ali hassannezhad

As a key approach to the close and critical reading of literary texts, social semiotics seeks to discover signs within literary texts. In doing so, it aims to figure out hidden concepts and layers of meanings. Pierre Giraud divides social signs into two categories: identity and etiquette. Nafsat al-Masdor is written by Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, the secretary of Sultan Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshi, whose book recounts the Mongols’invasion of Persia and the fall of of Khwarazmshahi dynasty. Given its soci-historical subject, one can vividly perceive the manifestations of culture, identity, and etiquette in the Khwarazamshahi period. Hence, the book contains abundant social signs and codes demanding to be extracted and interpreted. Therefore, by employing the qualitative method and drawing on Pierre Giraud’s insights, the current research attempts to analyze social signs in Nafsat al-Masdor. The findings of the current article demonstrate that social signs in Nafsat al-Masdor have manifested themselves in identity and etiquette, in turn, being materialized in tone, discourse, postures, gestures, food, and dress revealing the diversity of social codes in the author’s time and his close attention to social conditions of his own time.

The book of Anhar al-Asrar is one of the books written in the description of Bostan Saadi by Alimullah Balkhi in the 12th century.This book contains useful information about mystic pointsThere are several manuscripts of this work that have not been matched, verified and corrected so far. Therefore, it is necessary to present a corrected version along with lists and notes about the content of the book. The purpose of this research is to introduce the book of Ahar al-Asrar, its author, and some of the existing versions of this work, and based on this, some of its literary features have been examined and the necessity of correcting this book has been discussed. Therefore, among the available versions of this work, the version available in Maulana Azad Aligarh University can be the preferred version. Based on this, this research shows that the description of Saadi's Bostan is based on a mystical perspective, which, considering topics such as mysticism, the words of the text have many complexities in terms of understanding and meaning. Also, in spite of the use of simple and sentient prose, the use of sophisticated prose as well as technical prose, as a result of the presence of literary arrays and a lot of Arabicism, has made it somewhat difficult to understand the meaning of this work.

Language, as the primary medium of literature and communication, plays a crucial role in creating literary works. Among the various tools writers and poets use to harness language's power and enrich their work is semantic deviation, a concept that emerged with the formalist school of literary criticism. Formalism brought fundamental changes to literary studies, asserting that every literary work is independent and self-sufficient. The school aimed to break free from past literary norms and boundaries, challenging conventional linguistic and literary principles. Formalists argued that literature's essence lies in deviating from these conventional language boundaries. According to formalists, style emerges from deviating from standard language use. They posited that a literary work's imaginative quality stems from surpassing common language norms for artistic purposes. Semantic deviation, in particular, became a fundamental tool for writers and poets to create novel meanings in their work. This perspective led to the introduction of the concept of defamiliarization in literature, emphasizing the idea that literary language should make the familiar strange, thereby enhancing the reader's perception and engagement with the text. Shklovsky introduced the concept of defamiliarization as a technique writers and poets use to make their texts appear unfamiliar to readers. This view, held by Russian formalists, was later challenged and expanded by the Prague school of linguistics. Unlike the formalists, who focused solely on defamiliarization in literary texts, the Prague school considered all textual elements, both familiar and unfamiliar. They argued that these elements are intertwined and mutually dependent, making it impossible to examine them in isolation. This holistic approach led to the replacement of defamiliarization with the concept of foregrounding. When a writer employs defamiliarization techniques, it creates a static and conflicting relationship between these mechanisms and other textual elements. However, foregrounding affects the overall structure of the text more dynamically. According to Leach, foregrounding occurs through two main methods parallelism and deviation. Parallelism can be thought of as an unexpected degree of regularity in the text, whereas deviation is an unexpected degree of irregularity in the text. This perspective provides a more comprehensive framework for analyzing literary techniques and their effects on the text as a whole. Non-normativity in literature occurs when a writer or poet uses terms and combinations that break the boundaries of standard language, challenging the reader's mind. This deviation from norms can be classified into eight main categories: lexical, syntactic, phonological, graphological, semantic, dialectal, stylistic, and historical, all of which affect meaning in various ways. Semantic deviation involves using phrases and sentences in novel ways, creating meanings that differ from their conventional usage in standard language. This is achieved through innovative semantic relations and imaginative forms. Nasrollāh Monshi's Kalilah va Demnah is notable for its significant use of imaginative elements, making it an important text for understanding the linguistic and literary style of 6th-century prose. This study aims to reexamine Kalilah va Demnah through the lens of semantic deviation, using the model presented by Farzān Sojudi. This study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, explaining each type of semantic deviation based on Sojudi's perspective. Using a library research method and focusing on Nasrollāh Monshi's Kalilah va Demnah, the study categorizes and presents numerous examples of semantic deviation according to the specified theory. The research findings indicate that Nasrollāh Monshi consistently used semantic deviation in Kalilah va Demnah to enhance the text's imaginative quality and make better use of language. The frequency of semantic deviation in this work is higher compared to other types of norm deviation. This study contributes to our understanding of the literary techniques employed in classical Persian literature and highlights the importance of semantic deviation in creating ornate prose.

Sentences are divided into four types of  interrogative, declarative, imperative and exclamatory according to the way they are expressed and the way they present the concept in question. An interrogative sentence is a sentence in which the speaker seeks to obtain information about something by posing a question, yet the speaker's goal may not always be to get information as interrogative sentences are sometimes used for other purposes, called "secondary purposes". The secondary meanings of sentences are among the issues addressed in the realm of semantics and have been discussed by rhetoric scholars for a long time and are still of interest to researchers even in the fields of  pragmatics and discourse analysis. The present paper examines interrogative sentences and their secondary purposes in the second book of Masnavi Ma'ani by following a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources. The purpose of this research is to determine what meanings Rumi intended to convey by using interrogative sentences in the second book of Masnavi and how successful he was in this regard.

Psychology is the science of studying and analyzing human behavior and mental and psychological activities. This science examines feelings, thoughts, behaviors, reactions and personal experiences of people. The main goal of psychology is to understand and explain mental and psychological activities, to investigate the reasons and motivations behind these activities, and to improve the quality of human life. Scientists and researchers of psychological science present a set of hypotheses, theories and models to explain and interpret human behaviors, experiences and psychological phenomena. By means of these psychological theories, they examine and explain human behaviors and the factors that affect them. . These theories help to shape the main views and thoughts of psychology and play an important role in the progress and development of this field of knowledge. Nevertheless, Maulvi, as a spiritual-mystical psychologist, presented some theories and concepts of psychology that are discussed today and presented them in his works (especially in Masnavi) centuries ago. Maulavi's Masnavi, in addition to its high mystical value, also has scientific and psychological importance, so that it can be examined from the psychological point of view. In many places in the Masnavi, Molavi raises some psychological issues in his verses so that he can influence his audience and guide him towards his true goal (which is the ultimate peace and happiness of man). . The authors of this research, while examining the seven psychological concepts used in Masnavi Manavi, have extracted and presented examples of each of these theories from this prestigious work.

The theory of dissemination of meaning is a model that is a subcategory of deconstruction; based on which, the contexts and methods of pluralization of meaning in a text can be investigated. In this descriptive-analytical research, the story of Parrot and the Merchant, narrated in the first book of Masnavi Ma’navi, is analyzed based on Derrida's dissemination model. According to the results of the study, the story of Parrot and the Merchant is organized into ten parts; four of which are esoteric quests. These four sections, which have a narrative, interpretive, and allegorical approach, are placed under the category of transitional dissemination as the field of meaning in these verses changes completely and is detached from the narrative structure governing the story. In addition, in the other six parts in which Rumi narrates the story of the parrot and the merchant, only the first few verses are dedicated to the narrative and the rest of the verses include Rumi's explanations, commentaries, or interpretations, and the field of meaning changes as well. Due to this semantic transformation, it is placed in the field of stative dissemination.

Recycling is one of the most important issues in the construction industry in the world. Today, it is common to use different types of concrete in construction projects. One of these types of concrete is Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC), which has advantages such as fast and easy construction, lower construction costs and resistance in hot weather conditions and heavy loading. This concrete can be used in the construction of road pavements and all kinds of massive structures. In this study, the effect of replacing reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) as coarse aggregates and steel slag as fine aggregates with different percentages has been investigated on the mechanical properties of roller concrete. Samples were cured for 7 and 28 days after mixing design. The results of tests show that with increasing the replacement of RAP and steel slag in RCC samples, the compressive strength is significantly reduced; Compressive strength in the sample containing 100% RAP and steel slag, is approximately one third of the compressive strength of the sample; However, this declining trend has slowed down for the tensile and flexural strengths. Also, only the sample containing 25% of RAP and steel slag has the required minimum compressive strength in accordance with the relevant standards; While 28-day tensile and flexural strength in samples containing 25%, 50% and 75% of RAP and steel slag, is higher than the allowable values ​​in accordance with the relevant standards. The results of toughness test showed that with increasing RAP and steel slag, the maximum load was decreased; However, energy absorption capacity and consequently toughness increased, due to the increase in flexibility of RCC mixtures.

Sadness and happiness are human states and emotions that are rooted in his soul. According to different points of view such as religion, philosophy, mysticism, psychology, different factors are involved in creating these two mental states. Accordingly, experts present different interpretations of it according to their different approaches. Afzaluddin Khaqani Sharvani, the poem of the sixth century, which is one of the greatest experiences of thinkers in the field of moral and literary sciences, has a special view on these two phenomena in the light of the experiences gained from various successful and unsuccessful events in his life. . In his opinion, sadness and happiness are divided into two general categories, desirable and undesirable sadness, which is the sadness that is given by the lover to the lover. In explaining his unpleasant grief, he uses a causal relationship. In this article, which is done with the method of content analysis, by examining the roots of sadness and happiness, according to the poems in Afzaluddin Khaqani's Divan, the causes of sadness, the factors that relieve sadness, the results and effects of sadness, and the construction of the concept of happiness are discussed. . According to the results of this research, Khagani is the unpleasant sorrows that are created under various conditions and factors such as migration, enemies, persecution of the times, black luck, etc. He knows that sorrows are inevitable. However, he prefers the sorrow of his beloved to any joy.