abolfazl shahabadi

The Effect of Efficiency of Economic Diplomacy Strategy on Total Factors Productivity in Selected Developed and Developing Countries in the Period of 2011-2020Abstract :The limitation of resources has made increasing the productivity of all factors of production become the most important strategy of countries to achieve continuous and stable economic growth . On the other hand, in recent years, economic diplomacy has become an important tool for the implementation of industrial policies, and this can help increase the efficiency and effectiveness of economic activities and increase the productivity of all factors . The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the efficiency components of economic diplomacy ( facilitating foreign trade, attracting foreign capital and acquiring foreign technology, national brand and attracting foreign tourists) on the productivity of the total factors in two groups of selected developing and developed countries during the period of 2011 - 2020 . It is generalized by the method of moments, and the results showed that the components of facilitating foreign trade, attracting foreign capital and obtaining foreign technology in both groups of selected countries with different estimated coefficients have a positive effect on the productivity of the total factors . It has meaning. However, the influence of national brand components and foreign tourist attraction on the productivity of the total factors in both groups of selected countries, although positive, but lacks statistical significance  .

Entrepreneurship by understanding and identifying business opportunities, creating employment, increasing national production and rising social welfare is as one of the ways to achieve development. Entrepreneurship based on motivation has divide into two categories: necessity-oriented and opportunistic. Necessity-oriented entrepreneurs are entrepreneurs who forced to start a business. However, opportunistic entrepreneurs are entrepreneurs who have entered the field of entrepreneurship with the aim of job independence or increasing profits. Motivation-based entrepreneurship is divided into necessity and opportunism. On the other hand, in all developing and developed countries, part of the economic activities are carried out outside the formal structure and in the shadows, which can affect the formal sector, including entrepreneurship. The shadow economy is proposed as one of the structural features that exist more or less in all economies of the world, both developing and developed, and can affect the entrepreneurial process. Regarding the relationship between the shadow economy and necessity-oriented and opportunistic entrepreneurship, other theories are presented as follows: modernization theory (over time and with the extensive growth of the formal economy, the shadow economy vanished), theory Structuralism (it is the first theory that states how the shadow economy has positive effects on necessity oriented entrepreneurship) Neoliberal theory (opportunistic creators not out of necessity but to avoid costs and save time They go to informal work).

In this regard, the present study with the approach of panel data and generalized moment method to determine the effect of the shadow economy on the necessity-driven and opportunity-driven entrepreneurship in two groups of developing and developed selected countries(according to the availability of their data) during the period 2009-2020. In this research, the indices of necessity-oriented entrepreneurship and opportunistic entrepreneurship published by the Global Entrepreneurship Observatory are used as operational substitutes for entrepreneurship. The process of measuring the size of the shadow economy is fiendishly complicated. Because people active in it try to remain unknown. Little information is always available about shady activities. Therefore, to measure the shadow economy, the results of previous calculations about the size of the shadow economy in the countries have been used for measuring the shadow economy.

The results showed that the shadow economy has a positive and significant effect on necessity-driven entrepreneurship in both groups of selected countries; the difference is that its estimated coefficient has been higher in developing countries. Also, the effect of shadow economy on opportunity-driven entrepreneurship in both groups of selected countries has been negative and significant; the difference is that its estimated coefficient is higher in developing countries. A one percent increase in the ratio of the shadow economy to GDP has caused an increase of 0.091 and 0.047 percent of necessity-oriented entrepreneurship in selected developing and developed countries, respectively. Because the increase in the shadow sector of the economy means not reporting and registering some economic activities. A one percent increase in the ratio of the shadow economy to GDP has caused a decrease of 0.185 and 0.127 percent in opportunistic entrepreneurship in selected developing and developed countries, respectively. The increase of the shadow economy and the lack of recording and reporting of economic activities lead to deviation from the competitive conditions of the market, the lack of proper allocation of resources, the prevalence of unfair competition, the reduction of government tax revenues, and the weakening of public and essential services. In addition, the effect of control variables of government institutions on necessity-driven entrepreneurship in both groups of selected countries was negative and significant and on opportunity-driven entrepreneurship in both groups of selected countries was positive and significant. The effect of control variable of education on necessity entrepreneurship has been negative and significant in both groups of selected countries. However, its effect on opportunity-driven entrepreneurship in developed selected countries has been positive and significant and in developing selected countries has not been statistically significant.

According to the main results of the research and considering the importance of opportunistic entrepreneurship in the economic growth and development of countries, whether in developing countries or in developed countries, and the negative impact of the shadow economy on this entrepreneurship, it is suggested that the control of the shadow economy It should be a priority for policymakers and to control the size of the underground economy, employment-generating policies should considered first in order to reduce the unemployment rate. Commercial liberalization and the amendment of the laws related to trade tariffs and the strengthening of the country economic and regulatory institutional structure to improve competitiveness should also be considered in order to achieve this goal.

Marriage, as a primary institution in society, is the first pillar of forming a family. Many critical variables of society such as fertility rate, population growth, resource utilization, consumption, saving, poverty, crime, etc. are affected by marriage. From this perspective, family studies needs considerable attention. Potential changes that occur during the development process in the societies can influence Individuals decision to marry, but the process of this effect is not clear. The Human Development Index, as a multidimensional index, can be a reliable index to understand the effect of the development process on the marriage rate. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of the human development index on marriage rate in selected OECD and Non-OECD countries during the period 2000-2018 using the System Generalized Method of Moments (System_GMM). This study reveals that the human development index has a significant negative effect on the marriage rate in both of the study groups. However, the estimated coefficient in Non-OECD countries is lower than selected OECD countries. The coefficients of the life expectancy and income index are significantly negative in both of selected countries. The education index also has a significant negative effect on the marriage rate in Non-OECD countries, but its significance has not been confirmed in OECD countries. The results also show that the unemployment rate of men and the urban population growth in both groups of the countries have significantly negative effect on the marriage rate.

The dynamic correlation between financial crises and declining economic activities progressively mandated analysts to distinguish the creating factors of financial instabilities and study their effects on the real economy. In some years of the last decade, Iran's economy has been encountering, on the one hand, sharp currency fluctuations and banking crises in the financial market sector and on the other hand, negative economic growth in the real sector of the economy. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of financial stress on macroeconomic variables. The systemic stress index of Iran from (2008: 11 to 2020: 03) has been estimated using the basic portfolio theory. We have used an MSBVAR (Markov-Switching Bayesian Vector Autoregression Models) approach to analyze the effects of the financial stress index innovation on macroeconomic variables, our results show that the effect of financial stress innovation on economic growth, in low financial stress is negative and low, however in high financial stress, the variables reveal a strong negative reaction to financial stress. So the financial stress index can be utilized to gauge the solidness of the financial sector of Iran.

Value chain refers to a set of activities that are linked together and lead to the creation of products that are valuable to the consumer and create profitability for the company. Therefore, the study of the factors affecting it - especially in developing countries - is of great importance and necessity. Because in today's markets, competitive advantage depends on the value that organizations offer to their customers so at that time, this value is not offered by potential and actual competitors. Therefore, the present study, using the panel data approach and generalized moment method, investigates the cross-sectional effect of financial development and innovation strategies on the value chain in two groups of selected developing and developed countries during the period 2015-2019. The product innovation strategy, the process innovation strategy, and the financial development have a positive and significant effect on the value chain in both groups of selected countries. However, the estimated coefficient of innovation strategies and the estimated coefficient of financial development in developed countries are higher. In addition, the intersection of financial development and product innovation and process innovation strategies on the breadth of the value chain in both groups of selected countries is positive and significant that the estimated coefficient of this effect is greater than the estimated coefficient of their effect.

Wealth and its place in countries has always been considered because it is produced with the support of countries's wealth and overshadows other macroeconomic variables. One of the components of wealth is financial wealth, which can affect the pattern of changes in economic variables and affect the consumption, savings, investment and production of countries, and also affect future incomes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction of innovation, globalization and the quality of governance institution on financial wealth in the top 48 science-producing countries in the world during the period 2011-2020. For this purpose, the research model has been estimated using integrated data and generalized torque method. The results show that the effect of all indicators of innovation (institutions, human capital and research, infrastructure, market complexity and business complexity) on financial wealth is positive and significant. Also, the interaction of all indicators of innovation, globalization and governance on financial wealth is positive and significant. In addition, the interaction of globalization and governance with the components of innovation on financial wealth is positive and significant. Therefore, it is recommended that the governments of the studied countries with low financial wealth help to increase financial wealth by improving the quality of governance and taking advantage of globalization opportunities and paving the way for improving the components of innovation.

Economically, the rise in this indicator leads to increased uncertainty among economic actors, resulting in reduced investment and economic growth becoming a distant possibility. Given this issue, examining the factors influencing this phenomenon will play a crucial role in its control. It should be noted that the increase in social unrest is influenced by various cultural, social, political, and economic factors. One of the reasons for the rise of this phenomenon in societies is inequality. Increasing inequality in various dimensions leads to increased tension between different segments of society on the one hand, and between the government and the people on the other. However, which type of inequality has a greater impact on social unrest is a subject that has not received much attention in studies conducted in this field. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of different types of inequality (wealth, income, and gender) on the social unrest index in selected Middle Eastern countries during the period from 1995 to 2021, using the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) method. The results indicate that during the studied period, the estimated coefficients of income inequality, wealth inequality, and inflation are negative, while the estimated coefficient of per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is positive. Additionally, the estimated coefficient of the women's income share variable (reduction in gender inequality) is negative.

The efficiency of the foreign exchange market is crucial because exchange rates play a vital role in balancing a nation's internal and external economies. Iran's foreign exchange market has undergone significant developments and fluctuations in recent years, impacting its efficiency. This is evident in the monthly time series data for the unofficial exchange rates of the dollar, euro, and yuan from 2001 to 2021. An interesting trend has emerged since 2017: the Chinese yuan appears to be gradually replacing the dollar and euro as the primary trading currency in Iran's international market. Statistical tests, including the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Peron (PP), and KPSS tests, indicate weak-form efficiency in the markets for all three currencies (dollar, euro, and yuan). This suggests that these markets remain vulnerable to speculative attacks. Furthermore, Johansen's cointegration and Granger's causality tests reveal an absence of semi-strong efficiency in all three markets. This implies that past price information alone is insufficient to predict future exchange rates. The research findings suggest that choosing the yuan as an alternative currency has had a somewhat positive impact on improving the efficiency of the Iranian currency market.

The tourism industry is one of the main pillars of the economy of developed countries, which has played an important role in achieving higher economic growth and creating more employment. On the other hand, increasing the happiness of the people of the host country and strengthening the entrepreneurial spirit in them can help to better understand business opportunities and the proper reception of international tourists and create a memorable trip for them and the attractiveness of that country as Increase the tourist destination for international tourists. In this regard, the present study examines the effect of the nine indicators of happiness of the Legatum Institute on the international tourism industry in selected countries of the Mena region (North Africa and the Middle East) that often suffer from a single product economy and the development of tourism between The international community can help them get out of this situation and achieve balanced economic development. For this purpose, the research model was estimated using the panel data approach and the generalized method of moments (GMM) for the period 2007-2018, which showed that all indicators of happiness, including entrepreneurship and opportunity, economy, governance, education, Health, safety and security, personal freedom, social capital and environment with different coefficients and at different levels of confidence have a positive and significant effect on the development of international tourism in selected countries of the Mena region. Of course, the estimated coefficient of safety and security index was higher than other indicators and the estimated coefficient of education was smaller than other indicators

In most developingcountries that export oil and have weak institutional quality,oil plays a hindering role in their economic growth and development.Therefore,these countries prioritize enhancing the value of their oil products and diversifying their offerings to gain a competitive edge in the global markets and achieve sustained economic growth and development.Numerous other research articlesexamining economic growth have reached the consensus that empowering women,who comprise half of a country's human resources,yields beneficial outcomes inshaping the planning of the development process and its effectiveness.Additionally, achieving balanced growth and sustainable development is akey objective that involves adopting a positive and equitable approach towards addressing women's issues and empowering them to assume diverseroles in the developmentprocess (Khosravi etal.,2011:125).However,it appears that the impact of key measures of women's progress on the shift from an oil-based economy has not been examined using actual evidence from developing nationsthat export oil, particularly Iran.The significance ofwomen in a country's economy lies inthefact thatthey constitute half of the population and have the potential toliberate oil-exporting economies from reliance on oil revenue whilemitigating potential adverse effects ofoil income.Consequently, this study aims tofill this research gap by investigating the subject using data from17chosen developing oil-exporting countries,for which the required data was available between2011and2018.

The Interaction of Globalization and Innovation on Poverty Abstract :Throughout human history, poverty has been considered one of the undesirable economic and social phenomena of different societies, and it is now recognized as one of the major problems of the world community, and efforts to reduce it have become one of the important goals of the countries of the world . has been Meanwhile, globalization and innovation are tools that can affect poverty and reduce it . Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the mutual effect of globalization and innovation on poverty in selected science - producing countries with per capita income above 20 thousand dollars and below 20 thousand dollars during the period of 2011 - 2019 using panel data techniques and the generalized method of moments ( GMM ) . The research results indicate a negative and significant effect of the mutual effect of globalization and innovation dimensions on poverty in both groups of selected countries during the study period . In addition, the effect of control variables of misery and inequality on poverty in both groups of selected countries is positive and significant . Keywords : Poverty , Globalization , Innovation .

Undoubtedly, one of the ways to realize the knowledge-based economy is to improve the Total Factors Productivity through the expansion of innovative activities and the absorption of the hidden knowledge in imported technologies. What facilitates this process is the appropriate institutional quality and the targeted use of globalization capacity in different dimensions. In this regard, this research, with the approach of panel data and the Method of Generalized Moments (GMM), investigates the mutual effect of globalization and innovation on the productivity of the total factors in two groups of selected science-producing countries with per capita income above 20 thousand dollars and selected countries Science producer with low per capita income paid $20,000 during 2011-2019 period. The results show that the mutual influence of globalization and innovation have had a positive and significant effect on the productivity of the total factors in both groups of selected countries with different estimated coefficients. The same is the case with the effect of the control variables of economic incentives and institutional regime and training and development of human resources, while control variable of economic freedom has a positive and significant effect on the total factor productivity index in selected science producing countries with high per capita income and in selected science producing countries with low per capita income. According to the findings of the research, it can be said that globalization by itself cannot be considered as a factor in improving the productivity of factors. Rather, the targeted use of human capital capacity in the context of appropriate institutional quality can benefit from the positive benefits of globalization and economic freedom in order to improve the productivity of all factors.

Economic complexity indicates the amount of productive knowledge within a country and the ability to use that knowledge to produce goods with more diversity and less ubiquity, which ultimately increases national competitiveness in the global arena and accelerates the process of achieving economic growth and development. Therefore, determining the factors affecting it - especially in developing countries - is of great importance. In this regard, the present study, by approaching panel data and using the generalized moment method, has determined the interactive effect of entrepreneurship and financial development on economic complexity in two groups of developing and developed selected countries during the period 2014-2019. Estimated results showed that the dimensions of entrepreneurship, including attitudes, abilities & aspirations of entrepreneurial, as well as financial development have a positive and significant effect on economic complexity in both groups of selected countries. However, the estimated coefficient of these variables is larger for developing countries. In addition, the three dimensions of entrepreneurship and financial development have a positive and significant interactive effect on economic complexity in both groups of selected countries. Finally, the effect of the control variables of natural resource abundance and intellectual property rights on economic complexity in both groups of selected countries respectively are negative and significant and positive and significant.

By studying financial crises and stress in recent years, especially in Iran, and its rapid spread and transfer to the economy, it can be seen that the effects of financial stress on macro variables in the field of knowledge-based economy have been given less attention. Therefore, the aim of this research is to estimate the response of macro variables related to the field of the knowledge economy (economic complexity index) in the face of financial stress shocks in Iran. In order to achieve this goal, the effects of systemic financial stress shocks on economic complexity and its determinants, including foreign direct investment, are evaluated during the period of 2017-2018 with the help of the Bayesian autoregression approach. The results of the study show It shows that the investigated variables, including economic complexity and foreign direct investment, react negatively to financial stress shocks in the long term, and their reaction is dampened over time.

Today, due to the role of brands in the category of intangible assets, this component has important economic consequences and in other words, it is a competitive weapon of countries to achieve their goals, which has encouraged the economic thoughts of societies toward this type of assets. Because of this, due to the study gaps in this field, it seems necessary to study the factors affecting the brand of countries. Therefore, the present study intends to investigate the impact of innovation indicators on the brands of 44 selected countries in the two groups of developed and developing countries during the period of 2011-2018 using panel data and generalized torque method. The results show that the impact of the independent variables such as institutions, infrastructure, human capital and research, market complexity and business complexity on brand value in both groups of countries with different estimated coefficients is significant

Examining the wealth of countries provides an opportunity to reveal the accumulated capacities and resources and reveal the real potential of countries and their sustainable development path; Because it strongly affects the welfare level of societies. However, in some countries, the growth of wealth is disappointing and inconsistent with their existing capacities. On the other hand, in the present time, wealth creation in today's world through knowledge, expertise and innovation has a very key role and needs a lot of attention; Therefore, it seems necessary to investigate the reasons for the gap between rich and poor countries.

The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and analytical-descriptive in terms of data collection, and the relationship between the variables has been investigated using secondary statistics. For this purpose, the statistical population of the research includes the top 50 science-producing countries based on the 2021 report of the Cymago ranking system, among which 48 countries have been selected as a statistical sample. The purpose of the research is to investigate the impact of innovation indicators on the wealth of 48 selected science-producing countries during the period The time period is 2011-2020 using panel data approach and the method of generalized moments and using Eviews software.

The current research aims to investigate the impact of innovation indicators on the wealth of 48 selected science-producing countries, which were selected according to the Scimago ranking system, during the period of 2011-2020, using secondary data and the panel data approach, and by the method of generalized moments.

Based on the findings of the research, it was found that in response to the dynamics of countries' wealth, innovation is the key to turning knowledge into wealth.

Migration is a global phenomenon that is driven by a variety of reasons, which can be categorized as push and pull factors. Push factors refer to negative circumstances that compel individuals to leave their country of origin and seek a better life elsewhere. In contrast, pull factors are positive conditions that attract individuals to a particular destination. These may include better job opportunities, greater security, better healthcare, and improved educational opportunities. It is important to note that the push and pull factors that influence migration can vary depending on an individual’s characteristics.In recent decades, one of the most significant developments in migration in developing countries has been the increasing participation of women in migration flows, including their growing independent migration to developed countries. Women represent a significant portion of human capital in these communities, so their involuntary migration can have negative impacts on the development process. It is thus crucial to identify and understand the underlying factors of women’s migration, which can inform appropriate policies to address the issue. The present study used experimental data from 28 developing countries and the generalized method of moments (GMM) to examine the interactive effect of globalization and entrepreneurship on women’s international migration during 2011–2020. The results indicated that improving women’s entrepreneurial conditions has a significantly negative impact on international migration, while increasing the level of education and poverty index can have a significantly positive impact. However, the social, political, and economic aspects of globalization moderate the negative effect of entrepreneurship on women’s international migration. In other words, with the reduction of barriers and geographical boundaries, women are more willing to engage in entrepreneurship and gain new job experiences in a different country. Moreover, improving the index of gender equality and individual freedoms in the country can have a significantly negative effect on the process of international migration of women. Policymakers can reduce migration by improving gender equality and individual freedoms, revising laws and regulations related to women’s business space, and supporting entrepreneurship.IntroductionIt is crucial to understand the gender complexities surrounding women’s international migration to maximize the benefits of migration for women— who constitute half of the migrant population—and to minimize its socio-economic costs for them, their families, and their countries of origin. This understanding can also help prevent negative consequences in immigration destinations. Women often migrate internationally to escape social restrictions or to improve their families’ living conditions and provide a better prospect for their children. However, excessive migration, especially among young women with high education and skills who are in their reproductive age, can have dangerous consequences, such as exacerbating the demographic crisis, destabilizing the family foundation, and reducing economic growth at the national level.The history of independent international migration of women, separate from men and families, only dates back to the last few decades. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the reasons behind this phenomenon requires consideration of the new and emerging variables affecting human society and women’s lives. One such variable is globalization, which eliminates geographical borders and allows for the free flow of ideas, goods, services, and capital.In addition to eliminating geographical borders, globalization has facilitated the movement of people and labor between different countries, which has also affected women’s international migration. In addition to eliminating geographical borders, globalization has facilitated the movement of people and labor between different countries, which has also affected women’s international migration. Furthermore, the growth of women’s economic participation and entrepreneurship has increased their material independence, which has influenced their international migration. Finally, increasing the degree of social, economic, and political globalization of countries by providing the ground for women’s entrepreneurship can also affect their international migration.The structural approach emphasizes that women’s migration is influenced by a variety of factors, each with varying degrees of effectiveness. Moreover, the economic, social, and political structures of the host society play a significant role in women’s decision-making regarding international migration. Women’s income and financial independence are crucial factors in their decision to migrate, which is directly influenced by women’s entrepreneurship. In fact, entrepreneurial power enables women to take advantage of opportunities in different parts of the world. Entrepreneurship is the basic driver of social health and wealth and a powerful engine of economic growth that promotes the necessity of innovation. Entrepreneurship is not only necessary to take advantage of new opportunities, improve productivity, and create employment but also to address some of the biggest challenges of society (Women’s Entrepreneurship Report, 2021). Innovative women entrepreneurs bring new solutions to the market with new sources of value that are not provided by competitors. International entrepreneurs outside their national borders also contribute to the global competitiveness of their country’s economy.Materials and MethodsThe study used multivariate regression analysis, a panel data approach, the generalized method of moments (GMM), and Stata software to estimate the interactive effect of globalization and entrepreneurship on women’s international migration. The statistical population of the study consisted of 28 developing countries used as the study sample. The model included the women’s international migration index as the dependent variable, while social, political, and economic globalization, women’s education, economic misery index, gender equality, and individual freedoms were considered as explanatory variables and effective factors of women’s migration.Results and DiscussionThe research model utilized in this study is a panel data type, which provides a more efficient estimation by limiting the problem of heterogeneity of variance, reducing collinearity between variables, and increasing the degree of freedom compared to cross-sectional data and time series (Baltaji, 2005). In addition, the present research model can be considered as dynamic according to De Brau (2019) and Sultana and Fatima (2017), where the dependent variable intercept appears as an explanatory variable on the right side of the equation. The mathematical expression of the model is as follows: The dependent variable of the model is International Migration of Women (MWit), and the explanatory variables include social (SGit), political (PGit), and economic (EGit) globalization, Women’s Entrepreneurship (WENTit), Women’s Education (WEDUit), Economic Misery index (EMit), Gender Equality (GEit), and Personal Freedoms (PFit).This research used a dynamic panel data model in which the dependent variable appears as an explanatory variable with an interval on the right side, a correlation is created between the disturbance component and the mentioned variable, and the estimation results are skewed. Therefore, the GMM was used to estimate the variables. This method does not require detailed information on the distribution of disturbance sentences, based on the assumption that the disturbance sentences in equations with a set of instrumental variables are not correlated. Two tests were conducted to ensure the suitability of GMM for model estimation. The Sargan test was used to test the validity of instrumental variables. A Sargan statistical probability value greater than 5% indicates the non-correlation of the instruments with the disturbance components, and hence, the instruments used in the estimation are valid. Second, the first-order AR(1) and second-order AR(2) residual correlation tests were employed. The results indicated that there is first-order serial correlation in all cases of estimation of disturbance sentences, but there is not second-order serial correlation or clear distortion.  Table 1. Estimation results of the research modelSecond StateFirst StateDependent variable: International migration of woment StatisticCoefficientt StatisticCoefficientExplanatory Variables▼6/0060/1876/0430/192LnIMW (-1)------3/4610/158LnSG------2/4120/035LnPG------3/9560/163LnEG-------4/208-0/179LnWENT3/7180/102------LnSG*WENT2/2560/061------LnPG*WENT3/4800/147------LnEG*WENT3/1140/2243/1650/231LnWEDU2/0170/0612/0260/058LnEM-5/512-0/346-5/387-0/351LnGE-4/968-0/186-4/914-0/190LnPF0/6126/1750/6086/03Sargan test statistic0/0000/0530/0000/057AR(1)0/7030/310/6910/30AR(2)228228Number of obs88Number of group2828Obs per groupConclusionAs economic, social, and political globalization increased in selected countries, so did the migration of women. The dissolution of geographical borders, the inability of developing economies to compete with developed counterparts, the disappearance of subcultures, and the familiarity of women with the culture and language of the destination countries all contributed to the increase in women’s international migration. Moreover, extroversion in foreign policy and the conclusion of understandings and bilateral/multilateral agreements of regional and international organizations for regular, easy, quick, and low-cost legal migration procedures also play a role in this context. The increasing trend of migration of skilled and expert women from developing countries to developed countries often results in improved employment opportunities, greater material benefits, and higher social status for these women.The establishment of entrepreneurship as a viable career path for women, along with equal business opportunities as men, and the ability to implement women’s creative plans and ideas in developing countries, could lead to their strong presence as valuable members of society. This, in turn, would strengthen women’s self-confidence and motivation to migrate, while also reducing the push factors for emigration.Gender equality in the home country can increase women’s hope of achieving a better life and reduce their desire to migrate abroad. In addition, individual freedoms in the home country can strengthen women’s desire to stay and work towards achieving greater freedom and a more liberal culture that aligns with their desires and aspirations. Improving the educational system, such as a one percent increase in enrollment in the third middle school, is an important factor in promoting social mobility for women since it provides opportunities for the development of individual talents, higher income, better social status, and improved living conditions, which can encourage women to migrate. Other factors leading to an increase in women’s migration include the decline in economic performance, economic difficulties, and a rise in the misery index in the home country, along with the expectation of a better situation in destination countries.The interactive effect of globalization and entrepreneurial environment on women’s international migration in the selected countries was found to be significantly positive. However, the lack of positive and constructive effects of social, political, and economic globalization on women’s entrepreneurship has moderated the reducing effect of entrepreneurship on international migration. Globalization has actually made it more likely for women entrepreneurs to seek business opportunities abroad, thus increasing their migration.

The introduction of new social sciences to Iran commenced prior to the Constitutional Revolution, a period known as the Persian Constitutional Revolution, offering valuable insights into the current state of these disciplines. During this era, the writings of travelogues by certain individuals sparked an interest in the Western world, leading to a subsequent effort by a group of intellectuals to transplant European concepts into Iran. Notably, Mirza Agha Khan emerged as a prominent figure in this second group of intellectuals, actively engaged in the transfer of Western ideas. Among Mirza Agha Khan's notable works, "Takvin va Tashri" stands out, particularly due to the methodology applied when addressing economic subjects. In the realm of social sciences, methodology plays a pivotal role in the exploration of the laws governing human interactions. This study focuses on Mirza Agha Khan's approach to economic relationships, revealing that his method mirrors the perspectives of economists from the 18th and 19th centuries.

 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

This research method is rooted in the perspective of Ludwig von Mises ([1949] 1998). According to Mises, economic propositions are deduced through a process of deductive reasoning and fall into the category of a priori propositions. This concept centers on the extraction of knowledge from the actions that "we" as individuals undertake. In essence, every individual is considered an actor and, as such, can derive an a priori understanding of reality through introspection. This process is made feasible through the comprehension of what Mises termed "The axiom of action." This axiom posits that "human action is purposeful behavior." In other words, action represents the manifestation of a desire translated into practical behavior, guided by an intent or objective. Action denotes the meaningful response of an individual's "Ego" to stimuli and the environmental conditions surrounding them. It signifies a conscious adaptation to the state of the world, thereby determining the course of their life.

Adam Smith contends that the comprehension of previously unexplained phenomena can be a gratifying experience when employing certain fundamental principles. He suggests that, much like the Newtonian principles, if such principles and rules can be unearthed in the realm of human relationships, it becomes plausible to offer explanations. Mirza Agha Khan's initial statements in "Takvin va Tashri" resonate with the perspective of Adam Smith, which was a prevailing approach among economists up until the 19th century. In this context, Mirza Agha Khan's method of deciphering phenomena bears a striking resemblance to that generation of economists. This study adopts a similar method to scrutinize his viewpoints, drawing on the approach akin to that employed by Mirza Agha Khan.

In the initial sections of his work, Mirza Agha Khan engages in a discussion regarding the origins of political society. He presents a perspective that contrasts with Hobbes' view, asserting that the state of war, characterized by universal conflict, only arises after the establishment of a political society, effectively eliminating the secondary state of "fear" that results from individual dispersion. This perspective aligns closely with the ideas of John Locke, who posited that reason governs human beings from their very inception. Locke's concept of the law of nature, dictated by reason and binding all individuals equally, resonates with Mirza Agha Khan's views.As Mirza Agha Khan delves into the subject of trade following the formation of human society, he underscores its role in averting conflict. According to his perspective, the disappearance of equality among individuals within a society ushers in a state of war, as previously solitary and fearful individuals now seek to prevail over one another. Thus, trade serves as a crucial instrument in fostering peace and harmony and attracting general blessings. Mirza Agha Khan perceives trade as a significant factor in the formulation of both domestic and international laws. He emphasizes that the sustainability of trade between nations hinges on the stability of legal frameworks, both domestically and internationally. Notably, Mirza Agha Khan's analysis, in contrast to the economic thinking of the 18th and 19th centuries, shifts its focus from the individual to the collective as a whole. His perspective centers on the societal benefits of international trade, a deviation from the individualistic analysis prevalent in modern European thought, marking an important epistemological shift.

 CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

The Constitutional Movement in Iran marked a period during which Iranians were introduced to the concepts of the modern world. The movement prompted many individuals, both from the elite and intellectual circles, to seek knowledge about the ongoing transformations in Europe. Initially, this awareness was cultivated through travelogues, and later through the dedicated efforts of figures like Malkom Khan, Mirza Agha Khan Kermani, Mostashar al-Dowleh, and others.This research centers specifically on exploring the economic perspectives of Mirza Agha Khan Kermani. Mirza Agha Khan Kermani was chosen for this study because, among his contemporaries, he made a concerted effort to derive his economic views from fundamental principles and assumptions. This approach mirrors the thinking of European economists during the 18th and 19th centuries.A comparative analysis between his books "Takvin va Tashri" and "Sad Khutabe" reveals a noteworthy distinction in Mirza Agha Khan's standpoint. It is evident that while in the former book, the author sought to deduce conclusions from principles within the realm of social sciences, particularly economics, he adopted a different approach in the latter.This inconsistency highlights a significant aspect of Iranians' encounter with new European thought during the Constitutional era. Iranians had long been acquainted with Greek philosophy and Aristotle's ideas, upon which they had extensively reflected. One crucial aspect that seems to have been inadequately grasped during the encounter between modern Europe and Iran in this era is the transformation that occurred within modern European thought. In Mirza Agha Khan's perspective, the collective context takes precedence over the individual, aligning with Aristotle's ideas, whereas modern European thought prioritizes individualism. Consequently, the potential transition from personal interest to collective welfare, a vital aspect of Adam Smith's thinking, is absent in Mirza Agha Khan's viewpoint.

Natural Hazards, political crises, economic tensions, social unrest are the internal and external threats of the countries, to solve them the issue of resilience is raised and implemented. Resilience is defined as the ability to regain internal balance and stable performance in shocks. Resilience of supply chains is very important. Suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors are the main factors of the chain in the process of obtaining raw materials, converting raw materials into final products and distributing and delivering products to consumers, so with the resilience and stability of supply chains, the effects of political crises, Social and natural disasters are at least controlled and return to normal conditions faster. Due to the lack of studies on the effect of knowledge-based economy components on the resilience of the supply chain, this issue has been investigated in selected member countries of the organization of Islamic cooperation (OIC) during the period of 2014-2019 and using panel data and the method of generalized moments in this article. The results showed the four pillars of the knowledge economy: Economic and institutional regime, Education and skills, Innovation system, and Information and Communication Infrastructure, with Business Sophistication and Market Sophistication two pillars of Input Innovation Index, have an effect on the resilience of the supply chain. They are positive and significant, and with the promotion and improvement of each of the mentioned components, the resilience of the supply chain will improve and increase.

The tourism industry is one of the largest and most diversified industries in the world and is the most important source of income and job creation in many countries. Due to its growing importance economically and socially, it has become one of the key pillars of the world economy and is one of the fastest growing industries. Therefore, it is important to examine its determinants in economic issues. In this regard, the present study uses panel data approach and generalized method of moments (GMM) to investigate the impact of knowledge components (IT infrastructure, economic incentives and institutional regimes, innovation system and education and education and human resources) focuses on tourism development in two selected developing and developed countries during the period 2007-2018. The results of the model estimation showed that the effect of knowledge components including information technology infrastructure, economic incentives and institutional regimes, innovation system and education and human resources on tourism development in both groups of countries were positive and significant. However, in developing countries, the estimated coefficients of the economic incentives’ component and institutional regimes, and in the developed countries, the coefficients of education and human resources components are higher than the other components. In addition, the effect of control variables including natural capital, political stability, and real exchange rate on development of tourism in both groups of countries was positive and significant

Focusing on identifying the demands and expectations of customers from goods and services and producing according to the needs of consumers with maximum quality, variety and according to local culture and beliefs will lead to the permanence of the brand name and the national design and emblem(marking) of the country in the minds of customers. Considering the importance of e-commerce and customer orientation in the introduction of the national brand and the lack of a study on this topic, we investigated how the interactive effect of e-commerce and customer orientation of the market on brand value in two groups of selected countries - pre-innovation-oriented and innovation-oriented During the period of 2014-2019, we have discussed the tabular data approach and the method of generalized moments. Based on the estimation results, the individual impact of e-commerce and market customer orientation on brand value is positive and significant in both groups of selected countries. However, the estimated coefficient of the individual effect of e-commerce and market customer orientation on brand value in the selected pre-innovative countries is greater than the selected innovation-oriented countries. Also, the interactive effect of e-commerce and market customer orientation on brand value is positive and significant in both groups of selected countries. In addition, the effect of other explanatory variables including good governance, globalization and innovation on brand value is positive and significant in both groups of selected countries.

In many countries, especially developing countries, foreign direct investment is considered as one of the most vital capital flows and the driving engine of economic growth and development. So that since the 80s, new factors and variables have been proposed as a stimulus for attracting foreign direct investment and have attracted the attention of economists, in which the impact of innovation and globalization variables is felt despite their importance. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to investigate the interaction of the components of innovation and globalization on the inflow of foreign direct investment in the top 47 science-producing countries in the world in the period from 2011 to 2020. For this purpose, the econometric approach of dynamic panel data and dynamic generalized moment’s estimator has been used to estimate the model. The results of the research model show that all the studied variables with different estimated coefficients have a positive and significant effect on foreign direct investment. So that the improvement of each of the five innovations input variables (institutions and institutions, human capital and research, infrastructure, market complexity and business complexity) increases the amount of foreign direct investment in this category of countries. Also, the interaction of all the input indicators of innovation and globalization on the attraction of foreign direct investment is positive and significant. Therefore, it is recommended that in the legislative sector, institutions and organizations help attract funds by adopting correct laws that have the necessary quality and transparency. In the implementation and control sector, the related institutions and organizations must work efficiently and effectively in the field of bureaucracy, taxation, reducing corruption, etc. In addition, by taking advantage of the atmosphere of globalization in various fields, especially in the parts related to the complexities of the market, they should be used to improve the structures of innovation, and also the training of capable human resources and managers should be put on the agenda.

The destructive effects of corruption on the economic, social, and political development of countries have invigorated numerous studies to identify the determinants of corruption and to attempt to provide strategies to fight and control this issue. Accordingly, the present study attempts to estimate the impact of electoral cycles (including election year, government's ideology, coalition, and minority government) on corruption in two groups of selected democratic countries during the period 2003-2018 using panel data and the generalized moment models (GMM) method. The first group includes the countries with a positive average of the democracy index for the period under review, and the second group consists of countries with a negative average. The results showed that the effect of the election year on corruption in the second group countries was positive and significant, but in the first group, it was negative and significant. The effect of the government's ideology on corruption in the second group countries is positive and meaningful and in the first group countries, it has been meaningless. The influence of the coalition and the minority government on corruption in both groups is negative and meaningful. Also, the effect of control variables including per capita income, E-government, and democracy on corruption in both groups of selected countries has been positive and meaningful. However, the impact of natural resource rents on corruption in the second group countries has been positive and meaningful, whereas it was meaningless for the first group countries.

Income inequality is one of the significant topics of the economy. Its increase not only causes political instability in societies but also is a major barrier to increasing growth and continuous and stable economic progress. The income distribution means the existing inequality in the share of different people of a country from the national income. In the present study, the income share of the top ten percent of the national income (the income share of the top decile) was used as an index of income inequality.  The present study investigates the interactive effect of knowledge spillover absorption and economic freedom on the income inequality of selected science-producing countries. For this purpose, two groups of selected science-producing countries with a per capita income of more than thirty thousand dollars and the selected science-producing countries with a per capita income of less than thirty thousand dollars during 2000-2020 were used using panel data and GMM methods.  The estimation results showed that the interaction of knowledge spillover absorption and economic freedom positively and significantly affects income inequality in selected science-producing countries with a per capita income of more than thirty thousand dollars.  Also, in these countries, the coefficients of knowledge spillover absorption, information, and communication infrastructure, and domestic research and development were positive, non-significant, and negative, respectively. However, the interaction of absorption of knowledge spillover and economic freedom negatively and significantly affected the income inequality in selected science-producing countries with per capita income of less than thirty thousand dollars. Additionally, in this group of countries, the coefficient of the knowledge spillover absorption and information and communication infrastructures variables was negative, and the coefficient of the domestic research and development variable was positive.

In the present study, the role of recession, boom and the quality of institutions in the impact of natural resource rents on Iran's financial development index in 1984-2018 has been investigated. For this purpose, first, the principal component analysis model has been used to extract the indicators of institutional quality and financial development. Then to study the effect of natural resource rents on financial development in the country during periods of recession and boom and in two modes with and without considering the institutional quality index, the threshold structural autoregressive model has been used. According to the research results, the impact of oil resources rent in the country on financial development does not depend on recession and boom, and the determining factor in the curse or blessing of oil resources rent in the country is the quality of institutions. If the rent of resources and the quality of institutions increase at the same time, it is possible to increase financial development in the short term, while in the absence of quality of institutions in the rent of resources, in the short term rent of resources leads to reduced financial development in the country. Accordingly, even if the quality of institutions in the country simultaneously improves, oil resources and the resulting increase in rents can not be considered a long-term factor for improving and growing financial development in the country.