ali imani

Basically, among the components that affect the defense doctrine in each country, And the main focus of the Iranian army's manpower, especially the ground force, is based on the soldier's manpower. Therefore, the aim, method, research findings and conclusions of this research are summarized as follows:

to improve the quality of military service and to optimize the recruitment method according to Iran's demographic changes.

The research method in this research is descriptive. With an institutional approach, the researcher validates and answers the research questions by conducting expert analysis and using the Delphi technique and library method.

The aging of the Iranian population, the halt in population growth and the quantitative increase of single-child families, as well as the increase in the social participation of the female population (feminization of the military) are among the findings of this research, which are effective on military service in the coming decades.

The result of this problem-oriented research is to present executive proposals for military service in accordance with demographic changes in Iran in the horizon of 1420. By analyzing the trend of demographic changes in Iran, the researcher has reached innovative results such as the feminization of military service and the move towards the professionalization of the army in Iran.

Estimating the food supply cost is one of the essential applications of optimal food baskets. This study aimed to calculate the cost of an optimal food basket for Iranians and the ratio of the cost of an optimal food basket to the minimum wage in 2020 and 2021.   This cross-sectional study estimated the costs and ratio of the optimal food basket to the workers' minimum wage from the perspective of economically vulnerable groups. The cost approach was based on the research data, using forms and checklists prepared by the researcher and referring to information published by the Statistics Center, the Central Bank, and the Ministry of Welfare. Excel software was used to calculate and draw graphs.  This study showed the high cost of red meat, fruits, and dairy products. The lowest cost was for pasta, sugar, and potatoes. The per capita cost of an optimal food basket for one day in 2020 and 2021 was 223576 and 306833 Rials, respectively. The ratio of the cost of an optimal food basket of the minimum wage in 2020 and 2021 was 57% and 50%, respectively.  The study's most crucial finding was the importance of purchasing power adequacy in providing the optimal food basket. This finding underscored the urgency of addressing wage issues, particularly in the lower-income and working classes, as a significant basis for determining wages and planning for sustainable development.

One of the main problems of fruit cultivation, especially peaches and almonds, is the lack of the application of the existing clone rootstocks such as the promising hybrid of peaches and almonds and its unavailability due to its propagation in Iran. So the seedling rootstocks are inevitably used. However these rootstocks cause many problems for the growers due to the lack of uniformity. In order to solve this problem, the effect of different concentrations of indole butyric acid on the rooting of hardwood cuttings ‘TF92’ (promising hybrid of peach and almond) was tested in a private sector greenhouse in Karaj equipped with a heating pad during 2019. In this paper, the effect of 4 different levels of indole butyric acid hormone (IBA) 0, 1500, 2500 and 3500 parts per million in solution on hardwood cuttings was studied in a completely randomized design in three replications. The results showed that there was a significant difference between various concentrations of indole butyric acid in terms of the effect on the characteristics of the mode of investigation such as the percentage of rooting, the number of roots formed, the dry weight of the roots, the length of the roots and the length of the resulting branches in the cuttings. Thus the highest rooting percentage (78.45) was found in the indole butyric acid (IBA) hormone treatment with a concentration of 2500 mg L-1 compared to other treatments. Therefore, this method can be recommended as a suitable treatment for the rooting of wood cuttings of this promising emerging rootstock. Also, the highest percentage of rooted plantlets was obtained on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 1 mg L-1 IBA. According to this study, the concentrations of 1 mg L-1 IBA results in the maximum rooting, and it has been suggested as a suitable hormone for in vitro rooting of ‘TF92’.

maxillofacial structures are usually affected in motorcycle crashes .So the aim of this study was to evaluate helmet using on the frequency and patterns of  maxillofacial fractures.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study ,records of 181 patients hospitalized for maxillofacial fractures in Shiraz Shahid Rajae Hospital during 2016-2020were evaluated. Demographic and clinical variables included age, gender, type of fractures based on single or multiple and the location of the fractures in the mandible and the middle area of the face were recorded for each patient. The data were analyzed by  chi-square test(P <0.05).

Out of 181 patients,%77.2 of patients were male and  %22.8 were female.  Significant difference between helmet using and gender and age groups were observed. P= 0.012 In motorcyclists with helmet in comparison to without helmet,fracture in middle face area was lower than mandible.Frequency of single and multiple fractures were %39.3 and %60.7 respectively. The highest frequency of middle face area and mandibular fractures were in lefort II and body of mandible respectively. The lowest frequency of middle face area and mandibular fractures were in nasal bone and ramus respectively .Against mandible, there was a significant relationship between helmet using and middle face area fractures. (P=0.011)

helmet using can reduce maxillo facial fractures especially in middle face area.

The main issue of this article is national security. The question of this article is, which societies and why do they experience less potential and actual internal and external threats to national security, while some societies are constantly exposed to and experiencing dangerous threats? What is the situation of Iran in terms of the power of the state and the nation and the dangerous threats to national security? In order to find a theoretical solution to the problem, with the help of nation-state building theories, the dimensions of the power of the state and the nation were extracted, and then, using the theory of historical institutionalism, the theoretical analysis of the relationship between the nation-state and national security was carried out. Furthermore, in order to find an empirical solution to the problem, the quantitative methodology and the secondary analysis technique were used at the macro level, and data related to the research variables for 130 countries were collected from various international sources and analyzed for the period of 2005 to 2022. The findings from the quantitative comparative analysis showed that the capacity of the state and the nation and the balanced construction of their power, as well as the balance of power between the state and nation, which provides the basis for the compatibility and synergy of their power, has a reducing effect on potential and actual internal and external threats and has an increasing effect on national security.

Among the various assessment tools for learning, self-evaluation is an efficient method that enables students to reflect on their learning. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of self-evaluation by checklist in learning the principles of drug injection and the satisfaction of nursing students in the pharmacology internship in 2022 at Zanjan College of Nursing and Midwifery.

The present study was a quasi - experimental study that was conducted as a case-control study in the pharmacology internship unit on 36 students. In the case group (18 participants), each student completed the checklist 3 times in the presence of the instructor, after administering the drug, in three consecutive days. But in the control group, only the instructor, like the case group, completed the drug administration checklist. At the end of the internship, the satisfaction level of the students of both groups was measured by a satisfaction questionnaire

55.56% of the students in the case group were male and 55.56% of the students in the control group were female. The mean and standard deviation of learning on the second and third day were respectively 11.44±1.68 and 14.78±0.548 in the case group and 8.78±1.26 and 8.00±1.45 in the control group, which was statistically significant (p=0.000). There was no significant difference in the level of satisfaction in the two groups.

The use of self-evaluation method had a significant effect in training drug administration skills.

In almonds (Prunus dulcis), selecting salt-tolerant rootstocks and genotypes is an appropriate breeding strategy. In the present research, we grafted two commercial almond cultivars (‘Sahand’ and ‘TS3’) on the ‘GF677’ rootstock. Then, we monitored the impact of salinity (0.5, 6.5, and 8.5 dS m-1) on the morphological, physiological, and molecular characteristics of the Sahand and TS3 cultivars. The photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll (a, b and total) content, and carotenoid content decreased with increasing salinity levels in both cultivars, with the least decrease observed in TS3. Under a salinity level of 8.5 dS/m, Sahand exhibited the lowest growth (8.9 cm), leaf area (5412.5 mm2), Chla, Chlb, Chltotal and carotenoid contents (0.58, 0.15, 0.74 and 0.31 mg g-1FW, respectively). Additionally, Sahand had a Fm/Fv (0.75), N content (1.33%) and Ca, B, Mg, S, Fe and Zn values of 1654.55, 1.64, 395.28, 168.6, 10.35 and 3.05 mg L-1, respectively. Furthermore, Sahand exhibited the highest MDA level (25.17 nmol g-1FW), TFC (2.95 mg GA g−1FW), Na content (649.84 mg L-1) and Cl content (3.52%).  the lowest TFC (1.75 mg GA g−1FW) and the highest NHX1 expression, photosynthesis rate (5.65 μmol m-2 s-1), gs (0.1 mol m-1 s-1) transpiration rate (6.08 mmol m-1 s-1), Ca, S and B content (1903.63, 196.9 and 2.09 mg L-1, respectively) were belonged to TS3 under 0.5 dS/m salinity. Higher levels of Mg and Fe in the TS3 cultivar resulted in the stablization of photosynthetic pigments. Compared to Sahand, TS3 had a higher nitrogen content, and its greater NHX1 expression was a molecular confirmation of its salt tolerance.

The influence of storing almond kernel genotypes derived from reciprocal crosses of ‘Mamaei’ and ‘Marcona’ cultivars (referred to as ‘G1’, ‘G2’, ‘G3’, ‘G4’, ‘G5’ and ‘G6’) on diverse quality parameters, encompassing moisture, ash, protein, oil, carbohydrates, fiber, and total vitamin E was investigated. The kernels were stored for 0, 6, and 12 months at room temperature. The results showed that the highest fresh kernel weight was observed in the ‘Marcona’ parent and two progenies, ‘G5’ and ‘G3’, at harvest time. The highest amounts of soluble carbohydrates were found in the ‘G4’ genotype, while the highest amounts of insoluble carbohydrates were observed in the ‘Mamaei’ parent and ‘G5’ genotype. The highest protein content was found in the ‘Mamaei’ parent and ‘G4’ genotype, while the maximum oil content was observed in the ‘G5’ genotype. The ‘G6’ genotype had the highest amount of total vitamin E. All studied traits showed a decreasing trend during the storage period, with the lowest amounts observed in all selected offspring after one year of storage. The results highlighted variations in traits such as fresh kernel weight, soluble and insoluble carbohydrates, protein, oil, and total vitamin E among different genotypes. Moreover, all traits exhibited a decline in values during storage, emphasizing the importance of selecting high-quality genotypes like ‘G5’ for almond breeding programs.

The social role of Mazar institution in the social developments of Iran is the main subject of this research. Mortality and egalitarianism are components of cohesion in Iran. And what effect did it have on social developments and power discourses in Iran? Explaining the institution of the tomb seems to be a way to open this knot. This article begins with the issue of "the institution of shrines and social change in Iran." In this research: The impact of the Mazar institution on social developments in Iran from the Constitutional Revolution to the era of the Islamic Revolution becomes clear. This study explains the impact of the Mazar institution(mortality culture,rituals of morning) on social developments (Islamic Revolution,constitouational revolution)in Iran. The analysis of the research environment is based on data and logical reasoning.The research method is causal explanation and the method of data collection is library studies. The research results are an introduction to the explanation of powerful social institutions in Iran. The present study is an attempt to explain the function of social institutions in creating social change. This study claimed that social institutions are effective in creating a knowledge system. And the institution of the shrine is in the center of research attention.

Measuring socioeconomic status (SES) as an independent variable is challenging, especially in epidemiological and social studies. This issue is more critical in large-scale studies on the national level. The present study aimed to extensively evaluate the validity and reliability of the Iranian SES questionnaire.  

This psychometric, cross-sectional study was conducted on 3000 households, selected via random cluster sampling from various areas in East Azerbaijan province and Tehran, Iran. Moreover, 250 students from Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were selected as interviewers to collect data from 40 districts in Iran. The construct validity and internal consistency of the SES questionnaire were assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and the Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was performed in SPSS and AMOS.   

The complete Iranian version of the SES questionnaire consists of 5 factors. The Cronbach's alpha was calculated to be 0.79, 0.94, 0.66, 0.69, and 0.48 for the occupation, self-evaluation of economic capacity, house and furniture, wealth, and health expenditure, respectively. In addition, the confirmatory factor analysis results indicated the data's compatibility with the 5-factor model (comparative fit index = 0.96; goodness of fit index = 0.95; incremental fit index = 0.96; root mean square error of approximation = 0.05).

According to the results, the confirmed validity and reliability of the tool indicated that the Iranian version of the SES questionnaire could be utilized with the same structure on an extensive level and could be applicable for measuring the SES in a broader range of populations.

In this study, a pollination experiment on almond species was conducted about the pollen tube penetration in the pistil with a fluorescence microscope and the rate of fruit formation by the controlled pollination in the orchard. These species included two new almond genotypes of KD 13 and K11-8 as pollen receptors, and two almond cultivars Tuono (self-compatible) and D5 (self-incompatible), a peach cultivar HolouYazdi, and GN15 (hybrid between almond and peach) as donor pollen sources. This experiment was conducted in an almond orchard with six-year-old trees at Kamal-Shahr Horticulture Research Station in Karaj, Iran. The results showed a significant difference among pollen sources for in vitro pollen grain germination. The pollen germination percentage ranged from 45 to 86% in the cultivars and genotypes under study. There were significant differences among crosses for the rate of pollen tube penetration in different parts of the style. KD13 × D5 (self-incompatible (with 9.6% and K11-8 × D5 (self-incompatible) with 7.63% showed the highest percentage of pollen tube penetration but KD13 × Tuono and K11-8  ×Tuono with 1% and 2.12%, respectively, had the lowest pollen tube insertion into the style. Ninety days after pollination, the crosses of KD13 × KD5 and K11-8 × D5 showed the highest percentage of fruit set (48.90 and 42.45%, respectively) as compared to other pollinizers. It was determined that the fruit formation was mainly influenced by the pollen source and therefore the source of pollen had a decisive role in the final fruit set. As a result, it is important to choose the right pollen source in the breeding programs before recommending the cultivation of new almond varieties.

Almonds (Prunus dulcis Mill.) are a crucial deciduous nut crop on a global scale. The development of fruiting buds necessitates a period of chilling during the winter. However, the presence of early or late spring frost may cause harm to reproductive tissues, particularly anthers, resulting in a decrease in productivity. The critical roles of carbohydrates and the key enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in plants are well-known for achieving maximum frost tolerance. Despite the significance of genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism, little is known about the expression patterns of the key genes in almond anthers. In this study, the expression profiles of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism were compared between cold-sensitive and cold-tolerant almond genotypes  and cultivar. Cold-tolerant genotypes demonstrated higher expression levels of PdHEX1, PdINV, PdPEPcK, PdPGK, PdSUS, and PdUGPase genes in comparison to sensitive genotypes. This could imply a positive role of these genes in the cold tolerance of almonds. To conclude, examining the expression profile of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolic processes can provide valuable insights into the response of almonds and other Prunus species to cold stresses. Additionally, the H genotype, which blooms late and is frost-tolerant, has the potential to be introduced as a cold-tolerant genotype.

Almond is one of the most important horticultural crops of the Iran, which has been of interest to Iranian growers for a long time due to its unique characteristics. To select the best cultivars or genotypes of almonds from almond germplasm, an investigation based on frost tolerance (50 genotype and varieties in conditions of the laboratory was conducted using cuttings containing flower buds) in the Horticultural Sciences Researches Institute under laboratory conditions. The tolerance of 50 genotypes to frost in laboratory conditions was investigated in a factorial manner in a completely random design with the first factor of cold at 2 levels (normal temperature or without frost stress and -3°C) and the second factor of genotype at 50 levels with 3 replications. In this research, after screening 50 varieties and genotypes of almonds in relation to tolerance to freezing stress, two varieties and genotypes (Shokofeh and A43D99) were tolerant and two varieties (Peerless and Rabie) were sensitive and 2 varieties and genotypes (Nanpareil and A47MS3 ) intermediates were selected for further investigation, especially in relation to traits related to frost tolerance.It should be noted that the selected genotypes in this research are the result of breeding programs, and with further study and research work, some of these genotypes can be introduced as genotypes resistant to frost stress and used in breeding and cultivation programs.

The Islamic Republic of Iran needs authority to create indigenous and self -regional security in the Persian Gulf, as well as to counter regional and trans -regional threats in the area. Therefore, this article is aimed at identifying environmental factors (strength, weakness, opportunity, threat) and formulating Iranian powerful strategies.

It is applied research and is used by the case-context-based method to formulate strategies and tapis techniques to prioritize strategies.

Data analysis has found 13 part strategies (3 aggressive strategies, 5 competitive strategies, 3 conservative strategies and 2 defensive strategies). According to the improving the improving the number of 7 main power strategies in the Persian Gulf.

The strategic position of the Islamic Republic of Iran for attaining authority is in a strong conservative and strong situation that is moving towards a mild and focused offensive.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the critical diseases due to its adverse clinical, social, and economic consequences for affected people. This study aims to assess the quality of life (QoL) of patients with MS in East Azerbaijan, Iran. 

This cross-sectional study was conducted using the multiple sclerosis quality of life-54 (MSQoL-54) questionnaires to interview 300 randomly selected MS patients in East Azarbaijan Province, Iran. The independent t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey post hoc test were used to examine the relationship between demographic variables, and QoL, and all analyses were performed using SPSS software, version 19. 

The QoL score in MS patients is 48.22±22.48. The “life satisfaction” is the best and “physical role limitation” is the worst QoL aspect. Significant relationships were observed between marital status, education level, employment status, age of symptoms onset, and years of illness with QoL (P<0.05). 

The QoL of the MS patients in East Azarbaijan Province is lower than in other parts of Iran and much lower than in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries.

Bicarbonate stress causes Fe chlorosis which, in turn, results in yield reduction, the delay in fruit bearing and reduced fruit quality, photosynthesis and growth processes in plants. In this study, the effects of organic acids on the alleviation of bicarbonate stress in some peach cultivars was investigated. The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 18 treatments and three replications. Factors studied in this experiment included three peach cultivars grafted on GF 677 rootstock, three levels of calcium bicarbonate (0, 7.5 and 15 mM) and two levels of organic acid (0 and 10 mM). Among the studied cultivars, J.H. Hale cultivar was the most sensitive cultivar and Barzegar cultivar was the most resistant to chlorosis induced by iron deficiency. Organic acids significantly improved the growth characteristics of different cultivars, especially under calcium bicarbonate stress conditions. Organic acids reduced the intensity of chlorosis due to iron deficiency in the studied cultivars by up to 20%. In the study of physiological and biochemical traits, it was found that organic acids improve the relative water content of leaves (up to 16%), chlorophyll content (up to 33%), proline accumulation (up to 35.9%) and also increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes including catalase (up to 23.4%), superoxide dismutase (up to 26.5%) and guaiacol peroxidase (up to 14.4%). Organic acids improved the growth characteristics of peach seedlings under bicarbonate stress conditions by improving water relations, leaf chlorophyll and antioxidant enzymes.

The importance of improving quality and performance in higher education has led various universities to turn to effective methods of educational evaluation, such as auditing.

The present study evaluated the academic performance of the Tabriz Faculty of Management and Medical Informatics postgraduate students, an Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management based on the Tennessee Academic Audit Model.

This descriptive-cross sectional study was conducted in 2019 with the participation of educational managers and faculty members of the same faculties in two phases consisting of self-assessment and external evaluation. After contextualization, the Tennessee comprehensive higher education audit checklist was used. Data were studied descriptively, and the results were reported as frequency (percentage) and mean ± standard deviation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc tests were used to evaluate the significance of the difference in academic performance between the educational groups. t-test was also used to evaluate the difference in performance scores in self-assessment and external evaluation phases. A P-value < 0.05 was considered significant.

The participants’ performance in the self-assessment phase was moderate (total score: 5.32), and their performance in the external evaluation phase was weak (total score: 2.75). The best and the worst self-assessment scores were in the dimensions of “overall assessment” and “follow-up of previous academic audits,” respectively. In the external evaluation, the dimensions of “contributions to the program and university goals” and “follow-up of previous academic audits” had the best and worst performance scores, respectively.

The results demonstrated that the Tabriz Faculty of ManagementandMedical Informatics of the Medical School needs to improve in terms of international standards. Therefore, managers and policymakers are required to implement interventions to address this gap.

In this study, the reaction of germination and plantlet growth different chickpea cultivars (Arman, Azad, Binalood and Hashem) in relation to osmotic stress due to polyethylene glycol solution (-2, -4, -6 and -8bar) and control (distilled water) using factorial design in completely randomized with four replications was evaluated. In this study, there was a significant difference between the different potentials of drought stress for all measured traits with 99% probability. With the reduction of water potential, the seed germination, germination rate, rootlet length, stemlet length, rootlet wet weight, rootlet dry weight, stemlet wet weight, stemlet dry weight, plantlet wet weight, as well as plantlet dry weight decreased. Also, proline and Fv/Fm (the efficiency quantum of the photosystem II) of cultivars at two levels of control and glycol polyethylene solution at the level of -2bar was different. So that the Hashem cultivar showed the highest amount of proline in the polyethylene glycol solution -2bar. However, the Fv/Fm had a reversed relationship with drought stress. That is, drought stress leads to a reduction in the Fv/Fm. The maximum amount of Fv/Fm was found in the Hashem cultivar under drought stress condition, and the lowest amount in Azad cultivar in stress conditions. The results of activity of antioxidant enzymes in this study showed that drought-resistant cultivars such as Hashem is  to drought stress by increasing the capacity of the antioxidant system to remove reactive oxygen species and prevent membrane peroxidation Overall, the commercial cultivar Hashem showed drought tolerance at high stress levels, indicating their potential for production applications.

To investigate the effects of cultivars on dry nut weight, kernel weight, oil content, and the main fatty acids of some cultivars and genotypes of almond, this study was conducted in 2019 in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The findings revealed that the influence of genotype on all measured traits is significant. The results of oil content showed that D124 had the highest values in terms of oil content. Also, examination of kernel weight shows that there are significant differences between cultivars. So that the highest amount of kernel weight is related to genotype D at 2.19 grams, while the lowest amount of kernel weight is related to A5-17genotype at 0.52 grams. The investigation of nut weight analysis showed that genotype D had the highest value (6.40grams). All the traits considered in this research can be said that the D124 genotype and cultivars of Sahand, Shahroud 6, Saba, and Ruby respectively had oil content of 62.24, 62.12, 61.62, 60.41 and. 60.29 percent. In total, regarding to the all traits considered in this study, genotype D124 in the amount of 62.24% and then cultivars, Sahand, Shahroud 6, Saba, Ruby with oil values of 62.12%, 61.62%, 60.41% and 60.29, respectively. Also, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid in D124, Sahand, Shahroud 6, Saba, and Ruby were (5.44, 73.30 and 21.14%), (4.85, 76.33, and 18.48%), (5.64, 80.11 and 14.31%), (5.30, 73.89 and 20.80%) and (5.21, 77.44, and 16.32%) respectively. These are identified as the best cultivars and genotypes in terms of food quality in the climatic conditions of Karaj, which can be used for nutritional or technical applications to provide conditions for almond production and cultivation development.

This article explains how to develop relations with New China .Therefore, the policy analysis process is used as a policy-transition method. And realism is used as a political theory. The process of conducting research begins with analytical problem-solving and ends with writing an executive policy. The main problem of the research is to write executive policies in relation to the new China.The main research question is:How should the policy of developing relations with China be based on the political theory of realism?"The main goal of the research:Describing how to make policies for the relationship with the new China, relying on the capability of Iran in the Asian region.The socio-cultural situation of Iran and China and the international environment have been explained in this research as effective variables on the policy making of the relationship with the new China. The documentary research method is used and the researcher collects information by exploratory study . The important innovation of the research is the emphasis on executive capabilities instead of projecting subjective concepts.By doing this research, the void of theoretical foundations will be solved andExecutive policies are also written to develop relations with China.

This study compares the DAFOS educational courses of AJA and of the People's Army of China with a view to future threats. Course titles are one of the main pillars of any educational system. The discussion of advanced education in DAFOS differs from previous threats to countries that are relevant and already exist, and the method of education and content and the subject and higher education of each university or student of the commander and staff are different depending on That will change in the future. The main purpose of this research is to compare AJA Master of Defense Educational Management (DAFOS) with the educational title of Chinese military DAFOS according to the new threats and to provide a suitable presentation for Davos AJA. The research method is comparative, comparative study is a research method in which two or more variables are scrutinized in comparison with each other, with the aim of describing and explaining the similarities and differences due to new interpretations and the possibility of new corrections.

This study was carried out to determine the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of 60 almond cultivars and genotypes in climatic conditions of Meshkin Dasht Horticultural Research Station in Karaj and to determine their characteristics in order to select the best cultivars. These cultivars and genotypes were planted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The studied cultivars and genotypes were evaluated for important vegetative and pomological traits. Results showed that K9-7, K2-22, K3-16, K2-9, Sh15 and KD-11-01 genotypes and Shokofeh, Nonpareil and Price cultivars had paper shell nuts that had good marketability. Shokofeh, Ferragnès, A230, A200 cultivars and K13-40 genotype had a lower chance of being exposed to late spring frosts due to late flowering on average 20 to 25 days depending on the cultivars compared to Sefid cultivar. Also, for two years in terms of yield in 2016 and 2017, Filippo Ceo, Ferragnès cultivars and K9-24 and K8-24 genotypes had the highest yield. In the general evaluation of important traits of cultivars and genotypes; Nanparil cultivar and KD-11-01 genotype were identified as the best cultivar and genotype in terms of soft shell fruit and A230, A200 and Ferragnès cultivars and K13-40 genotype with hard shell fruit.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of organic acid on alleviation of bicarbonate stress in three grafted peach cultivars on GN-15 rootstock. The experiment was performed as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design during 2017-2019. Factors included peach cultivars (Red Haven, Jh. Hale and Barzegar), calcium bicarbonate (0, 7.5 and 15 mM), and a combination of oxalic, malic and citric organic acids (0 and 10 mM). Under bicarbonate stress, proline content, activity of catalase enzymes, superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and carbohydrate content increased. The highest amount of chlorophyll (1.65 mg / g) and Fv/Fm (0.79) was observed in Barzegar cultivar under non-stress conditions. Under severe bicarbonate stress (15 mmol) the leaves of Barzegar cultivar were able to maintain a higher relative water content (55.77%) compared to other cultivars. Organic acids improved leaf chlorophyll content, proline accumulation, and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase). Also, the application of 10 mM organic acids significantly increased the leaf content of phosphorus, iron, zinc and manganese and reduced the severity of chlorosis due to iron deficiency. Finally, Barzegar was introduced as the most tolerant cultivars to iron-deficiency induced chlorosis.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused serious disruption to food security in the world. Declining incomes, purchasing power, and food production and rising prices in the food supply and consumption chain have affected and increased the risk of food insecurity, the most important consequence of which is the worsening of world hunger and malnutrition. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic since December 2019 in Wuhan, and its spread around the world has caused major changes in people's lives; one of the most important affected areas is the food and nutrition sector. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on changes in food choice, purchase, and consumption.

Keywords "food", "nutrition", "choice or select", "buy or purchase", "consumption" and "behavior" in combination with the word "COVID-19" were used to search for English articles in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. All articles from the beginning of the pandemic to the end of May 2021 were included in this study. After deleting some studies due to non-English language, duplication, inconsistency with the intended purpose, and being reviewed, 25 articles entered the final phase.

The results indicate that forced quarantine and travel restrictions with the formation of new nutritional behaviors have affected the quality of nutrition of different populations. It has positive consequences, such as reducing ready meals and fast foods, increasing attention to nutrients to promote and maintain health and reduce food waste. The negative consequences include increased intake of snacks, high-calorie foods, canned foods, and processed meats in some countries.

Decreased nutritional quality from this pandemic can have adverse effects on public health. More detailed studies are needed to examine the impact of quarantine on food choice, purchase, and consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic.