فهرست مطالب ali khazaee farid

Existentialism was one of the most important philosophical movements in post-World War II Europe. This study shows the consequences of this philosophy in Iran and the influence of its founder, Jean-Paul Sartre. Also, it shows that existentialist discourse in the context of political, cultural and historical developments in the county. The authors argue that initially, Sartre's existentialism was considered as a superficial, imperialist, absurdist and apolitical philosophy in Iran in the 1320s, but gradually Iranian translators and writers with goals of fighting the Shah and joining the cosmopolitan movement turned the philosophy of existentialism into a revolutionary and political ideology. The authors analyze the translation of Sartre's works including, translations, critiques of translations, interviews with translators and textual productions of Iranian writers and intellectuals on existentialism. In the historical context, this study shows how the special circumstances led this generation to adopt a way of action and under the influence of the world anti-colonial revolutions, sought to overthrow the existing system. It separated its ontological and philosophical origins and caused existentialism to be used in Iran before the 1979 revolution not as a philosophy, but more as a political ideology.

Interlinear translation has been a popular method of translating religious texts, including the Bible and the Qur’an. Since religious books are considered to be sacred, translators mostly translate them word by word and they provide readers with the exact original word under the translated text. However, early translations of the Qur’an were not completely word by word and contained numerous language initiatives. The aim of this study is to examine these initiatives. This descriptive-analytic study compares four ancient interlinear translations of the Qur’an dating back to the 4th and the mid-6th Century AH. The translations include the famous commentary on the Qur’an by Al-Tabar, Tafsīr Abū al-Futūḥ in verses, Qods translation of the Qur’an and Rey translation. The translations are analyzed in terms of lexical items and syntax. The findings suggest that the translators were loyal to the syntax and lexical items of the Qur’an albeit in varying degrees. In other words, although all the translations turned out to be word by word, they contained some specific features which made them valuable texts. For example, Tafsir al-Tabari and Qods translation contained many Persian equivalents or Qods translation included a Sistani dialect. In addition, the Rey translation and Tafsīr Abū al-Futūḥ were under the influence of the original language, especially when it comes to lexical items. Indeed, these two translations followed the syntactic conventions and standards of Persian.

This study deals with how the Austrian physician, Sigmund Freud, was perceived as a psychotherapist and scientist in pre-revolutionary Iran. The opinions voiced by the Persian critics, authors, and translators in the period under discussion reveals an approach informed by authentic culture or domestically originated thinking and assertions that substantiate the claim that Persian scholars and authors had already touched upon or even elaborated on the concepts brought up by Freud. The study indicates that authors and translators dealing with Freudian ideas are interested in understanding Freud by adopting an “imperialistic” approach in terms of discourse importation theories. Moreover, his discourse is co-opted as a scientific one in the period under discussion. This study may serve as a contribution to history of medicine in Iran – not least, that of psychotherapy – and can indicate how the evolution of a school of thought takes place when it is implanted in or imported to a new context.

Novel publishing in Iran has always been accompanied by fluctuations arising from socio-political transformations. The present paper seeks to study Iran’s novel publishing market through the lens of socio-political shifts in Iran before the end of the second millennium. The period studied includes 1997 to 1998, when the reformist administration gained victory after the presidential election of 1997. Given the interdisciplinary nature of this research, two theoretical frameworks have been adopted: Even-Zohar’s polysystem theory and Giddens’ theory of structuration. Moreover, Social Network Analysis was used to study the changes in the field of translated novel and domestic novel publishing. Furthermore, in order to understand the structural and causal factors affecting changes in the publication of the novel during this period, semi-structured interviews with publishers were conducted to investigate the structural transformations from agents’ viewpoints. The results of the study show that the structure of the novel has undergone a number of qualitative and quantitative changes over the two years under review, in which the structural and political impact of the situation has strengthened or restricted the active agency of publishers and authors / translators.

Translation is not just the transference of source text elements to the target text. In this process, the translator faces so many challenges, one of which is the pragmatic aspects of the text. This subject is not considered by many scholars and researchers. Translators sometimes focus solely on the vocabulary and textual structure of the text and overlook the hidden dimensions and layers of it. This problem is much more frequent in film translation because films are based upon dialogues and deal with these hidden dimensions. The present research tries to elaborate the categories that researchers have previously suggested for pragmatic aspects of the text and then showing their representations in dubbing translation by giving some examples. To this end, some samples from four English films which were dubbed into Persian were chosen. Then, the cases were analyzed and pragmatic representation become evident in dubbing translation. In these cases, it can be observed how translators changed these hidden aspects of the original films.

IntroductionThis study investigates the relationship between culture and translation. The concept of Culture Repertoire advocated by Even-Zohar was used as the framework of the study, and the English translation of the Persian novel My Uncle Napoleon was selected as the case study. This novel as the corpus under investigation contains over 230,000 words in 462 pages. Given the focus and attention the book has received, it is an appropriate case for investigating the Iranian culture as it is obviously rich with symbols representing the local culture. The theoretical framework elaborates on the root and the origin of Culture Repertoire by drawing on the Jacobsen’s linguistic model. In addition, the concept of Culture Repertoire as a part of Even-Zohar’ cultural conception is delineated with examples and clarifying explanations.
MethodologyThis descriptive study is an attempt to address two questions. First, it explores the categories of Iranian culture repertoremes and secondly the attitude of the Iranian translators towards them. To explore the fixed expressions in Persian language, a number of specialized websites in Persian poetry, the Holy Quran, and a number of major religious-literary texts were reviewed. In addition to these sources, some software programs for literary and religious texts were also benefitted. To obtain the translated English phrases, the Coca Corpus, which is the largest available English corpus was used in addition to Webster’s Big Dictionary. But to collect the data from the original text and the translated one, taking notes was benefited. Due to the qualitative nature of the study, purposive sampling technique was used for forming the sample and later grounded theory procedures were employed to analyze the data. That is, the culture repertoremes in the source text along with their translations were extracted, and then using grounded theory, the Iranian cultural repertoire diagram was plotted. More specifically, each repertoreme, depending on the type, got a label and the given labels were in the same category, and the resulting chart thus was formed from the bottom up. For example, the label ‘religious proper names’ including items like Imam Reza and the label ‘historic proper names’ including items such as Muhammad Ali Shah were placed under the general subsidiary label ‘proper names’.
DiscussionThe achieved diagram comprises two main branches of material and semiotic repertoremes at the highest level which is consistent with the Even-Zohar’s conceptualization. Material items included repertoremes from which the materials are formed such as certain types of food in different cultures, or conventional clothing items such as the repertoreme Charghad in the Iranian culture. Semiotic repertoremes consist of items which hearing, reading, expressing, or using them strike an idea in the mind of the people of a particular culture whereas the people of other cultures are not reminded of anything. For example, a location-related proper name label such as Ahwaz has special connotations and indications with itself for the Iranian people—the concepts of the south, heat, war, etc. But for someone who was born and raised in London, for example, Ahwaz does not stimulate anything in particular because that person draws on a different cultural repertoire. In the branch of semiotic repertoremes, all fixed expressions, innuendos, proverbs and collocations which are frequently used in Persian colloquial conversations, are accounted as Iranian culture repertoremes. Examples in Persian language could include the collocation spoon and fork, the equivalents of which in English is knife and fork. Such collocations in each of these languages have been created, formed and fixed based on the eating traditions in those cultures. Thus, fixed expressions in languages are considered as culture repertoremes. In the Poly-system theory advocated by Even-Zohar, human social life consists of different systems that overlap. Naturally in the cultural system, some components are found from the religious and literary systems.
ConclusionAfter the achieved classification, the data were analyzed by reviewing the English translation of these Persian repertoremes. The translator of the novel had used the strategies of addition, transcription, familiarization, exclusion, expansion and neutralization. The descriptive information including frequency and percentage of the repertoremes, groups and their translation strategies are calculated and presented. Moreover, the strategy groups are compared and contrasted. The overall strategy is also illustrated in a diagram for further clarity. The findings reveal that the translator’s most frequently used strategies in terms of the Persian culture repertoremes are neutralization and familiarization strategy, respectively.

Introduction Modern historiography is based on theory, methodology and research epistemology. This discussion has recently entered the field of translation studies and many TS researchers have since focused on the concepts of history, historiography and methodology in translation historiography, enriching the field by offering and promoting different approaches to translation history.
Theoretical framework Anthony Pym’s ideas are important in this respect. He sees translation historiography as having three levels: archeology, criticism and interpretation. Archeology addresses such questions as "who?", "where?", "when?" and "what? (which text?)" and provides the necessary data to be used in the next levels. In this level, the information is presented as lists or catalogues. Historical criticism explores intertextual relations in order to address the question "how?". According to Pym (1992), neither can become properly historical until they address such questions as "why this text", "why in this way? " and "with what actual effect?", questions which fall within the realm of interpretation which is the objective of true historiography. Pym (1992) believes that most of what we commonly accept as texts on the history of translation belong to the field of archeology or criticism, and not to historiography as such; neither archeology nor criticism is able to formulate hypotheses pertinent to the dynamics of change, both failing to capture and explain change – a feature which must be placed above all other things in historiography. Pym (1992) argues that this complication stems from the fact that few researchers know exactly what they aspire to find and how they wish to find it. According to Pym (1992), therefore, the historiography of translation remains mostly impressionistic, with little attention given to a scientific basis that might be gained through the testing of falsifiable hypotheses. In his article “shortcomings in the historiography of translation”, Pym (1992) complains about a situation that translation history has been stuck in and attribute this situation to seven shortcomings: “(1) archeological accumulation of data that respond to no explicitly formulated problematic, (2) dependence on anecdotal evidence, (3) indiscriminate periodisation, (4) visions of translations as expressions rather than potential agents of historical change, (5) axiomatic privileging of target cultures, (6) the use of unfalsifiable methodological hypotheses, and (7) failure to appreciate the interculturality of the translator's position”(Pym, 1992: 15).
Methodology The present study is a case study and qualitative in nature. Drawing on Pym’s approach to translation history, this article aims to study Bā Cherāgh o Āʾeene: Dar Jostojūye Taḥavvole Sheʿre Moāṣere Fārsī (With Lamp and Mirror: In Search of the Roots of Modem Persian Poetry) written by Mohammad Reza Shafiee Kadkani.
Discussion Through the analysis of the book, it was made clear that Kadkani has avoided the common shortcomings in translation historiographies by using documents, avoiding anecdotal narrative, and stressing the active role of translation and translators in the process of change. By focusing on the source culture, Kadkani has also overcome the objections raised by Pym to system theory which mostly focuses on the receiving end.
Conclusion Given these points, it can be said that Kadkani’s methodology in historiography is very similar to Pym’s in the following respects: 1- Responding to an explicitly formulated problematic (the evolution of modern Persian Poetry);
2- Dependence on the documents and avoiding anecdotal evidence;
3- Seeing translations as the potential agents of historical change;
4- Privileging source cultures;
5- Appreciating the interculturality of the translator’s position;
6- Applying falsifiable methodological hypotheses.

The translation of literary works in Iran has always been subject to social and political conditions, intellectual tendencies, and dominant ideologies of the related historical period. Hence, in each period the translators were inclined to translate specific literary works according to the beliefs and viewpoint of a distinguished political and social group. Thus, the translated literary works of each period have general characteristics originating from the cultural and social-political conditions and the dominant intellectual beliefs (Mirabedini, 1987, vol. 1, pp. 13-14). One of the most important and famous periods whose social and political events have influenced cultural and intellectual changes is the period between 1941 and 1953 (i.e. during Tudeh Party and the leftist ideology dominance). From the beginning of its dominance in 1941, Tudeh Party paid so much attention to translation and it trained the best Iranian intellectuals such as translators; therefore, from 1941 onwards most of the translators of literary works were from political intellectuals and the leftists played an effective role in translation (Amir faryar, 2001, p. 70). Therefore, in the present research an attempt has been made to investigate the influences of Tudeh Party and the leftist ideology on the selection of literary works for translation without any prejudice. To this end, the translated literary works published from 1941 to 1953 were analyzed. The results showed that more than half of the works selected for translation could be placed in one of the following three categories: socialist realistic works, the leftist writer's works, and realistic works.
The research framework for analyzing the data is the visible and invisible concepts of the leftist ideology according to which the translated literary works published from 1941 to 1953 were analyzed. According to the list of the printed translated books from the beginning to 1991collected by Islamic Researches Foundation of Astan Quds, these works are 260 literary works from the literatures of considered countries during this period. Therefore, first, the literary works corresponding to the visible and invisible concepts of the leftist ideology are categorized by the investigation of the translator's introductions and the theories of literary researchers who introduce the writer's background and the subject and content of their works. Then, further evidence would be found about the works corresponding to the leftist ideology by selecting the most important literary works from each categories and applying Leo lowenthal's theory of sociology of literature (1948) to it.
The investigation of the list of printed translated books from the beginning to 1991 showed that during the period between 1941 and 1953, the translation of literary works from Russia, France, Germany, England, and finally America along with the literature of South America and Eastern Europe was respectively taken into consideration by the translators of that period. By studying the translator's introductions and the theories of literary researchers who introduce the writer's background and the content of their works, common obvious and unobvious points between different writers and their works are understood, and this is due to the specific political conditions of that period. In this way, the writers and the works that correspond to the leftist ideology are classified.
Since the visible concepts of the leftist thinking are found in socialist realistic works in an ideological, propagandistic and biased way, this doctrine was taken into a great consideration by the members of Tudeh Party and the translators were naturally inclined to translate some works from this doctrine under the influence of Tudeh Party. Therefore, 37 works from Gorky, Sholokhov, Ostrovsky, and Chernyshevsky were translated, which formed 14 percent of the whole translated literary works during that period.
In addition, during the period between 1941 and 1953 the translation of the other leftist writer's literary works in which the visible concepts of the leftist thinking could be found was developed by Tudeh Party's members and translators (Mirabedini, 2013, p. 93). Therefore, 46 works from France, London, Ehrenburg, Shaw, Barbusse, Aragon, Laffitte, Fuchik, Tressell, Amado, Saghers, Steinbeck, and Voynich were translated, which formed 17 percent of the whole translated literary works during that period.
The translation of realistic works was also impressively developed during these years. These works are not necessarily considered as leftist works, but they were taken into consideration by the translators of that period, because they have common characteristics with the leftist thinking according to their social criticism about the current condition and also the negation and change of it. Therefore, 67 works from Chekhov, Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Turgenev, Twain, Balzac, Stendhal, Flaubert, Dickens, Hemingway, Gogol, and Lermontov were translated, which formed 25 percent of the whole translated literary works during that period.
During the period between 1941 and 1953, the translators, who were influenced by Tudeh Party and the leftist ideology in different ways, became active in the process of the translation of books, and they were inclined to translate the literary works corresponding to the leftist thinking. Therefore, the investigation of the translated literary works during this period showed that from 260 translated literary works, 150 works (i.e. more than half of the translated literary works [57%]) were somehow in the realm of leftist thinking or had common characteristics with it.
It is found that the translators and the selection of literary works for translation were influenced by Tudeh Party and the leftist ideology in one of the most important historical periods. This is an important issue, because it showed that the selection of an important part of the literary works for translation was influenced by the dominant leftist thinking. Therefore, in addition to the widespread and impressive influence of Tudeh Party on Iranian intellectuals and translators, the direct influence of the leftist ideology on the selection of literary works for translation can be confirmed.

This paper is going to suggest a suitable syllabus according to the market needs in Iran. To achieve this goal, the people who directly and indirectly involve in the translation market (including translation offices, travel agencies, translation students, translation professors, bank’s clerks and publishers) have been interviewed. Then by analyzing these interviews and also considering some foreign Universities’ programs, some suggestions are presented for updating the existing syllabus which has been remained fixed for a long period of time.

Over the past one hundred and fifty years، due to a huge number of translations from different languages into Persian، certain norms of language use have changed and certain others are in the process of changing. As one of the most frequent syntactic properties of most languages، especially English، the nominal style is a most likely candidate for transfer through translation into Persian، a language in which the use of the verbal style is admittedly more dominant. This research addresses the following question: since literalism is the prevailing translation method in Iran، is there a tendency towards the nominal style in non-literary translated texts? To this end، two large corpora of translated and original Persian texts of expository nature were selected. The former group consisted of translations done by both famous and not very famous translators. The purpose of examining the translations was to find out which style was dominant: nominal or verbal. A comparison of the corpora showed that in original Persian books as well as translated books done by well-known translators، there was a tendency toward the verbal style as the number of nominal sentences found in these books was very low. But in the texts translated by not very famous translators، the number of nominal sentences was significantly higher than the number of verbal sentences.

Considering the importance of style in corpus studies, the present article investigates one of the quantitative aspects of style, namely type-token. The questions of the translation style and translator style have been the subject of many recent studies, but the question of translators’ style has not been addressed so far. The present study is an attempt to fill the gap. To this end, three Persian translations of Khalil Jebran’s The Prophet and one English translation of Al-Ahmad’s Gharb Zadegi were selected and a contrastive analysis was conducted to reveal the changes occurring through the process of translation. The hypothesis was that type-token ratio in the target text is less than that in the source text. The contrastive analysis of the ST and the TT, followed by the Chi-square test, revealed that there was no significant difference between type- token ratio between the ST and the TT. But typetoken ratio in the English translation of Gharb Zadegi was less than that in the source text. As a result, it seems that the concise style of Gharb Zadegi has been transferred into a more wordy style.

The notion of style and its function in translation literary text and texts which have literary characteristics is very important. Some theorists consider the importance of translation of literary texts to the extent that is equal to stylistic translation. One major subject relevant to style is cohesion which is regarded less in translation discussions. First, in the present research paper, the researchers made a distinction between the original text style and the translated text style and then gave a definition of cohesion in style. At the end, It investigated the translation of Quran by Hadad Adel and based on his principles, the analysis revealed that the translator could not be successful in presenting cohesion in his translation.

Genette (1997), one of the literary scholars has offered a practical theory based on the role of “paratextual elements”. This paper, based on this theory, evaluates the role of paratextual elements of directionality of translation and the way of embedding it on covers of translated literary works. After reviewing different attitudes about “indirect translation”, a case study of Persian translations of One Hundred Years of Solitude by Marquez (1967) is presented in order to assess the accuracy of translated texts which are the results of different directionalities of translation. This article analyzes two texts translated from the original text (Spanish) and three texts translated through an intermediary languages. Of these three translations, two texts translated from English translation and one more text translated from the Italian translation of the novel. Different equivalence and addition or deletions which are influential factors in accuracy of translation will be studied in this paper. According to the results, it is concluded that in assessment of translation quality, directionality of translation is not enough criterion. In this regard, knowledge and dexterity of translator deserve prior attention. Also careful selection of the intermediary language is a factor that affects the efficiency of indirect translation.

This paper aims to make a quantitative comparison between translated and national novels within polysystem theoretical framework. Even-Zohar’s polysystem theory attempts to position translated and non-translated texts in literary polysystem. This article concludes that, regarding the number of publications, translated novels occupy the centre of Iran’s literary system. Using Even-Zohar’s concepts, the writers believe that Iran’s literary polysystem is experiencing a “continued crisis” which dates back to many years ago.

Descriptive Translation Studies has opened bright perspectives to translation studies researchers. Translation norm is one of the fundamental notions in DTS. Despite the norm-based essence of the translation action, few studies have ever been conducted to investigate the norms governing the translation of English novels into Persian. This research aims at investigating the impact of modern English novels translation on the sentence-length stylistic norm in Persian novels. In this regard, three classic Persian novels, three modern Persian novels and three English novels were investigated. Based on the obtained results, the translators’ inclination to sentence-level translation and the higher sentence length average of English novels has led to the transference of long sentences into TTs. In spite of that, the translation of English novels has not considerably influenced the sentence-length stylistic norm in Persian novels. In other words, sentence-length stylistic norm in Persian translations is, to a large extent, different from sentence-length stylistic norm in contemporary Persian novels. Based on the obtained results, the translators’ personal styles and English novels sentence-length are the main factors contributing to the sentence-length stylistic norm in Persian translations. As a concluding remark, description of translation norms governing the translators’ action requires the investigation of the translator’s habitus, translation mechanisms and target culture’s needs.

With respect to its linguistic and philosophical features, Don Quixote is arguably the first modern novel. This paper examines two major linguistic characteristics of this novel, i.e. linguistic perspectivism and heteroglossia, and the reflection of these attributes in Ghazi’s translation that is admittedly the best Persian translation of the novel. After scrutinizing some of the linguistic features of Don Quixote, such as polyonomasia, as Spitzer puts it, and Sancho’s linguistic errors, and studying the traces of these features in the Persian translation, the writes have concluded that although Ghazi has used Persian skillfully and has achieved a great deal in rendering some of the linguistic games of Don Quixote, he has fallen short of reflecting the multiplicity of voices, which is a manifestation of the multiplicity of truth.