using 20 injection wells with a constant flow of 7638.44 m3/day in 12 time steps in the unconfined aquifer of Birjand plain. Comparison of the results of Isogeometric analysis and analytical solution model in standard aquifer with estimated evaluation criteria equal to ME=-0.0096, MAE=0.0111 and RMSE=0.0146 and also in Birjand plain unconfined aquifer with evaluation criteria of ME=-0.033, MAE=0.372 and RMSE=0.229 shows the model accuracy in simulating the water table before injection. Also, after running the numerical code of the injection wells construction plan, by interpolating the water table obtained at the control points in the location of 10 existing observation wells, the results at the end of the simulation period shows increasing the water table maximum 60.53 cm in observation well number 2 and minimum 1.25 cm in observation well number 9.

One of the solutions to deal with improper temporal and spatial distribution of water resources problems is the optimal use of dam reservoirs. Reservoir systems analyze, properly, manages and properly utilizes water resources and tries to design water resources systems in such a way that specific purpose such as hydropower generation, drinking water supply and agriculture, control of destructive floods, according to a set of Implement the constraints optimally. For this purpose, in this study, the objective function of minimizing the total power of the difference between the demand of agriculture and release has been used to solve the problem of optimizing the operation of the Amirkabir reservoir. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of single-objective versions of algorithms such as multi-verse optimizer and genetic algorithm, as well as the performance of a combination of these two algorithms (MVGA). The results of the study of meta-heuristic algorithms indicated that among the multi-verse, genetic algorithm and MVGA algorithm, the MVGA algorithm similar to GA has a lower number of iterations with objective function values of 24.29 and 24.22, respectively, better than the MVO algorithm with objective function values 29.14. The results of this study showed that to increase the efficiency of one algorithm, it can be combined with another algorithm. In this study, the combination of genetic algorithm with multi-world algorithm has improved the performance of multi-world algorithm by 16.64%.

Due to the difficulty in measurement of transverse velocity in floods, it is necessary to use appropriate models for this aim. Hydrodynamic complexity of the flow in the middle of the flood is another reason for usage of precise models. Accurate prediction of flows is very difficult due to the complexity of its nature and the lack of accurate data. Here, two-dimensional modeling of the flood has been done using the finite element method (FEM). The case study is a real field river. The achieved results from the finite element model are compared with the observational data at three stations. In order to evaluate the model performance, the root mean square error (RMSE) is calculated. The relative error and the RMSE are 0.143 and 0.229 m, respectively. This amount of value indicates the high accuracy of the proposed model. In addition, computational cost including time spending and efficiency of FEM is satisfactory and this model can be used as a good tool for flow simulation.

Due to the fact that ecosystems are more fragile and sensitive in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, the phenomenon of floods and the resulting damage and loss will be more severe in these areas. The subject of river canals and their morphology is one of the key topics in engineering and river management, which can be used to obtain a useful set of information about the geometric shape, bed shape, longitudinal profile, cross sections, over time. Default geometric relationships in hydrological models such as Kineros2 are based on field measurements in US watersheds and cause uncertainty in model results. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the regional statistical relationships between the width and depth of the canal with the area of the upstream watersheds for employing in hydrological models such as Kineros2, and the width and depth of the canal with other basin characteristics. The data in this research are mainly topographic maps of Neishabour Bar watershed. Thus, according to topographic maps, preliminary studies were carried out to identify sub-basins. In this study, the basin is divided into 34 sub-basins that involve Lar Formation (in 16 sub-basins), and marl (in 18 sub-basins), where, 27 sub-basins in upstream are non-orchard lands. The linear and nonlinear regressions and equations were studied and evaluated using the software such as Excel, SPSS, Curve Expert, and XLSTAT. The results of correlation of physical parameters with canal width and depth, nonlinear regression analysis and analysis of variance in the relationships between canal depth/width with upstream area in the whole basin (R2=0.58 for canal depth and R2=0.14 for canal width), in upstream Lar formation, in downstream and non-orchard lands, showed a greater impact of the upstream acreage on the canal depth relative to the width (due to the higher coefficient of determination and less error). Furthermore, the separation of sub-basins in terms of geological formation and the presence of orchards had a significant effect on improving equations and reducing errors. The greater impact of the canal depth than the width from the upstream area is mostly related to successive droughts and the absence of flash floods in the area to change the canal depth, while the width of the canals has been mainly a function of human manipulations on the river bed. Stepwise linear regression analysis also showed a higher correlation between canal depth than the canal width with the physical parameters of the basin (R2=0.85 and R2=0.77, respectively).

Pollution of surface water especially rivers has created serious problems for both human health and environment. Finding efficient solutions for controlling river pollution is essential in order to reduce damage for the consumer to protect the environment. In this research, river quality management planning is determined in a way that minimized the rate of pollution damage with using particle swarm optimization. The case study is Gheshlagh River in Iran, Kurdistan province. The timetable for entering contamination is at different hours of the day, and eight source points enter contamination to the Gheshlagh River. Also in all hours of the day, water harvesting from the Gheshlagh River is carried out by the downstream consumers. The 192 of decision variables of this research are corresponding to the amount of contamination entering from these sources at different times. Also, 8 decision variables are corresponding to the optimal location of contamination entering to the river.  The results indicate that in the optimal condition the value of contamination does not exceed from the allowable limited.  However in the unmanaged condition, the contamination value exceeds the allowable limit. The river quality management planning which determines the optimal location and the timetable of pollution discharge, reduced significantly consumer's damages. So that the objective function of this study was reduced by 97.7%.

Groundwater reserves in Iran is one of the main sources of water supply that in recent decades, the emergence of factors such as development, increased groundwater extraction and drought has reduced the quantity and quality of these resources. Therefore, proper management should be done to protect and sustain these valuable reserves and to avoid further negative consequences as much as possible. Lack of proper management in the operation of Birjand aquifer, the necessary conditions for subsidence, an irreparable accident, provides this plain. Therefore, given the importance of these valuable reserves, appropriate strategies for the sustainability of these resources should be considered. By increasing awareness about the quality of groundwater in this area and simulating the transfer of potential contaminants in these waters, we can understand the direction and speed of contamination transfer, determine the areas that are at risk of groundwater pollution in the coming years. Identification and analysis of aquifer status were evaluated in order to evaluate the effects of management scenarios.

At first, numerical modeling of Birjand aquifer was performed. MODFLOW numerical simulation of Birjand aquifer area was performed in two permanent and non-permanent modes in 2011. Then the hydraulic conductivity calibration was performed on the mentioned date and validated for two years 1391 and 1392. Then, the necessary scenarios for the project, considering different points for wastewater discharge and artificial feeding, were defined. Finally, the effects of reduction, increase and decrease of 20% harvest on pollutant movement were investigated using MODPATH.

The calibration results show that the observed and calculated mid-level error (RMSE) is 1.071 meters, which is desirable. Also, the level calculated by the model indicates the movement of groundwater in the direction of the dominant slope of the region, ie from east and northeast to west and southwest. Also, the way particles move corresponds to the groundwater gradient and in the general direction from east to west. The length of motion of the particle at a given time in the eastern part of the aquifer is less than the western part.

According to the applied scenarios, it can be concluded that increasing and decreasing the withdrawal of Birjand groundwater by 20% does not make a significant difference in the direction and route of pollutant transfer during 10,000 days, but the artificial feeding scheme has a significant effect on the transfer Leaves pollutant particles. Therefore, due to the problems in the groundwater of Birjand, the implementation of artificial nutrition plan for this city is necessary.

Having the exact values of boundary conditions is one of the effective way to accurate groundwater models. In the present study, the exact value of constant head boundaries in Birjand aquifer is specified with the usage of particle filter linked to meshless groundwater model. Particle filter known as one of the data assimilation methods applies to dynamic systems in order to improve their performance. Meshless model, one of the numerical models that do not mesh the problem domain, enforces the governed equation to nodes. Birjand aquifer with almost 269 km2 area, has 190 extraction and 10 observation wells. There are also nine inflow and one outflow regions with constant head boundary conditions, which include 105 boundary nodes. After determination of the lower and upper bounds of groundwater head for each node, the exact values of this parameter is computed. Finally, the simulated groundwater head compared with observation data. The closeness of the achieved results to the observation data showed the performance of the engaged method, as the results indicated a significant decrease in RMSE occurs just with the usage of particle filter linked to meshless model. RMSE value reduced to 0.386 m as its previous value was 0.757 m. The results also showed that the model was more accurate when the number of particles in particle filter increased. The RMSE value for 500, 700 and 1000 particles were 0.484, 0.401 and 0.386m respectively.

The interaction effect of pumping costs and water consumption must be controlled and optimized. Supplying drinking water from underground water resources must be done according to a precise pre-designed plan so that It is optimized for both pumping and energy costs and Water should be delivered to the consumer at a reasonable price and with optimal energy consumption. In this study particle swarm metaheuristic algorithm (PSO) was used to optimize the pumping of groundwater wells that supply drinking water. The data of rate of shortage of statistic surface and the required cost were used for pumping in the Mashhad drinking water supply wells. The results show that by using the PSO algorithm, in addition to providing problem constraints, water extraction could be reduced. Results show that by keeping the number of wells the same in the current design and by applying this algorithm the cost of pumping is reduced by 4.3%. The results of sensitivity analysis also show that for a certain amount of water With a 100% increase in pumping rates with two wells, the water demand will be provided and the total costs will be reduced by about 56 percent. Also by reducing the pumping rate the number of required wells for supplying certain water needs has increased to seven and the total costs will be increased by 26 percent.

The present study employs a mathematical method, i.e. Particle Filter (PF), to accurately estimate the parameters of three standard aquifers. The method is linked to a new developed numerical method, i.e. meshless local Petrov-Galerkin based on the moving kriging method (PF-MLPG-MK), to determine the aquifer parameters such as hydraulic conductivity coefficient, transmissivity coefficient, and storage coefficient or specific yield appropriately. For this purpose, a set of particles scattered in the state space. Each particle has two features: location and weight. Particles with greater weight values have the closer location to the estimation. Weight values which are assigned to each particle is computed based on the maximum likelihood function. This function is calculated in MLPG-MK simulation model. Overall, by linking particle filter model to the accurate simulation model, an efficient estimation method for aquifer parameters is obtained. This model applied to three standard aquifers. In the first standard aquifer, the estimated parameters of hydraulic conductivity and specific yield were 30.21 and 0.143, respectively. However, the exact values are 30 and 0.15. Also, in the second standard aquifer, the predicted transmissivity and storage coefficients were 99.7038 and 0.001057 whereas their true values are 100 and 0.001. In the third aquifer, the exact value of six parameters were achieved. The sensitivity analysis of the number of particles was carried out. Results revealed that with increasing the particles more accuracy will be achieved. 60, 80 and 100 particles were considered in the model. Results for 100 particles showed more accuracy.

Determination of wells' capture zones are one of the important issues which must be considered in every aquifers. Methods used for depicting this area divides into two simple and complex methods. Through the simple one several mathematical equations utilized and in the complex method, numerical models are applied. In this study, for the first time, the capture zone of the extraction wells in a standard confined aquifer and Birjand unconfined aquifer was determined using Feflow simulation model. After the simulation procedure in the period of 1390-1391 with monthly time step, the groundwater head is obtained, then the capture zone for each well was depicted. In confined aquifer this area individually determined for 3 extraction wells in two periods of 50 and 180 days. The results showed that the extension of the capture zone for all three wells is toward the part of the aquifer with higher groundwater level. Also, the results revealed that, in areas of the aquifer with higher transmissivity coefficient, the zone is more extended and for the areas with lower transmissivity coefficient, its width decreases and becomes narrower. For instance in second well the width of capture zone in the third zone is 302.86 m, however, it is 267.46 m in the second zone. In Birjand aquifer which consists of 190 extraction wells, 5 wells were chosen randomly to depict capture zone for them in five years and thirty years period. The results revealed that the extension of the capture zones were corresponded to the flow direction. Also, extraction rate of wells and hydraulic conductivity coefficient were two effective parameters in the shape of these zones. As the fifth well in Birjand aquifer with the least value of discharge rate had the smallest length of capture zones among all the wells.

Checking of flow meters and increasing their accuracy will increase the efficiency of the water distribution network, optimal use of water resources and decrease the amount of Non-Revenue water. This study was carried out to identify the amount of Non-Revenue water due to the inaccuracy of the flow meters of subscribers in the villages of Birjand. In this research, a systematic random sampling method of 1007 flow meters was used. This is equivalent to 5% of household subscribers in the villages of Birjand. Taking into account the lifetime of the flow meter, the flow meters were divided into six groups of 1-3 years, 6-4 years, 9-7 years, 10-12 years, 13-15 years and 16-18 years. The results of this study showed that 75.3% of the flow meters had an error in the allowed range and 24.7% had a higher error than the permitted range, 19.5% of them had a positive error and 5.2% had a negative error. By increasing the life of the flow meter, the precision of the flow meter is reduced and the volume of the actual flow of water is mostly recorded. According to the expenditures of 1396, the average weight of the corrected coefficient of the tested meters was 1.049 and the application of this coefficient in the consumption of the year studied subscribers and the recalculation of water bills, increased by 4.7 percent of the cost and 16.98 percent of revenue It was a company. Also, with these correction coefficients in total water consumption in 1396, the total subscribers of the province, it was found that the volume of Non Revenue water due to the lack of  precision of the meter consumed 2.97% of the volume of producing water and 4.9% of the volume of allowable consumption of the company's revenue.

Having a pervasive knowledge about the groundwater balance conducts the engineers and managers to have an optimal management about these resources. In the present study, with using meshless local Petrov-Galerkin, one of the meshless methods in the field of fluid dynamic, groundwater balance is computed for a real field aquifer. The independency of this method from meshing the domain, removes the drawbacks and errors come from meshing state and improves the accuracy of results. The case study is Birjand unconfined aquifer located in South Khorasan province, east of Iran. After groundwater flow simulation and model calibration in one year 2011-2012 with monthly time step, the groundwater head is computed for each month and compared with the results of finite difference method (FDM). RMSE, MAE and ME criterion are calculated for both methods. They are 0.757m, 0.573m, -0.08m for MLPG method and 1.197m, 1.434m, 0.159m for FDM, respectively. The higher results of MLPG shows more correspondence of this method to real condition of aquifer. Finally, the input and output volume of water are computed for the aquifer. They are almost 91 and 88 MCM respectively. Therefore, the value of groundwater balance is computed. It was 3 MCM with minus sign which indicated the higher amount of output regarding to inputs.

in this research, two conflicting objective functions used to solve the problem of optimization operation of Sistan's Chah Nimeh reservoirs. The first objective function defined minimizing the total of second power of difference between agricultural demand and release and the second objective function defined maximizing the reliability index. In this study, to compare the studied algorithms, the criteria of the algorithm's run time, the number of solutions in the optimal Pareto front, and distance, dispersion, convergence and generation distance were taken. The results of the study of Meta-Heuristic algorithms indicated that among MOPSO, MOGOA and MOALO algorithms, MOALO and MOGOA algorithms were more efficient than MOPSO algorithm. According to the performance criteria of the algorithm's run time and the dispersion criteria, the MOPSO algorithm showed high efficiency and according to the performance criteria of the distance, convergence and generation distance criteria, the MOGOA showed high efficiency. According to the performance criteria of the number of solutions on the optimal Pareto front MOALO algorithm showed high efficiency. Also, MOALO and MOGOA algorithms effectively covered optimal pareto front. It can be said, the solutions of these algorithms find in themselves optimal pareto front, create a rich set of optimal solutions that not only effectively cover the optimal Pareto front, but also dominate the solutions of the other two algorithms. Therefore, it seems that none of these performance criteria can alone determine the superiority of an algorithm than other algorithms in solving an optimization problem.

According to the reduction of water level in many aquifers of Iran due to irregular extractions from these sources, implementation of the restoration and balancing plan for aquifer management is important particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Artificial recharge by injection well is one of the management strategies available in this project that directly stores water in aquifers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of injection wells on the unconfined aquifer of Birjand plain using MODFLOW-2000 numerical model in unsteady state conditions and based on injection of the annual runoff volume of the plain. In this regard, information about hydrodynamic characteristics of aquifer including hydraulic conductivity and specific yield, observation wells, extraction wells, aquifer surface recharge, top elevation of aquifer, bedrock and drainage was prepared then level of aquifer with The MODFLOW-2000 model was simulated in GMS 7.1 in steady state and saturated environment during 2010-2011. After simulation, the model was calibrated by manual calibration method and the results of steady state was entered as input of unsteady model and was validated in the 2011-2012 period. At the end, Artificial recharge management scenario was added to the model by injection well method with using 20 wells with discharge equal to 1909.61 m3/day for each well in one year. The validation results show the model's ability to simulate water level under unsteady conditions. Also, simulation of artificial recharge plan with injection wells showed that by applying this scenario, the level of water in all observation wells will increase on average 77 cm.