فهرست مطالب ali khaki

The cons truction indus try is one of the mos t energy-consuming and Contamination indus tries. Lean cons truction (L.C.) is an advanced manufacturing approach that could potentially bring novel developments in the cons truction indus try and seeks to elevate the value of the building, diminishing was te. Off-site cons truction (OSC) techniques have numerous advantages. Recent research s tudies have outlined the advantages of bringing together L.C. and OSC. This research aims to identify the elements of blending L.C. and OSC for the Indus trialization architecture framework. The core ideas that are integrated into the framework are addressed and discussed. This research employed a 3-s tep bibliometric review of indus trialization research within the cons truction and manufacturing sectors. A comprehensive sys tematic literature review technique to review the literature on L.C. and OSC for indus trialization architecture identified factors of integrated L.C. and OSC for indus trialization architecture and arrived at a conceptual model by recognizing these components. To refine AEC performance toward indus trialization cons truction, The increased efficiency of the enhanced production sys tem is taking a more prominent place. The introduction of automation and robotic sys tems into the cons truction process, pre-fabrication technique, cons truction 4.0 and use of information communication technology and digital technology (BIM, RFID,...), use of DFMA technique (design for manufacture and assembly) and sus tainability ability for the elimination of cons truction was te are factors for integrating L.C. and OSC for indus trialization architecture. This document provides a reference for future cons truction direction to achieve indus trialization cons truction.

Sandwich panels are one of the most advanced forms of composite structures that are widely used. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of three types of resin: urea formaldehyde (UF), melamine formaldehyde (MF) and the combination of urea formaldehyde + melamine formaldehyde (UF + MF) two core layer densities (400 and 500 kg/m3) on physical and mechanical properties of sandwich panels made of palm leaves waste. Pressure temperature, pressure and time for all panels were 175 °C, 35 kg /cm2 and 9 minutes, respectively. The final thickness of all panels was the same and equal to 25 mm. Physical and mechanical properties include; Water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), impact bending strength (IBS) and internal bonding (IB) were performed on the samples. The results showed that there was a significant (p<0.05) difference between the values of different treatments at the level of 95%. Physical properties (except thickness swelling) and mechanical properties with a density of 500 kg/m3 improved. The use of MF and UF + MF resins significantly improved the physical and mechanical properties of sandwich panels due to its high adhesive quality.

The industrialization of construction will be the main path of development and the future of the construction industry. How to achieve the industrialization of construction is one of the important issues of this industry. As the core of building industrialization, design standardization is a major technique to improve performance. The purpose of this research is to investigate the most advanced design standardization method for the industrialization of architecture. Through a bibliometric-qualitative review process, this research investigates the factors influencing design standardization in industrialization of architecture. Bibliometric analysis is used to create science maps based on academic publications from Scopus (183 publications on design standardization, 1.444 publications on industrialization of construction, and 101 publications on design standardization for industrialization of construction) for qualitative review of 43 research publications (including articles, reviews, conference papers), and especially concentrating on design standardization rules that will help industrialization of architecture. After conducting a thorough quantitative analysis and in-depth discussion of design standardization for industrialization of architecture, various factors were identified and potential future directions for further exploration were provided: modularization, Industry 4.0 and supply chain management , sustainability and lean construction, off site construction and prefabrication, information technologies, BIM, Robotics and 3D printers, automation in the production process, internet of things, intelligent automated data collection technology, mobile user interface device, WLAN, lidar/reality capture, construction simulation technologies, materials logistics management, and virtual design and construction (VDC). This research has added to our understanding of design standardization for industrialization of architecture that will help to improve AEC practice in the future.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the pathology of the internships of teachers accepted through the employment test. The present study was conducted as a qualitative method. The statistical population of the study consisted of teachers who were admitted to the recruitment test in 1397. In this regard, 12 interns were interviewed, and the results of the interviews were analyzed through content analysis method. Adoption of school interns, lack of qualified and capable guidance teachers, limited apprenticeships in urban and mono-elementary schools, lack of proper planning and poor supervision by tutors and teachers, lack of executive facilities and no paid work as weaknesses and increase self-esteem and stress reduction in class management and familiarity with Describe the power of school and class as the strengths of the courses. Overall, the findings of the study emphasized the weaknesses in the implementation of internships and on the other hand, the familiarity with the teaching profession.

Today, the interaction of structure and architecture is one of the issues that has attracted the attention of many designers. In the traditional architecture of Iran, the process of interaction between structure and architecture was continuous and completely integrated. But due to the changes resulting from the age of industry and under the influence of technology, in recent centuries, this matter has been discussed among researchers. The aim of the current research is to recognize the interaction of architecture and structure inspired by the Seljuk period, so as to achieve a favorable interaction between architecture and structure.The research method was qualitative content analysis method and combined strategies and collection and analyzes were done through library studies. The results of the research indicate that that the relationship between structure and architecture in contemporary buildings is often of the type of structure as form And in the ideation and design of buildings, less attention is paid to the role of the structure as an active element in the organization of the space from the aesthetic and visual aspect and Its stability aspect is mainly considered. In the interaction between the structure and traditional architecture, the discussion is about the participation of the form in fulfilling the needs of the construction of the structure, Also, the use of symmetry in form design brings ease in design and construction. It is also an understanding of the behavior of the structure in the form that in all cases it is possible to witness the compliance of the form with the overall shape and format of the structure by using symmetry.

One of the problems of the construction system in the country, especially the office buildings, is the design and implementation methods in terms of using technology. The low useful life of these buildings, especially in the hot humid climate, which has strong radiation and high humidity, causes severe erosion of these buildings built with common materials. Building industrialization based on sustainable development criteria as an efficient way to control and increase the quality of their construction is one of the long-term plans of the policy makers of the country's construction sector. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate sustainability criteria in the industrialization of office buildings in the hot and humid climate of Abadan city. The importance and significant aspects of the economic, social and environmental components as the three main pillars of sustainability in the industrialization of office buildings in Abadan is raised as the main question of this research, which has been measured by experts of the engineering organization. The research method in the first part was by collecting the main indicators of sustainable development, the factors that were most important according to experts were selected and categorized and coded based on the criteria of sustainable development dimensions. The Likert scale of questions was distributed among the statistical community after confirming its validity and reliability by experts. The tests include single sample T (t-test), paired T and K-S test in "SPSS-16.0" software environment. The findings show that social goals and its components (product and worker safety and environmental quality) have the highest impact in the sustainability of the industrialization of office buildings, followed by economic goals and its components (construction speed and project life span). It shows that development and realization of building industrialization cannot be realized only from the economic and technical point of view.

The overcrowding in the school building make the importance of examining evacuation of students in the accident.  To this end, this paper  provide a simulation of human evacuation in a school sample (from school organization type maps, with 2 stories - and with 345 ) at the time of the accident. Pathfinder software was used for this purpose and the evacuation time for the above-mentioned school was 131 seconds. Since physical characteristics are considered as one of the most important factors affecting the duration of evacuation, therefore in this study two important physical factors including height and building length were evaluated.The results showed that with increasing of height of the building (3 floors and 516 users) the time increased by 66% to 217 seconds, which is unsafe and by increasing the height to 4 floors (687 users) this would increase by 135% to 307.8 seconds, which would create a dangerous situation. Installation of a separate emergency stair also reduced this time to just 249.5 seconds, which is not on the safe time. But increasing the length of the building (with 515 users) given that, unlike the height of the building, it has less impact on the density of the students (especially on the staircase) and it has a greater effect on reducing the duration of emergency evacuation (Compared to vertical expansion of the building). Therefore it is recommended that  If possible extend the building from the (horizontal) length  was considered.

In recent years, the expansion of higher education centers and universities has led to a growing number of students and student dormitories. Due to the large number of students in the dormitories, fires and accidents in these areas are considered as a serious threat. In this regard several measures have been taken to limit and reduce injury in dormitories in the event of an accident involving both structural and non-structural measures. These measures first provide safety and then enhance the environmental potential for rapid evacuation (i+n the event of an accident). Therefore, several studies have focused on reducing evacuation duration by simulating emergency evacuation. For this purpose, this paper simulates the human evacuation in the student dormitory of Block 1 of Shahid Beheshti University (with 178 students simulated) during the accident in Pathfinder software. In addition, physical depth and visual depth were analyzed by input-based Depth map software to reduce spatial hierarchy and faster access. The simulation results showed that preliminary optimization of the dormitory with furniture and equipment (non-structural measures) was a prerequisite for dormitory immunization to be evacuated, but due to its negligible effect on evacuation time (from 223.7 seconds to 219.8 seconds) it is not enough. Therefore, after optimization with furniture and equipment, the dormitory was evaluated with two methods of structural intervention (construction of emergency stairs with two exit doors) and reduction of the population of users. In the first method, with the structural intervention, the evacuation time was reduced from 219.8 seconds to 150.5 seconds, and in the second method by reducing the population of users in the end of second and third floors from 4 to 3 persons, evacuation time decreased from 219.8 seconds to 178.8 seconds which was suggested as a less expensive method. In the end, a method was proposed to make the dormitory work efficient with respect to the spatial configuration for emergency evacuation.

There are hundreds of articles on assessment in geography education. However, these articles differ in their recommendations and conclusions based on research evidence. Globally, evidence-based practice is a priority, and an accurate understanding of what empirical research says about it is essential. A systematic review provides an accurate way to achieve this. In the present study, articles devoted to assessment in geography education were reviewed. The method used in this study was a review and use of library resources. In this study, first, a review of library resources and research in the field of evaluation methods in geography education was performed. All resources used in this article were searched from Google search engine, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Wiley Online and Elsevier. The conclusion of the present study is that clarity is necessary in the following cases: (1) basic geographical knowledge and skills that students should develop; (2) the nature of learning progress in each of these areas and (3) the types of assessment methods that provide valid and reliable criteria for this progress.

Industrialized Building has been introduced as a method with better productivity, quality, and safety, and it is defined as a construction system where components are manufactured at factories on or off-site, transported, and then assembled into with minimum work in the study of the use of building industrialization, the question of this study is to apply product-oriented and process-oriented in the quality of building industrialization and interaction and the overlap between the two areas in the category of industrialization. Explaining the characteristics of these two aspects leads to various structures that include the main objectives of this study. With the help of productdriven and process-driven approaches, it can be achieved with varying qualities of building industrialization. In this regard, several experts' views have been reviewed studied, and a five-step quality is extracted. Finally, employing interface tools to two product-driven and process-oriented approaches, a good choice concerning the five-step quality has been made for designers in building industrialization.

Creating a suitable environment for the growth and prosperity of students has always been one of the most important concerns of educational administrators. The aim of this study was to investigate the age differences with the color preference approach in primary school students in Tehran and Khorasan Razavi provinces by gender. The research design of the present study is descriptive and the type of research was survey. For this purpose, 607 children participated in the present study. The data were collected using colored cards. Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of variance and showed that the effect of gender and grade on all colors is significant in Tehran province but in Khorasan Razavi province these differences were observed only at the level of gender (p < 0/05). In both provinces, boys chose blue and girls yellow as the main color, and boys chose green and girls pink as the sub-colors. One of the limitations of the present study is the inability to study the color living environment of children as well as everyday issues that can play an important role in color preference. It is suggested that future research pay attention to these variables.

Although the problems and disabilities caused by autism spectrum disorders are constant companions to these individuals, timely treatment interventions can provide the necessary grounds for their empowerment., However, one thing that deserves attention is that  regular learning environments are not often designed to meet the needs and moods of children with autism spectrum disorder. Likewise, architects designing learning spaces for these people have insufficeint information about the sensory problems of these children. hence unable to design proper learning spaces for these people. Therefore, the current study aimed to review the related studies to provide solutions for designing appropriate learning spaces for children with autism spectrum disorder.Regarding the importance of adapting learning spaces for autistic children based on “Disability Protection Act” various suggestions have been offered by different studies. The present research shows that previous studies have emphasized on the following issues: 1) Simple and organized construction layout; 2) provision of both large and small spaces; 3) predictability 4) Child’s maximum control on environment; 5) communication of purpose; 6) way finding; 7) designing for social interaction. Regarding the restrictions in this area in Iran, it seems necessary to undertake actions for designing learning spaces specific to children with autism spectrum disorder.

Since the realm of the artificial environment and community’s judgment of “graceful architecture”, particularly in small cities in Iran, is highly influenced by a prominent part of the professional community of architecture, i.e. architectural technicians. Architectural education, especially in art schools, is of paramount importance as the primary cornerstone of architectural education. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of textbook content on the learning process of students at schools’ level. For this purpose, the extent of consideration of the components of active or inactive content was studied from the perspective of William Romy in the selected sample of the book Elements and Details, and then the current situation was explained. Moreover, the items that should be given more consideration in curricula were identified. The research employs descriptive-analytical method which was performed by content analysis method using William Romy technique to examine the extent of text engagement within books. Based on the teaching experience of the author in curricula of architecture schools, students often experience great difficulties in learning and going through some of these courses, including Elements and Details, despite the fact that their topics are objective and tangible. Due to heavy dependence of courses on official textbooks in art schools, the current study has focused on the efficacy of the book "Elements and Details" of the junior year of architecture and its analysis. The results showed that the text, form, figures and questions of Elements and Details has stimulated the involvement of students to a lesser extent than usual. Also, the inconsistency between the contents of architecture books in art schools has led to disruptions in students' learning process. Based on the findings of the current study, suggestions were made for modifying official architecture books, rendering them more efficient in teach.

The increasing demand for durable and lightweight raw materials in home and office furniture makes it necessary to investigate and optimize their properties. In this study, the effect of the sheet type, layout, and thickness were investigated on the mechanical properties of lightweight sandwich panels. Two types of sheets were used for making sandwich panels; medium density fiberboards and particle boards with a thickness of 8 mm and cores made of tube (bobbins) cardboard with heights of 30 and 50 mm, in three types of layouts. Urea formaldehyde glue was selected. The bending stiffness and modulus of elasticity were evaluated according to ASTM C 393 and impact strength according to DIN 5218 1992. The results showed that the thickness of the core had a significant effect on the mechanical properties, so that with increasing the thickness of the core, bending stiffness and modulus of elasticity decrease, but impact strength increases. The best results came from specimens made with a 30mm thick, medium density fiberboard core and a Type A layout.

With attention to the effect of industrial siteselection on regional economy in populated areas, Urban Upthrowing, suburban changes both in structure and texture, social and physical ruptureand change in demand of infrastructures and type of service method, can include siteselection for industrial plate as importance and principals discussion in development. However, exactly industrial siteselection have a grand value in decrease environmental destructive result and geographic studies have very important level. Unconsidered establishment industrial plate, without study the environmental effects can accompany with pollution and destruction. therefore, in this study, efficacy of environmental factors on industrial siteselection with emphasis on the spatial analyst method in north area of Hamedan province as a semi industrial region investigated. To this approach, GIS database includes maps, digital images and attribute data created and climate layers product with interpolation methods, layers standardization create with performance scales on the basis fuzzy logic. Then, by using AHP method weighted layers and overlays them with WLC composition. Final map determinate optimum palce for establish industrial plate, and situation of this area be analysis about prevailing wind direction. On the other hand, trends in temperature and precipitation investigated and final place for establish industrial plate evaluate with climate change parameters.

The occurrence of climatic hazards such as destructive floods in southwestern Iran is one of the inherent characteristics of the climate in this region. Two rainfall systems between 23 March to 2 April 2019 caused extensive rainfall in most provinces of the country and devastating floods in Lorestan and Khuzestan provinces, causing extensive flooding of cities and villages and imposing extensive damage to infrastructure. It had economic and social consequences. In this study, it is attempted to study the large-scale synoptic patterns and the mechanism of divergence of moisture flux from moisture sources around Iran in heavy rainfall systems. Daily data of more than 300 stations were used for the period 1981 to 2010 for calculating the wetter years from October to May. Investigation of atmospheric patterns of moisture flux divergence from moisture sources around Iran to the study area in the wetter months was done for three time periods and four different layers of the troposphere. The results showed that heavy rainfall leads to flooding in southwestern Iran under the influence of a dominant pattern and the western parts of the Indian Ocean have an important role in moisture flux divergence in all of the tropospheric layers. Indian Ocean and the Oman Sea accounted for about 50 percent, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf each about 21 percent and the Mediterranean share of 8 percent in moisture flux divergence. Therefore, the patterns of atmospheric systems in the northern Indian Ocean and the location of the Mediterranean trough play an important role in predicting heavy rainfall in the region. Therefore, the patterns of atmospheric systems in the northern Indian Ocean and the location of the Mediterranean trough play an important role in predicting heavy rainfall in the region. Key words: Flood, moisture flux, high pressure Saudi Arabia, southwestern Iran.

In dealing with model predictive controllers (MPC), controller tuning is a key design step. Various tuning methods are proposed in the literature which can be categorized as heuristic, numerical and analytical methods. Among the available tuning methods, analytical approaches are more interesting and useful. This paper is based on a proposed analytical MPC tuning approach for plants can be approximated by first order plus dead time models. The performance of such methods deteriorates in dealing with unknown or time-varying parameter plants. To overcome this problem, adaptive MPC tuning strategies are practical alternatives. The adaptive MPC tuning approach proposed in this paper is based on on-line identification and analytical tuning formulas. Simulation results are used to show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Also a comparison of the proposed adaptive tuning method with a well-known online tuning method is presented briefly which shows superiority of the proposed adaptive tuning method.