ali heidarian pour

Apoptosis of the nerve tissue, especially the hippocampus, has been introduced as one of the potential causes of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, and it may be related to telomere length. In addition, exercise affects various aspects of nerve cell activity and may prevent their death. Based on this, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between telomere length and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons after 12 weeks of combined exercise in Alzheimer's rats.

 Overall, 35 male Wistar rats (weight 174±22g) were divided into control, Alzheimer’s, aerobic, resistance, and combined groups, each including 7 animals. Alzheimer’s was induced, and 8 mg/kg of trimethyltin was injected intraperitoneally. The groups of training were implemented for 12 weeks/5 days a week. After anesthetizing and perfusing the rats, the hippocampal tissue was isolated, and a real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure gene expression using the Master-mix Ampliqon and Synaclon DNA synthesis kit. Differences were determined by a one-way analysis of variance, and groups were compared by using Tukey’s post hoc test (P≤0.05).

 Overall, 35 male Wistar rats (weight 174±22g) were divided into control, Alzheimer’s, aerobic, resistance, and combined groups, each including 7 animals. Alzheimer’s was induced, and 8 mg/kg of trimethyltin was injected intraperitoneally. The groups of training were implemented for 12 weeks/5 days a week. After anesthetizing and perfusing the rats, the hippocampal tissue was isolated, and a real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure gene expression using the Master-mix Ampliqon and Synaclon DNA synthesis kit. Differences were determined by a one-way analysis of variance, and groups were compared by using Tukey’s post hoc test (P<0.05).

It seems that performing combined exercise (swimming and resistance) is effective in improving the telomere length and decreasing the apoptosis of Alzheimer’s rats’ hippocampus.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disorder in industrialized societies. As an appetite inhibitory and energy balance regulator, nesfatin-1 plays a substantial role in the pathogenesis of obesity-related abnormalities. This study was conducted to determine the effects of 12 weeks of combined training (resistance training and high-intensity interval training (HIIT)) on the serum levels of nesfatin-1 and some liver enzymes in men with NAFLD.

In this semi-experimental study, 20 middle-aged men with NAFLD were randomly divided into two exercise and control groups. The exercise program included 12 weeks of combined training, featuring two sessions per week of resistance training and one session of HIIT. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), nesfatin-1 peptide, liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), lipid profile, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and body fat percentage at the beginning and after 12-weeks were evaluated. Independent and dependent t-tests were analyzed to assess intra-group and inter-group differences, and the significance level was
P < 0.05.

12 weeks of combined resistance training and HIIT increased nesfatin-1 and decreased liver enzymes ALT, AST, and ALP in the exercise group compared to the control group and the pre-training stage (P < 0.05). We also observed an increase in VO2 max and a decrease in body weight, BMI, body fat percentage, and LDL in the exercise group compared to before starting the training protocol (P < 0.05).

Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that performing combined exercise training for twelve weeks led to an increase in nesfatin-1 peptide levels and a decrease in liver enzymes. It was suggested that this could be a cost-effective therapeutic approach recommended for patients with NAFLD.

Ferritin is an indicator of iron (Fe) storage in the body and plays the main role of cellular oxidation. It is hypothesized that Fe causes insulin resistance and then by reducing insulin secretion leads to type 2 diabetes. Considering the effects of exercise training in increasing insulin sensitivity, this study was designed the effect of various resistance (DR), endurance (DE), and combined (DER) activities on serum ferritin and Fe levels in diabetic rats.

Type 2 diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of Nicotinamide solution (120 mg/kg) and Streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). One week after the confirmation of diabetes, the training groups underwent DR, DE and DER exercises for 10 weeks. After completing the research protocol, blood sampling was done to measure serum ferritin and Fe levels.

Type 2 diabetes caused an adverse increase in blood glucose, insulin levels, increased HOMA-IR, Fe, serum ferritin and decreased HOMA-IS. Looking to improve glycemic indices after 10 weeks of DE, DR and DER training, we saw a decrease in serum Fe and ferritin levels, and DER training had a significant decrease in Fe compared to DR and DE training.

This study shows that serum iron and ferritin levels in diabetes are significantly increased and increased ferritin may be one of the reasons for insulin resistance in diabetes. Given the importance of iron and ferritin levels in insulin resistance, combined exercise with moderate intensity and time by reducing these biomarkers can reduce glycemic indices in diabetes.

During menopause, women are more exposed to the risk factors of many diseases, including metabolic syndrome, and sirtuin-1 may be involved in this disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of circular resistance training and moderate intensity continuous training on metabolic indices and Sirtuin1 serum level in women with metabolic syndrome.

This study was conducted as a clinical trial in women with metabolic syndrome in two intervention groups (15 people in resistance training group and 15 people in continuous training group) and a control group (15 people). The intervention group underwent an exercise program for eight weeks and three sessions per week, and the control group had their own routine program. After the last training session, serum levels of Sirtein1 and lipid factors were measured. To analyze the data, t-test and covariance were used at a significant level (P≤0.05).

The results of the t-test showed that there was a significant difference in the intra-group changes of the studied variables (SIRT1, HDL, LDL, TG, FBS, Total Cholesterol) in both exercise groups (P≥0.05), but in No significant difference was observed in the control group (P<0.05). The results of the covariance test showed that there is a significant difference between the three groups in the indices (SIRT1, HDL, LDL, TG, FBS, Total Cholesterol) after the test (P<0.05).

Eight weeks of circular resistance training program and continuous training with moderate intensity has a positive effect on metabolic indices and serum level of Sirtuin1 in people with metabolic syndrome.

Sirtuin1 is one of the important indicators involved in metabolic control, obesity prevention, and homeostasis control. This study aimed to investigate the effect of combined exercises and curcumin consumption on metabolic indices and serum levels of Sirtuin1 in men with metabolic syndrome.

The present study was conducted as a clinical trial in men with metabolic syndrome in three intervention groups and one control group. The people in the intervention group underwent an exercise program for 8 weeks and three sessions a week, the supplement group took 3 capsules of 500 mg daily. Blood factors were measured before and after the last training session. Data were analyzed by paired t-test, analysis of variance and covariance.

A significant difference was observed in the intra-group changes of the studied variables (Sirtuin1, HDL, LDL, TG, FBS, and TC) in all three intervention groups (P≥0.05). The results of analysis of covariance test showed a significant difference between the four groups in the indices (Sirtuin1, HDL, LDL, TG, FBS, and TC) after the test (P<0.05).

Combined exercises, curcumin consumption, and implementation of both interventions simultaneously positively affected the metabolic indices and serum levels of Sirtuin1 in people with metabolic syndrome.

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that gradually destroys memory and cognitive skills. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of twelve weeks of endurance training along with hawthorn consumption on some oxidative stress indicators in the serum of Alzheimer's male rats. In this experimental research, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. Healthy control, Alzheimer's control, Alzheimer's and endurance training, Alzheimer's and endurance training with hawthorn consumption, and Alzheimer's with hawthorn consumption were divided. Endurance training groups (swimming) trained for 12 weeks, 5 days a week and each session started for 15 minutes and up to two sessions of 60 minutes a day. The supplement receiving group received the mixture of hawthorn powder with the standard food of mice at a ratio of 6.25% of hawthorn powder. 24 hours after the last training intervention, the rats were unconscious and the serum levels of SOD, GPX, TAC and MAD were determined by Eliezer method. In order to estimate the desired indicators (superoxide dismutase enzyme, glutathione peroxidase enzyme, total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde), blood sampling was done from the inferior vein of rats. The SPSS 22 software and one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey's post hoc test with a significant level of p≤0.05 were used to analyze the data. The results showed that endurance training, especially at the same time as hawthorn consumption, led to a significant increase in serum levels of glutathione peroxidase compared to other groups (P = 0.002). However, there was no significant change in the serum level of superoxide dismutase (P = 0.129), total antioxidant capacity (P = 0.156) and malondialdehyde (P = 0.498) in the control and experimental groups. Considering that the first line of defense against oxygen toxicity is superoxide dismutase, and to complete the process of eliminating hydrogen peroxide, the enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase must be helped. As a result, it can be said that in this study, superoxide dismutase, like glutathione peroxidase, was increased, but no significant difference was observed between the groups in the statistical results.Using hawthorn extract and performing endurance exercises during the week, at moderate intensity and in a regular and intermittent manner, can lead to a reduction in oxidative stress due to an increase in serum levels of total antioxidant capacity and first and second line defense enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione). peroxidase and decrease the serum level of malondialdehyde in Alzheimer's experimental model, based on the results of this study and reviewed previous studies, these models can be suggested as side treatment in Alzheimer's patients, especially in the early stages.

endurance and resistance exercise and the consumption of hawthorn alone and in combination have an effect on Alzheimer's disease.This study was conducted with the aim of the effect of hawthorn consumption and exercise on the inflammatory indices of Alzheimer's rats by trimethyltin chloride (TMT).

rats were randomly divided into 9 healthy control and Alzheimer's groups with interventions (control, endurance training, resistance training, combined training, hawthorn, endurance training + hawthorn, resistance training + hawthorn, combined training + hawthorn). Then Alzheimer's disease developed. performed resistance , combined ,endurance exercises every week (12 weeks). Finally, blood was taken from the inferior vena and the inflammatory variables CRP, IL-6 ,TNF-α were measured by ELISA method. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normal distribution of the data, and the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to check the mean difference between the groups (Tukey's test). P ​​<0.05 were considered statistically significant.

results showed that the induction of Alzheimer's disease induced by TMT caused a significant increase in the levels of TNF α, IL 6, CRP in the Alzheimer's control group compared to the healthy control. And 12 weeks of combined training with and without hawthorn had a significant decrease in the level of these variables compared to Alzheimer's control.

As a result, endurance and resistance sports along with the consumption of hawthorn lead to the reduction of some inflammatory factors in Alzheimer's rats.

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of twelve weeks of resistance training along with hawthorn consumption on some oxidative stress indicators in the serum of Alzheimer's male rats.

In this study, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of six. Healthy control, Alzheimer's control, Alzheimer's disease under resistance training, Alzheimer's disease under resistance training with hawthorn consumption, and Alzheimer's disease with hawthorn consumption were divided. Training was for 12 weeks and 5 days a week in the form of climbing a one-meter long ladder with weights attached to the rats' tails.The weight attached to the tail of each animal reached 50-60%in the first week and140-150%of the mice's weight in the last weeks.The group receiving the supplement received the mixture of hawthorn powder with the standard food of mice at a ratio of6.25%of hawthorn powder.24 hours after the last civilizing and supplemental intervention,the mice were unconscious and the serum levels of SOD,GPX,TACand MAD were determined by Eliezer method.

The results showed that resistance training, especially when taking hawthorn, led to a significant increase (P=0.002) in the serum level of glutathione peroxidase compared to other groups. However, no significant change was observed in the serum level of superoxide dismutase enzyme, total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation in the experimental and control groups.

It is possible that resistance training and supplementation with hawthorn can be effective in adjunctive treatment in Alzheimer's patients, especially in the early stages.

Opium abuse results in oxidative damage in several tissues such as heart. We investigated the effect of continuous and interval training (CT and IT) with zinc sulfate (ZS) consumption on oxidative stress in the heart in morphine-dependent rats following withdrawal syndrome (WS). Seventy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: Control, WS rats, WS rats receiving ZS 9 mg/kg by gavage, WS rats with CT, WS rats under IT, WS rats with CT and ZS and WS rats with IT and ZS. Animals were addicted to morphine sulfate. Interval and continuous exercises performed five days/weeks by running on a treadmill. Heart tissue and serum samples were collected and markers of oxidative stress were measured by spectrophotometric methods, also creatine kinase (CK-MB) and troponin I (TPI) were measured by spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that the receiving ZS along with CT/IT caused increased heart catalase activity and decreased the serum malondialdehyde level as compared to the withdrawal group. In addition, IT/ZS showed significantly increased in superoxide dismutase activity in serum and heart tissue as compared to the morphine withdrawing. Furthermore, it is observed that ZS and CT/IT made a significant reduction in CK-MB and TPI levels in comparison to the morphine group. Also, the IT/ZS supplement reduced the serum level of cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, Very-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and Atherogenic Index compared to the withdrawing group. In conclusion, CT/IT scheduled exercises therapy combined with ZS improves the oxidative stress in morphine-induced heart injury in WS rats.

The aim of this study was to Investigating the role of resistance training intensity on hormonal changes involved in hypertrophy and performance of bodybuilding athletes.

For this purpose, 30 professional athletes were randomly divided into three groups of intense periodic resistance training, traditional resistance training and controls were divided. After initial sampling, the intervention groups were active for 12 weeks. Blood samples were taken 48 hours after the last training session to remove the response to the last training session. All data were analyzed at the significant level P≤0.05.

The results showed that testosterone, weight, fat percentage and body mass index in the periodic resistance training group had a significant change compared to the control group and traditional resistance training (P<0.05). The results also showed that the strength of the upper body and lower torso in the intervening groups increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). Low trunk strength is also a significant difference between the intervention groups and the control group. But there is no significant difference between the traditional and intermittent resistance training group (P>0.05). However, these incremental changes have been more pronounced in the periodic resistance group. However, no significant change was observed in insulin, insulin resistance, glucose and glucagon (P>0.05). Discussion and

The intensity of training seems to be an important and influential factor in the rate of change in factors related to athletes' performance. But it did not change the hormonal status of the athletes. Of course, more research is needed in the future to reach a definitive conclusion.

In this study, the effect of zinc sulfate (ZS) supplement and eight-week continuous training (CT) and interval training (IT) on liver oxidative stress of morphine-dependent rats following withdrawal syndrome (WS) were evaluated.

Seventy Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: control rats, withdrawing rats (WS), withdrawing rats receiving 9mg/kg ZS orally (WS+Z), withdrawing rats under CT (WS+CT), withdrawing rats under IT (WS+IT), withdrawing rats under CT and receiving 9mg/kg zinc sulfate (WS+Z+CT), withdrawing rats under IT and receiving 9mg/kg zinc sulfate (WS+Z+IT). Animals were addicted by 0.4g/l morphine sulfate in 21 days. Animals in the training groups ran on a treadmill and received ZS 5 days/week for 8 weeks. At the end of the study, oxidative stress in liver tissue and liver enzymes were measured by spectrophotometric and ELISA methods.

ZS supplement, CT/IT led to decrease DNA damage and malondialdehyde in comparison with morphine group. Also, ZS, CT and IT significantly elevated levels in superoxide dismutase, catalase activity, total antioxidant capacity and thiol groups in the liver of rats in comparison with morphine group. Additionally, it is observed that ZS and CT/IT made a significant reduction in aspartate aminotransferase levels in comparison to the morphine group.

CT/IT with ZS because of its antioxidant effects has the potential to be used for decreased withdrawal syndrome complications.

Exercise is effective in lowering serum glucose and lipids in diabetic patients. The Matricaria chamomilla L. flower’s extract (MFE) reduces serum lipids. The aim of this experimental study is to investigate the concomitant effects of aerobic exercise and MFE in reducing serum lipid levels in male diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats (200±20gr) were divided into 4 groups (n=6) randomly: control (diabetic without treatment and training), MFE (diabetic treated with MFE), aerobic training (diabetic and training), and MFE + aerobic training (diabetic treated with MFE + aerobic training). The aerobic training was scheduled as jogging on a treadmill for 12 weeks (5 days per week, 60 min/ day, 26 meters/min.). The diabetic rats received streptozotocin (65mg/kg,ip).

The serum cholesterol level increased significantly compared with MFE, aerobic training, and MFE + aerobic training groups (P<0.001). The triglyceride serum level of MFE, aerobic training and concomitant MFE and aerobic training groups decreased significantly compared with the control group (P<0.01). LDL in MFE, aerobic training, and concomitant MFE + aerobic training groups decreased significantly compared with control group (P<0.001). HDL serum level in MFE, aerobic training, and concomitant MFE + aerobic training groups increased significantly compared with the control group (P<0.01). 

The concomitant use of MFE + aerobic training is more effective in decreasing harmful serum lipids in diabetic male rats.

Serum level of C peptide is considered as one of the indicators of diabetes treatment process. In this study, simultaneous effect of aerobic exercise and Matricaria chamomilla L. flower (MFE) extract, was investigated on the serum level of C peptide in male diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats (weight range, 200±20g), were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=6): control group (diabetic without treatment and training), MFE (diabetic treated with the extract), aerobic training (diabetic and training), and MFE+aerobic training (diabetic treated with extract+aerobic training). The aerobic training was performed as running on treadmill for 12 weeks (5 days per week, 60min/day, 26meter/min). The rats were diabetized with a single dose of streptozotocin (65mg/kg bw, ip). The MFE groups that daily received 200mg/kg orally (gavaged) along with exercise, were tested for 12 weeks. Data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test, one way ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc test at the significant level of p<0.05.

In this study, the serum level of C peptide significantly increased in MFE group, exercise group, and the chamomile extract along with exercise group compared to the control group (p<0.01).

The findings of this research indicated that aerobic exercise and use of MFE caused an increase in the serum level of C peptide in diabetic rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12weeks endurance training, 4weeks detraining and Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH) on serum levels of growth hormone (GH), triiodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine(T4) in girls with precocious puberty. Twenty-five girls age 6-8 (average height of 124cm and weight of 27.3 kg) with precocious puberty were randomly divided into three groups (medication, training, medication+training) and 10 healthy girls (No precocious puberty) with the same average height and weight were also included as control group. Serum levels of GH, T3, and T4 were measured at baseline by ELISA technique. Then the experimental groups were subjected an endurance training program three days/week with 20-75 min per day with 45-75% of maximum heart rate for 12 weeks. The medication groups also received GnRH agonist during the study, once monthly (1ml/four weeks) by intramuscular injection. GH, T3, and T4 serum levels were measured again 48 hours after the last training session and also after four weeks of detraining. The repeated measures ANOVA showed that 12weeks of endurance training alone, as well as 12weeks of endurance training+GnRH agonists, reduced GH,T3 and T4 levels and after detraining, GH and thyroid hormones concentrations approximately return to pre-workout levels. Medication reduced GH level after 16 weeks but could not effect on thyroid hormones. According to these findings, aerobic training and the use of the GnRH agonists can have a positive effect on hormonal function in girls with precocious Puberty but detraining eliminate the benefits of training in girls with precocious puberty.

The aim of this study was to investigate changes in serum levels of TNF-α after 12 weeks endurance training and GnRH agonist in girl with central precocious puberty.

Twenty-five girls (age 6-8 years) with precocious puberty were randomly divided into three groups (medication, training, medication + training).  Ten healthy girls (with no precocious puberty) were also included as control group. At the beginning of the study, blood samples were taken from all subjects and serum level of TNF-α were measured by ELISA technique. The experimental groups then did an aerobic exercise program 3 days/week with 20-75 min per day with 45-75% of maximum heart rate for 12 weeks. The medication groups were also received GnRH agonist during the study, once monthly (1 ml every four weeks) by subcutaneously. TNF-α serum level were measured again at 24 hours after completing the training program and also after 4 weeks of detraining.

The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures analyses showed no significant difference in serum level of TNF-α in medication group before and after treatment (p = 0.203). However, in training and training+medication groups a significant decrease in TNF-α level was observed after aerobic exercise (p  =  0.001). The detraining led to return of TNF-α level to the levels of before training (p = 0.001). Further comparison of groups by ANOVA showed a significant difference only between training and medication groups.

GnRH alone does not affect TNF-α serum level in girls with precocious puberty. However, aerobic training and also the combination of aerobic training with GnRH decrease TNF-α serum level. The subsequent detraining returns TNF-α serum level to the level of before training. A long time regular and moderate exercise can decrease inflammation indices in girl with precocious puberty.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of substructural exercises on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and attention function in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group. Statistical population of this research included all elementary male students who in the early reviews, the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were diagnosed and referred for further study and treatment to the core of counseling and psychology of education in Sardar district in academic year 2016-2017. From the above community, 30 boys aged 7 to 12 years old were selected as the sample and randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. In order to recognize the attention deficit, the Conner's Parent's Questionnaire and clinical interview were used and to measure attention, Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and to measure the serum levels of BDNF, ESTOBIOPHARM kit were used. The experimental group subjects performed aerobic exercises with intensity 45-75% of maximal heart rate for 12 weeks in 36 sessions of training, 25-75 minutes, and data were analyzed using multivariate covariance.
The results showed that there was a significant difference between control and experimental groups in serum levels of BDNF and continuous attention function (p Regarding the results of this study, it can be concluded that endurance training increases the BDNF and thus improves attention in boy with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of endurance training on the serum levels of sex hormones and sperm parameters in the induced diabetic rats by Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide.
In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats in the weight range of 200±48 g, assigned randomly in three groups: Healthy control, diabetic control and diabetic edurance training. For diabetic induction, intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide solution (120 mg/kg) and Streptozotocin (STZ) solution (65 mg/kg) method was used after 12 hours of food starvation. One week after injection of STZ, nicotinamide solution, the endurance training protocol was performed for ten weeks and 24 hours after the last training session, left epididymis of the rats was collected for studying sperm parameters and blood serum samples to evaluate sex hormones. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Turkey’s Post Hoc test at the level of P Ten weeks of resistance training caused a significant decrease in blood glucose in the endurance training group in comparison to the diabetic group (P=0.013). Also, endurance training in the endurance training group led to a significant increase in the serum levels of testosterone (P=0.000) LH (P=0.002) and FSH (P=0.029 in comparison to the diabetic control group. In addition, it was not observed no significant difference in the endurance training group compared to the health control group in the sperm parameters such as sperm count (P=0.065), and normal morphology (P=0.067).
It seems endurance training can improve sperm parameters, including sperm count and normal morphology through increasing the serum level of testosterone hormones, LH and FSH in rats with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Previous studies have shown that morphine dependence leads to myocardial dysfunction. In addition, apelin plays a protective role in cardiac function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of morphine dependence and three models of exercise training on serum apelin level of dependent and healthy rats.

Ten healthy and 40 morphine-dependent rats were used in this study. The morphine-dependent rats were divided into four equal groups of control addicts, endurance training, strength training and concurrent training. The training exercises were carried out for eight weeks, five days a week. Serum apelin level was measured by ELISA, 72 hours after the last training session.

Statistical analysis demonstrated that apelin level increased significantly in morphine-dependent rats compared to healthy controls. On the other hand, endurance and concurrent training significantly increased serum apelin level in morphine-dependent rats compared to control addicts, but strength training had not effect on serum apelin level in morphine-dependent rats.

Endurance and concurrent training may have cardioprotective effects on morphine-dependent rats by increasing serum apelin levels. Therefore, such training activities could be recommended to morphine-dependent patients to prevent cardiac disorders.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an 8‑week aerobic exercise and supplementation of 25(OH)D3 on GLP1 and DDP4 levels in men with type II diabetes.
In this semiexperimental research, among 40–60‑year‑old men with type II diabetes who were referred to the diabetic center of Isabn‑E Maryam hospital in Isfahan; of whom, 48 patients were voluntarily accepted and then were randomly divided into 4 groups: aerobic exercise group, aerobic exercise with 25(OH) D supplement group, 25(OH) D supplement group, and the control group. An aerobic exercise program was conducted for 8 weeks (3 sessions/week, each session 60 to75 min with 60–80% HRmax). The supplement user group received 50,000 units of oral Vitamin D once weekly for 8 weeks. The GLP1, DPP4, and 25(OH) D levels were measured before and after the intervention. At last, the data were statistically analyzed using the ANCOVA and post hoc test of least signifcant difference.
The results of ANCOVA showed a signifcant difference between the GLP1 and DPP4 levels in aerobic exercise with control group while these changes were not statistically signifcant between the 25(OH) D supplement group with control group (P Aerobic exercises have resulted an increase in GLP1 level and a decrease in DPP4 level. However, consumption of Vitamin D supplement alone did not cause any changes in GLP1and DPP4 levels but led to an increase in 25‑hydroxy Vitamin D level.

Many evidences show that regular resistance exercise training can increase activity and release of opioids in the CNS. Also it is known that as the body needs magnesium sulfate antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor as a pain reliever, it increases resistance exercise. In this research, the effect of resistance exercise and oral magnesium sulfate on pain threshold of morphine dependent rats following withdrawal syndrome was investigated.
In this study male Wistar rats weighting 200±10g, n=35 were randomly divided into five groups (addicted: A, Mg treatment; addicted: Mg-A; exercised addicted: EA, Mg treatment; exercised addicted: Mg-E-A; and Control: C). Morphine sulfate 0.4 grams per liter was added to the animals water and after 21 days they were addicted to morphine. Animals were submitted to resistance exercise training and magnesium sulfate (10 grams/liter) for 9 weeks; they initially were trained climbing on 24 steps ladder with 20 percent of body weight (four sets with three repeated) weighting gradually were increased to 160 percent body weight in the 9th week . At the end of each three weeks of exercise protocol (3rd, 6th,9th), we injected naloxone hydrochloride (3mg/kg.ip). The tail-flick test was used to assess the effects of training on nociceptive threshold at before, 0.5,1,6 and 24 hours after naloxone hydrochloride injection. In addition, pain threshold was measured in animals before Naloxone hydrochloride injection. Analysis of variance with repeated measures (with the software SPSS 20) were used to analyze the data.
Hyperalgesia following withdrawal syndrome decreased significantly by regular resistance exercise and magnesium sulfate in morphine dependent rats. Our results also showed that the effect of exercise was higher than magnesium sulfate on the pain threshold. Concurrent effects of regular resistance exercise and magnesium sulfate on thermal pain threshold were significantly higher than the effect of each on the pain threshold in morphine dependent rats (P Our results showed regular resistance exercise and magnesium sulfate have analgesic property in morphine withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia in rats. Therefore, it can be used for the treatment/management of painful conditions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and GnRH agonist on the levels of apelin and insulin resistance index in girls with central precocious puberty.
In this study, twenty-five girls (7.44±0.34 years) with precocious puberty were included. They were randomly divided into three groups (drug, n=10, exercise皻, n=8, and exercise, n=7) and one control group (healthy, n=10). In the experimental group, aerobic exercise for 12 weeks, 3 days/week was done, duration intensity of exercise gradually increased 5 minutes and 5% respectively every 2 week. Also, the GnRH agonists were used as medicine. BMI, the apelin and insulin resistance index were assessed before and after exercise.
Insulin resistance index and apelin serum levels in experimental group (exercise and exercise drug) were significantly decreased(p=0.05), while these factors were unchanged in control group (p=0.05). Additionally, BMI in exercie groups was significantly decreased (p=0.000), while it was increased in experimental group (drug group) (p=0.06).
Considering to current data, it could demonstrate that aerobic training and GNRH agonists at the same time can lead to a decrease in BMI and apelin and an improvement in insulin resistance index.

Type 2 diabetes(T2DM) patients can benefit from exercise training programs but there are many barriers to do exercise .The aim of this study was to investigate effects of 10 weeks aerobic, resistance and combined strength and aerobic exercise program on fasting blood sugar (FBS) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of T2DM male patients.
A quasi experimental study on 52 T2DM male patients was done. They were divided into four groups: aerobic training group (ATG; n=13), resistance training group (RTG; n=13), combined strength and aerobic training group (SAG; n=13), and control group (CG; n=10). There were three types of training program: aerobic, with intensity of 55-85% of the heart rate maximum (HRmax) 3 times /week, and resistance, with intensity of 50-75% one-repetition maximum 3 times week. Anthropometric measurements, HbA1c and FBS were measured at the beginning and after 10 weeks.
The mean (± standard deviation) age of participants was 53.24 (±1.05) years old. FBS decreased significantly in all studied groups (P-value The result of the present study indicated that three type exercise training programs cause improving the metabolic factors related to diabetes in T2DM male patients. However, each type of training also provides unique benefits.

Stem cells transplantation and exercise training are including of Non-drug treatment option that have been considered for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks aerobic training on striatum VEGF and DA levels in parkinsonian rats after transplantation of bone marrow stem cells. 35 male rats with the age of 7 weeks and weight 250-300 gr, were divided randomly into healthy control group and parkinsonian groups included of control, cell treatment, Exercise and cell treatment Exercise. To create a model of Parkinsons, the striatum was destroyed by 6-hydroxy-dopamine injection into the striatum through stereotaxic apparatus and then was used apomorphine rotational test for confirm it. For isolation of bone marrow stem cells, bone marrow of femur and tibia of male rats 6-8 weeks were used. After cultivation, approximately 105 cells in 2 microliter of medium were injected through the channel into the striatum of cell recipient groups. òExercise was included 8 weeks of running on the treadmill with a speed of 15 meters per minute in 2 bouts for 5 days in per week. VEGF and DA measured by ELISA method. The results show that, striatum VEGF and DA levels increased significantly in Exercise, Stem cells and specially Stem cells Exercise groups related to Parkinson group (P≤0.05). Generally, the results of this study approved the positive effect of 8 weeks treadmill exercise in parkinsonian rats after bone marrow stem cell transplantation which can be considered as a non-drug therapeutic manner in Parkinson’s disease.

Many evidences have shown that aerobic exercise can alter the function and release certain neurotransmitters such as opioids in the brain. In this research, the effect of endurance exercise (running on a treadmill for six weeks) and oral magnesium sulphate on pain threshold of addicted rats following withdrawal syndrome was investigated.
In this study male wistar rats weighting 250±20g were used. Morphine sulphate 0.4 grams per liter was added to the animal’s water and after 21 days they were addicted to morphine. Endurance exercise training was used to train animals for six weeks. At the end of the second, fourth and sixth weeks of exercise protocol, naloxone hydrochloride were injected at a rate of 3 mg/kg. Magnesium sulphate 10 grams/liter was dissolved for six weeks in drinking water of animals that were taking magnesium sulphate. A tail-flick apparatus were used to evaluate the effect of exercise and magnesium sulphate on pain threshold.
Results showed that treadmill running exercise (p According to the findings of this study, it seems that the effect of exercise can be potentiated with magnesium sulphate and may be helpful to ease the pain at withdrawal period.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with reductions in fertility indices. Resistance training, on the other hand, through reducing the adverse effects of diabetes, exerts a positive impact on diabetic individuals. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of ten weeks of resistance training on serum levels of reproductive hormones and sperm parameters in Wistar rats with diabetes mellitus type 2.
In this experimental study, 36 Wistar rats with mean weight of 200±50 were randomly assigned to healthy control, diabetic control and diabetic training groups. The diabetic resistance training group received ten weeks of resistance training (climbing up the ladder) following the induction of diabetes. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, left epididymis of the rats was examined for studying sperm parameters and blood serum samples were examined for evaluating reproductive hormones. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Turkey’s Post Hoc test at 0.05%.
Ten weeks of resistance training induced significant increases in serum testosterone and FSH levels in the resistance training group in comparison to the diabetic group (p Resistance training can improve sperm parameters, including sperm count, survival rate and motility, through increasing serum testosterone, LH and FSH levels (reproductive hormones) in rats with diabetes mellitus type 2.