aliakbar parvizifard

This study is done to determine the translation and psychometric properties of the Persian version of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Parental Belief Scale (NICU‑PBS) in Iranian parents.

The present study was conducted by the descriptive cross‑sectional method. This research was conducted from January to August 2021. The population included all parents whose infants were hospitalized in NICUs of two university‑affiliated hospitals (Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences and Shiraz University of Medical Sciences). Out of them, 291 subjects were selected by the purposeful sampling method. The utilized questionnaires included a demographic information form, NICU‑PBS, Beck Depression Inventory, and Maternal role adaptation scale. The descriptive statistical indexes, Cronbach’s alpha, intra‑class correlation coefficient, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used for data analysis. Also, to evaluate the construct validity of the NICU‑PBS, we used Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA).

The participants included 97 fathers (33.33%) and 194 mothers (66.67%). According to the CFA results, the three‑factor model NICU‑PBS (confidence in the parental role, parent–child interaction, parental knowledge of the NICU) was approved in Iranian parents (χ2/df = 1.79; p </em>< 0.001; GFI = 0.91; AGFI = 0.89; CFI = 0.91; RMSEA = 0.05). NICU‑PBS with BDI‑II (r = ‑0.42) has divergent validity, and material role adaptation (r = 0.46) has moderate and acceptable convergence validity (p </em>< 0.01). The results of Cronbach’s alpha for the total NICU‑PBS were 0.85.

The results demonstrated the proper and acceptable validity and reliability of NICU‑PBS among Iranian parents.

Demoralization is a syndrome of existential distress and despair in patients with cancer and other severe medical illnesses. The Demoralization Scale (DS?II) is self?administered and contains 16 items, and it has two factors: meaning and purpose and distress and coping ability.

Women with breast cancer (240) completed the scales DS?II, positive and negative affect, state hope, patient health, and quality of life. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and divergent and convergent validity were used to measure the construct validity of DS?II. CFA was chosen to check the fit of the two?factor model. Divergent and convergent validity were investigated using Pearson’s correlation test. The  eliability of DS?II was evaluated by the internal consistency method. Cronbach’s alpha was used to calcul te the internal consistency of the DS?II.

The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the subscales of meaning and purpose, distress and coping ability, and the total score was obtained: 0.67, 0.72, and 0.81, respectively, indicated this scale’s good reliability. Furthermore, the Pearson  correlation coefficient results showed the appropriate convergent validity and good divergent validity of the DS?II.

The DS?II has sound psychometric properties and can be recommended as a reliable tool for assessing demoralization in women with breast cancer.

BACKGROUND AND

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most important cause of death in Iran and the Kermanshah province. One of the most important problems that cardiovascular patients are dealing with is the psychological consequences of their illness. This study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of Meaning‑Centered Group Psychotherapy (MCGP) intervention in improving spiritual well‑being and reducing anxiety in cardiovascular patients.

The study population included all patients referred to specialized cardiovascular centers in Kermanshah province in 2019. The participants consisted of 30 patients who were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups after the primary and secondary screening. The experimental group received routine treatment + MCGP (8 weeks and 90–120 min per session) and the control group only received routine treatment. The dependent variables were assessed by Spiritual Well‑Being Scale and Beck Anxiety Inventory before and after receiving the treatment and 2 months after the treatment. ANCOVA and multivariate analysis of covariance were applied to the data through SPSS‑22. IBM Corp. Released 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.

The results of covariance analysis showed that MCGP increased spiritual/existential well‑being and decreased anxiety in the experimental group (P < 0.001), while no significant difference was traced in the control group.

The findings of this randomized controlled trial provide good evidence for the effectiveness of MCGP as a treatment to improve the psychological and spiritual/existential distress in patients with CVDs.

Infertility has negative effects including sexual dysfunction in infertile women. This study investigated the effect of counseling based on the PLISSIT model on sexual function of infertile women.

This study was performed on 60 infertile women, who were randomly assigned to two intervention (direct and indirect counseling) and control groups (20 in each group). In the direct counseling group, the intervention included four face to face sexual counseling sessions, once a week, based on the PLISSIT model. In the indirect counseling group, the similar content of counselling was given through booklet and the participants received telephone counseling. Sexual function was measured using female sexual function index (FSFI) pre and four weeks after intervention. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the groups before the intervention and ANCOVA with control of the baseline score after the intervention.

There was no significant difference between the sexual function of three groups at baseline. After the intervention, by controlling the baseline score, a significant difference was observed in the overall score of sexual function in the direct counseling group (mean difference: 5.1, 95% CI: 26.3 to 29.7, P=0.001). In the indirect counseling group, after the intervention, only a significant differences was observed in the pain dimension (mean difference: 0.9, 95% CI: 2.5 to 3.9, P=0.044).

It seems that PLISSIT based direct counseling improves more the sexual function of women with infertility. So, it is recommended that such counseling program be integrated into the health care program of infertile women.

Toothache is one of the most common complaints related to dental services. People may experience high levels of anxiety when visiting a dentist or avoid receiving services. The term dental anxiety is used to describe a specific type of anxiety caused by the dental environment. The present study aimed to investigate the psychological factors affecting dental anxiety.Materials &

The present study was conducted based on a descriptive-cross-sectional design. Participants were selected via convenience sampling. The sample in this study included 328 patients referred to dental clinics in Kermanshah in 2020-2021. The instruments used in this study included the Pain Anxiety Questionnaire (PASS-20), Dental Anxiety Inventory (DAI), and Mental Pain (OMMP). Finally, after data collection, the data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 24) using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis.

Based on the results of the Pearson correlation coefficient, pain anxiety showed a positive and significant correlation with dental anxiety (r=0.45) and mental pain (r=0.25) (P=0.001). Based on the results of multivariate regression analysis (Enter), pain anxiety (β=0.356) and mental pain (β=0.139) were significant predictors of dental anxiety (P<0.05).

As evidenced by the results of the current study, it can be concluded that psychological factors, such as pain anxiety and mental pain, are effective in dental anxiety. Furthermore, a great deal of pain anxiety can increase dental anxiety due to people’s distorted perceptions of dental services.

Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (OCS) examines the persistent and disturbing thinking about COVID-19. The current study aims to determine the psychometric properties of Obsession With COVID-19 Scale (OCS) in the Iranian population.

This research is a descriptive-cross sectional study to determine the psychometric properties of OCS. The study population included all people of Kermanshah in 2020. 400 individuals were included in the study using convenience sampling. The measurements utilized include the online forms of the demographic information questionnaire, Obsession with COVID-19 Scale, The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, and The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Data analysis was done using SPSS-21 and Amos-20. the descriptive statistics indicators, confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and Cronbach’s alpha were use applied.

The study population consisted of 94 male and 306 female individuals (23.50% and 76.50% respectively). The mean and standard deviation of the participants’ age was 29.48±9.32. Cronbach’s alpha of the scale was measured to be 0.79. There was a significant convergent validity between OCS with DASS-21 and Y-BOCS (P<0.001). Also, the single-factor model of the scale had strong fitness indexes.

According to the results of the current study, OCS has high and acceptable validity and reliability in the Iranian population.

Overweightness has been one of the most prevalent global problems during recent years. This investigation was carried out to compare the compound treatment of diet therapy and mindful self-compassion with diet therapy as a one component treatment.
The current research was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test and a two-month follow-up on 40 women with high Body Mass Indexes (BMIs). The participants were selected among the women who had sought professional help in nutrition clinics of Kermanshah in 2019. Convenience sampling was applied and the 40 participants were equally divided between experimental and control groups. Both groups received diet therapy but one of them received eight sessions of mindful self-compassion in addition to the diet therapy. Data were collected using the external shame scale and by measuring the BMIs. The data were analyzed using SPSS-25.
The results of repeated measures ANOVA indicated that mindful self-compassion has led to significant reductions in external shame components (except for being ashamed of making mistake), the total external shame score, and the BMI.
Teaching and practicing mindful self-compassion can effectively reduce external shame and the BMI. This findings highlight the importance of self-compassion in decreasing psychological problems and weight control.

 Ethical codes are used as a practical guide to show the ethical behaviors of the owners of each profession in specific situations. Every organizational set has ethical codes appropriate to its professional structure, which is called professional ethics. Higher education is also a professional system, and professors and students must be aware of and adhere to the principles of professional ethics in e-learning. Adherence to the ethics of virtual education ensures the health of the teaching-learning process in the university and increases the commitment of professors to respond to the needs of students.

 This study was a developmental research that was conducted with the aim of extracting and compiling ethical codes in virtual education activities for professors and students by extracting the opinions of professors of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences as a research community in four stages. The first stage in the research committee in medical school education was prepared with the presence of 20 professors of the initial draft of ethical codes, including 75 codes. In the second stage, the subject was categorized in 4 areas and 66 codes in the ethics committee of university education. Then, in the third stage, the proposed codes were sent to the faculties for the comments of all professors and officials in the field of education.

Ethical Considerations:

 The purpose of the study was explained to the participants and individuals participated in the study voluntarily. Next, it was approved by the ethics committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences and received a code of ethics.

 After conducting four stages of study and obtaining comprehensive opinions from professors, and officials in the field of education in different faculties and reviewing them in the work of the Department of Ethics in Virtual Education, codes in four general areas and 58 codes including: 25 Ethical codes of professors in virtual education, 11 ethical codes of electronic content production in virtual education, 10 ethical codes of students in virtual education and 12 ethical codes in electronic exam were compiled.

 The result of this study was to explain the ethical codes in virtual education for professors and students of medical universities.

Growing evidence demonstrate that mindfulness-based self-help interventions have benefits for physical and psychological health in different populations. Mindfulness-based emotional balance is a new program whose efficacy in form of self-help has not been studied so far. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of the program on the emotion dysregulation and self-compassion in a student sample.

this study was a double-blind randomized control trial. Totally 80 students were randomly divided into two groups (40 people in each group) of self-help of mindfulness-based emotional balance and waiting list control. The Mindful Attentional Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) were done before the intervention, after ten weeks, and at two months follow up.

Analysis of covariance showed a significant effect of self-help program on emotion dysregulation and self-compassion in the experimental group in the post-test and follow-up (P<0.05), whereas waiting list control group showed no significant change in any of the scales. There was also a significant increase in  mindfulness in the post-test stage (p<0.05). All changes were permanent in two months follow-up.

In summary, the mindfulness-based emotional balance can be an effective, inexpensive, and acceptable self-help program to reduce the emotion dysregulation and self-compassion.

The problems of drugs and addiction and the consequences of drug into abuse are considered as a phenomenon that affects different aspects of human life and is one of the main problems of modern age. The main goal of performing this investigation was identifying general demographic factors which affect the process of addiction in order to make available the facility of diagnosis and practice of therapeutic programs.

In this cross-sectional and descriptive study, a number of 500 addicts in Kermanshah, Iran, were selected using sampling method. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage frequency, cumulative frequency, and average).

The mean age of the subjects in this study was 36.6 + 8.80 years. Most addicts were in the age category of 31 to 40 years old. 62.8% of them began drug use for the first time in the age range of 10 to 20 years. 47% had primary education and 68.4% were unemployed and had no specific source of income. The top cause of drug use was reported as entertainment and enjoyment (47.6%) and the other cause was curiosity (26.4%). The most common cause of drug cessation was being tired of drug use.

With regard to the fact that most addicts are unemployed with no source of income, thus it seems that the authorities have to assess effective treatments and find ways to create youth employment and also healthy entertainment activities and source of income on which one can rely.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease, which results in numerous medical problems, as well as psychological symptoms such as anxiety, low sleep quality, and fatigue. These problems usually result in deteriora-tion of clinical symptoms and low efficacy of the patients. The current study investigated the effectiveness of mindfulness-integrated cognitive-behavioral therapy (MICBT) on sleep quality, anxiety, and fatigue in patients with MS.

Twenty patients with MS were randomly assigned to MICBT or control groups. Data collec-tion tools were Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Measurements were performed in three stages including before the intervention, after the end of the intervention, and in a follow-up phase. One-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed with SPSS to compare the results between the two groups.

A significant reduction in anxiety (d = 0.62) and fatigue (d = 0.56) and a significant increase in sleep quality (d = 0.56) were observed in the experimental group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The results also were kept in follow-up phase.

MICBT is effective on the anxiety, sleep quality, and fatigue in patients with MS. As a result, mental health professionals can take advantage of this treatment to address the psychological problems of these patients.

Growing evidence shows that mindfulness based on self-help interventions have advantages for physical and psychological health in different populations. The mindfulness based emotional balance is a new program and efficacy of which has not been investigated in self-help format. This study was a randomized control trial (RCT) with wait-list control. After screening and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria eighty students of Kermanshah University of medical sciences were assigned randomly to the mindfulness-based emotional balance self-help or the wait list control group. Anxiety, depression, stress, and mindfulness were measured prior to the intervention after the intervention, and two-month after end of intervention as follow-up. DASS-21 and MAAS were used. Significant decrease in anxiety, depression, and stress in addition to a significant increase in mindfulness in the experimental group in the posttest. However, there were no significant changes in any of the aforesaid measures in the wait list control group. The resultant benefits were persistent in the two-month follow-up. Based on the results of this study, this type of treatment can be used as an efficient and cost-effective method to improve psychological problems such as stress, depression and anxiety. Declaration of Interest: None

In recent years, mindfulness-based research has been developed. Many tools have been developed to measuring mindfulness in adults, one of the most important is the Southampton Questionnaire. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire.

To determine the psychometric properties and factor analysis of this scale. A sample of 200 students (100 boys and 100 girls) were selected from Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences through convenience sampling. Self-compassion Scale – Shor t Form was used for convergent validity, and depression, anxiety, stress and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule were used for divergent validity. To analyze the data, correlation coefficient and exploratory factor analysis were used with SPSS-20 software.

In the exploratory factor analysis three factors were obtained the three factor structure that in total, 50/51% of the total variance of mindfulness was explained. The results also showed that the Southampton questionnaire had a good convergence validity with self-compassion (0/59) and positive affect (0/40) and good divergent validity with negative affect (-0/35), depression scale (-0/36), anxiety (-0/30) and stress (-0/50). Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was obtained for the first factor,0/78 the second factor 0/69 and the third factor 0/62.

It could be concluded that the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire has approperiate psychometric properties in the student community. The findings of the present study indicate that the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire can be reliable tool for assessing the level of mindfulness. Keywords: Mindfulness, Psychometric Properties, Exploratory Factor Analysis.

Although some studies have shown the effectiveness of music therapy on insomnia (secondary insomnia), no study has so far investigated the effectiveness of music therapy with Persian traditional music on the treatment of primary insomnia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of music therapy with Persian traditional music on the treatment of primary insomnia. This study was a controlled clinical trial with 30 participants with primary insomnia. Participants were randomly assigned to intervention (N = 15) and control (N = 15) groups. Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), insomnia severity index (ISI), and depression, anxiety and stress scales (DASS-21) were used to evaluate the intervention results. Anxiety, stress, depression, insomnia and sleep quality were measured before and six weeks after the intervention. One-way ANCOVA results showed that music therapy with Persian traditional music significantly improved insomnia, sleep quality and depression in the intervention group. There was however no significant difference between the two groups in terms of anxiety and stress. Persian traditional music can be used as an effective and cost-effective way to improve sleep quality and reduce depression associated with primary insomnia.

  Comorbidity among the generalized anxiety disorder is common and may negatively impact treatment outcomes. This study aimed to examine whether the Unified Protocol (UP), a transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy for emotional disorders (i.e., anxiety, mood, and related disorders), is efficacious in the treatment of co-occurring disorders and symptoms Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). The research method is semi-empirical pretest-posttest and follow-up plan with a control group. In this randomized clinical trial, 24 GAD patients with comorbid disorders and symptoms of depression, social anxiety and health anxiety have been treated with pharmacotherapy treatment-as-usual or pharmacotherapy treatment-as-usual with 12 sessions of transdiagnostic therapy. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Social Anxiety Inventory (SIAS) and the Short Form of Health Anxiety (SHAI) were used for assessing comorbidities in pre-test, post-test and 2-month follow-up. Data analysis were done using the SPSS V20. Significant differences were observed between the two groups. In the treatment group for pharmacotherapy treatment-as-usual and UP, GAD Patients, showed a significant decrease in the comorbid disorders and symptoms of depression, social anxiety and health anxiety compared to the pharmacotherapy treatment-as-usual. The findings of this study validated the effectiveness of the UP in decreasing comorbid disorders and symptoms of the generalized anxiety disorder. This protocol has a high clinical value in treating emotional disorders and other related disorders.

Background and Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one of the third wave of cognitive behavioral therapies which address patients’ problem by improving four emotion regulation skills (i.e. mindfulness, allowing or acceptance, distance, and reappraisal). ERT could be applied for disorders with strong emotional element. Therefore, this study aims to determine the efficacy of emotion regulation skills on reduction of psychopathological symptoms, difficulty of emotion regulation and improvement of quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In an experimental single-case design of baseline type, 5 patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were included in the therapy process after they satisfied necessary condition. The patients had 9 sessions therapy (i.e. 90 minutes). In order to evaluate efficacy of the therapy, the measures of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality Of Life (IBS-QOL34) were used. To analyze the collected data, certain diagrams, reliable change index, improvement percentage, and corrected size effect (i.e. Hedges' g) were used.
Findings: The emotion regulation therapy reduced the psychopathological symptoms, difficulty of emotion regulation and increase of quality of life in patients with IBS. Total percentages of improvement of anxiety, depression, difficulty of emotion regulation and quality of life were 32.25, 34.68, 40.21 and 58.44 percent respectively. The ERT reduced psychopathological symptoms and difficulty of emotion regulation and improved quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome significantly. Consequently, therapists seem to be able to use the skills of this treatment to reduce the psychological problems of these patients.

Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder in which medication is the most common treatment. Concerning the side effects and the high expense of these treatments, developing the non-pharmaceutics treatments seem to be a necessity. The current study investigated the effectiveness of aerobic exercise on depression, automatic thought, dysfunctional assumption, and the early maladaptive schemas of depressed students.
In this randomized clinical trial study, the subjects were 48 students who were met depression criteria by structured clinical interview (DSM-IV-TR). The obtained data was analysed through conducting descriptive statistics (frequency and mean of standard deviation) and the inferential statistics (ANCOVA) via SPSS 16.
There was a significant difference between the mean of subjects’ scores in depression female (P= 0.009), and male (p=0.021). Although there was decreased between the mean of subjects’ scores in Automatic Thought and Dysfunctional assumption, but this difference was not significant. There was a significant difference between the mean of subjects’ scores in vulnerability to harm or illness (P : Totally, the results indicated that aerobic exercise can be effective as a treatment or an additional psychological and medication treatment for depression.

Students learn similarly in terms of ability and talent, but they have many differences in academic achievement. These differences can be shown not only in school lessons but also in other extra-curricular activities. The present study aims to investigate the factors affecting academic motivation and achievement motivation in students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.
In this analytical, cross-sectional study, the study sample included all students of KUMS studying in various majors in the academic year 2013-2014. A total of 296 (135 male and 161 female) students were selected through stratified random sampling. Herman’s achievement motivation scale, Vallerand’s academic motivation scale, and factors affecting checklist were used to collect data. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS-18 software using descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (binary regression).
Binary regression analysis showed that among studied variables, future better jobs (P=0.01, Beta=0.509) and educational facilities (P=0.02, Beta=2.46) could play important roles in factors affecting students’ achievement motivation, and having a positive self-image (P=0.04, Beta=0.501) and tendency to optimism about personal abilities (P=0.001, Beta=5.52) could play important roles in factors affecting students’ academic motivation.
According to the results, it is suggested that consideration should be given to improve the academic achievement of educational facilities; also, the importance of self-efficacy of the students should be noted more. Moreover, motivational workshops on increasing academic motivation of students should be held by universities.

Students are often similar in terms of learning ability and talent. However, there are remarkable differences in their academic performance during their schooling, which can be due to the differences in their academic motivation and achievement motivation. The current study was carried out to compare achievement motivation and academic achievement among the students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS) in 2013. In this descriptive Analytical cross-sectional study, the study sample included all students of KUMS studying in various majors in the academic year 2013-2014. A total of 301students (148 males and 163 females) were selected through stratified random sampling method. Herman’s achievement motivation scale and Vallerand’s academic motivation scale were used to collect the data. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS-16 software using descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (one-way ANOVA and Scheffe’s post-hoc tests). The mean of academic motivation among the studied sample was 116.73 ± 24.45. There was a significant difference between the students’ academic motivation and achievement motivation and their majors (p=0.006). The most motivated 125.37 ± 21.05 and the least motivated students 108.45 ± 26.87 were the medical students and undergraduate students of public health, respectively (p=0.001). An average academic motivation was reported for the students, and it was significantly different among various majors. Given the low academic motivation among the undergraduate students of public health and nursing, it seems necessary to take appropriate measures in order to improve their academic motivation.

This study aimed to determine the relations between cognitive variables (self efficacy, locus of control, and dysfunctional attitudes) and psychological morbidities with using doping agents in adolescent athletes. We conducted a case-control study in Kermanshah among adolescent athletes using 50 athletic drug users with reported use as a case group and 50 athletic nonusers and 50 nonathletic nonusers as controls that were matched on salient demographics. Controls selected by a simple random sampling. They were then studied by self-efficacy questionnaire, locus of control scale, dysfunctional attitude scale, and general health questionnaire. Hypotheses tested by variance analysis and Tukey’s test. Our findings showed that athletic drug users had a lower self-efficacy, more dysfunctional attitudes, and exhibited external locus of control rather than control groups. They were also more sensitive to psychological morbidity. Most of relations were statistically significant. Our findings were in accordance with the theoretical basis of cognitive psychology and they are comparable to most of the similar studies.

In some areas of Iran self -immolation is one of the most common ways for committing suicide and it is very disturbing and painful for those who witness it. Due to the presence of the families/relatives of the self-immolation victims in the psychiatric clinics seeking for the treatment of PTSD sings, we decided to carry out a research in this respect. This descriptive cross-sectional study has evaluated 100 witnesses (70 % females, 30% males) who referred to Kermanshah psychiatric clinic during a four year period (2004-2007). The subjects were assessed by 2 demographical questionnaires and PTSD criteria on the basis of DSM-IV-TR using clinical interview. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS statistical indexes. Among the subjects, 52% were between 25-35 years of age, 87% were illiterate, 29% had a previous history of self-burning in their family, 33% had a previous history of mental disorder, 84% were villagers and 75% were married. The results have also shown that 78% of the studied subjects had diagnostic symptoms for PTSD and 22% had major depressive disorder according to DSM-IV-TR This study suggests that psychiatric evaluation of people who directly witness self -immolation in family members or neighbors may be useful in early detection and prevention of PTSD. However, further studies are warranted

This research was carried out to assess the personality traits, psychosocial stress, strategies of coping with stress, and religious attitudes of subjects who had attempted suicide and were referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in the city of Kermanshah, and to compare them with the control group. The present study is a case-control study in which 120 subjects who had attempted suicide (75 females, 45 males) were compared with 120 subjects of the control group who were selected using con-venience sampling and were also demographically matched. Data were gathered using a demographic questionnaire, clinical interview, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Life Incidence Questionnaire, Coping Skills Questionnaire, and Religious Attitudes Questionnaire. The data were ana- lyzed via descriptive statistic methods, t-test, and c2. Results indicated that in comparison with the control group, the subjects who had attempted suicide had more personally traits of introversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism, had experienced more stress- ful events before the suicide attempt, had a cognitively higher assess-ment of stressful life events, had used problem-centered coping less, and had less religious attitudes. Suicide is caused by the interaction of some background and revealing factors.