فهرست مطالب alireza karimi

Some social strata in Iranian society underwent changes and transformations during the Ilkhanate period of the Mongols. The Sādāt were one of these strata whose value and prestige increased during the Ilkhanate era. The Ilkhans considered the Sādāt as the social elite of the Iranian society and held them in special respect. Sādāt were predominantly Shia, which further endeared them to the Mongols because the Shiites were more trusted by the Mongols than the Sunnis. The attribution of certain miracles to the Sādāt doubled their credibility among the Mongols. This article addresses the question of what special privileges the Sādāt enjoyed during the Ilkhanate period. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical research method and library data collection approach from primary historical sources, examines the social, economic, political, and managerial status of the Sādāt t during the Ilkhanate period of the Mongols. The findings indicated that the Sādāt were exempt from taxes. With the support of the Ilkhanid rulers, they attained important managerial positions and often held responsibilities and benefits related to endowments. After embracing Islam, the Ilkhans sought to get married with the Sādāt, demonstrating their commitment to Islam and portraying themselves as the rightful inheritors of governing authority over Muslims.

Context: The investigation of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is paramount in comprehending the fundamental causes, symptoms, and potential therapeutic approaches for this incapacitating psychological condition. OCD is characterized by intrusive thoughts or obsessions, as well as repetitive behaviors or compulsions, which hinder daily functioning and may impact sleep patterns. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of OCD can aid healthcare professionals in devising more efficacious treatment modalities and interventions for individuals afflicted by this disorder. Research on this mental illness can also help diminish the stigma surrounding mental health disorders and promote awareness regarding the importance of seeking assistance for those grappling with OCD. Additionally, research on OCD is imperative for advancing our understanding of the brain and mental health in a broader sense. Such investigations could yield groundbreaking discoveries that might ultimately enhance the overall quality of life for individuals suffering from OCD and other related mental health issues. Evidence Acquisition: Treatment with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), alone or in a combined approach, are considered to be the most effective methods for treating OCD. In addition, Neurofeedback has also represented promise as a treatment for OCD. The difficulties that people with OCD encounter on a daily basis, including the effects on their relationships, career, and emotional well-being, will be covered in this article.

Therefore, in this review, we intend to discuss most popular and efficient OCD treatments, including CBT, SSRIs, and neurofeedback. The pros and cons of these treatments will be covered.

Despite extensive studies, the use of neuroimaging and electroencephalogram (EEG) comparisons in understanding and treating OCD is not well investigated. EEG studies have yielded promising results in identifying neural patterns associated with OCD and determining the efficacy of different treatment approaches.

Environmental reverse engineering is a new approach that can be used to obtain a visual representation of the ancient environment. This method can convey the message to researchers about the conditions under which it is possible to revive past environments. Dynamic systems that rely on current environmental data can be classified based on variable classification and Chaos Theory in Vensim software. This allows for the dynamic algorithm of the relationships between variables and their dependencies to be modeled using "Dynamic Systems" modeling, without facing the limitations of static systems. In this study, using Dem10m data, analysis of written documents, and field data, an initiative was taken to reconstruct the past environment of Jazmourian Lake. The results of the study show that: i) the water level of Jazmourian Lake has a significant role in controlling environmental factors. ii) If the lake restoration scenario is implemented according to the 390-meter terrace as the most effective policy for controlling dust, it can reduce the annual average DSI (Dust Storm Index) by 1. iii) By restoring the lake, the negative effects of dust will be neutralized to a significant extent through increased relative humidity, increased vegetation cover percentage, and surface soil moisture.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between stress and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) by quantification of occupational stress using the Dental Environment Stress (DES) questionnaire as well as measuring the stress markers in the saliva, including cortisol and immunoglobulin A (IgA), in fourth to sixth-year dental students of Qom Dental School.

In the present study, 60 students were included. A clinical examination was first performed using the Research Diagnostic Criteria/Temporomandibular Disorder (RDC/TMD) criteria in order to determine the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) status, and then the DES questionnaire was completed in order to determine the occupational stress level of dental students. Finally, saliva samples were obtained from the students, and the levels of salivary cortisol and IgA were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Independent t-test, ANOVA, Chi-square test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used for data analysis (alpha=0.05).

The mean salivary levels of cortisol and IgA were found to be 4.74 ± 2.80 ng/mL and 220.26 ± 121.22 µg/mL, respectively. The mean DES score was 2.48 ± 0.58. Of all students, 24 (40%) suffered from TMDs. There was no correlation between cortisol and IgA levels and the DES score (P>0.05). No significant relationship was found between TMD and salivary cortisol, salivary IgA, or DES score (P>0.05).

Stress is one of the most important causes of TMDs. Although salivary biomarkers are known as useful markers for detection of stress in patients with TMDs, this issue was not confirmed in the present study.

The city of Tabriz, after being in the hands of the Ottoman Empire about eighteen and a half years, was recaptured by the military action of Shah Abbas I of Safavid. This period was the longest time that the city of Tabriz remained under the reign of the Ottoman government, and it was the first and the last time that it was annexed to the territory of a hostile country through an official treaty; Because before and after this date, it experienced military occupation by the Ottomans. This event is narrated difrently in Safavid and Ottoman sources. This research is a comparative study of these two narratives as an example of the differences and similarities of the historiography of an event in two hostile fronts. The writing method of the article is descriptive-analytical, and it has been provided in the library method by referring to Iranian and Ottoman works.

Soils and landforms have a strong relationship and archive evidence of climatic and environmental changes. Alluvial fans are one of the most important landforms in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Climate changes in the Quaternary, especially in the late Pleistocene, had a significant effect on the evolutions of alluvial fans in arid and semi-arid regions. Alternate of sedimentation and soil formation in alluvial are the consequences of periodic climate change. Organisms are one of the main factors of soil formation. Biological crusts are part of organisms that are abundant in dry lands and especially in alluvial fans; however, their role in soil formation has been less studied. Biological soil crusts by providing the suitable biological activity, effect on trapping of aeoilian materials and hydrological processes affect the soil formation processes. The chemical properties of the soil affect the catabolic capacity of the soil and it is very different among the different layers of the soil. However, few studies have addressed the effect of processes on soil microbial respiration during change and evolution and pedogenic state. The objectives of this research were to 1) investigate the evolution of soils along the gradient from upstream to downstream of the alluvial fan and 2) investigate the changes in microbial respiration in different layers of soil and the factors affecting it.

The studied area is an alluvial fan in Razavi Khorasan province, in the southern slopes of the Binaloud mountain range. The climate of the region is semi-arid and the soil moisture and temperature regimes are Aridic border on Xeric and mesic, respectively. Three soil profile in the upper, middle, and base part of the alluvial fan were described. Bulk and undisturbed soil samples were collected from various soil horizons for subsequent physical, chemical, and micromorphological analyses. In addition, the microbial soil respiration was measured in all horizons. The soils were classified according to Soil Taxonomy and World Reference Base ‎methods. ‎

Sequences of sedimentation and soil formation were observed in the soil profiles. Vesicular (V), argillic (Bt), argillic-calcic (Btk), calcic (BCk) and cambic (Bw) horizons were the diagnostic soil horizons of the studied soils. Soil profiles of the middle and base were Xeric Calciargids in the subgroup category of Soil Taxonomy; while soil profile of the apex soil was Xeric Haplocambids. In the profiles, a thin vesicular horizon (V) was formed under the desert pavement. Below the vesicular horizon, evidence of clay illuviation, pedogenic carbonate nodules, and calcium oxalates in roots were observed in thin sections. This evidence shows the role of biological crusts in the formation of these features. In the lower horizons of the profiles, pedogenic carbonate nodules, carbonates pendants and clay coatings were observed. It seems that the upper soil (vesicular and underlying Bt horizons) were developed in the more humid periods of the Holocene, and biological crusts also played a key role in the processes of calcification and clay illuviation. The argillic horizons in the lower layers were formed during the stable periods of the late Pleistocene. The irregular microbial respiration mainly indicated difference in microbial activities labile organic matter content. The argillic horizons had the lowest microbial respiration, due to decomposition of organic materials during soil formation. In contrast, soil respiration was the highest in surface and calcic horizons. It seems that preservation of organic materials by carbonate complication. However, it is suggested to investigate the carbon fractions in relation to microbial biomass in the studied horizons.

In this area, biological crusts and vegetation affected the formation of soil in the aeolian sediments of the Vk and AVk horizons and played a significant role in creating the Bt horizon in profiles 2 and 3. The study of landform profiles showed the formation of calcic and argillic horizons in the past climate, while the Bt horizon of the upper layers was formed in the current Holocene period. This form of the argillic horizon is slightly different from the soils of the Iranian region because these horizons have not been reported so far. It has been proven that there were humid periods in the Holocene, and it needs more studies at present. The study of soil microbial respiration in landform horizons showed that argillic horizons decreased the amount of microbial respiration, while it increased in classical horizons.

ʿUthmān Pāshā, son of Özdimīr, the Circassian grand vizier and Commander-in-Chief of the Ottoman army attacked Tabriz with a massive army in A.H. 993/ A.D. 1585 upon the orders of Sultan Murād ʿUthmānī III. The Ottoman forces completely overpowered the Șafavīd army and gained control over the city rather easily, due to the incompetence and physical weakness of the Safavid  king, and division and dispersion among the leaders of Qizilbāsh tribes. In this way, the Ottomans established dominance over Tabriz (the most important city of Iran at that time) for nearly two decades. The Safavid  defeat and the capture of Tabriz have been proudly mentioned in many Ottoman resources and are reflected in the works of several Ottoman historians, both earlier and later. Among these works, one is " Murādnāme" or " Tabrīzīyye" by Taʿlīkī-Zāde Mehmed Subhi Çelebi Efendi . The author of this work witnessed the attack on Tabriz and recorded some of the events of this military campaign. The present article investigates this work and explores the state of affairs for the people of Tabriz as a fallen city, facing incursion and massacre. The events recorded in  Tabrīzīyyeh  are part of the unspoken social history of people of Tabriz during that period. The present research is based on the descriptive-analytical method and adopts the library method, relying on Safavid -Ottoman resources and some of the more recent work, shedding light on some of the hidden aspects of Ottoman’s affairs in Tabriz following the city’s capture, and providing a better understanding of the city’s urban space and the ethics and costumes of its inhabitants.

The birth and presence of a child with a disability in the family and the emergence of special needs have always been significant and controversial issues in the field of psychopathology and social psychology, because it affects the quantity and quality of the relationships of the members and creates a transformation in the usual family conditions. And how family members interact can cause confusion and increase psychological pressure in parents and other children, and as a result, it harms the family's performance and efficiency. All children have needs, but exceptional children have special needs in addition to those needs. living with a child with a disability can have a profound effect on family members. A child with a disability inevitably takes a large amount of the family's income, energy, and time. This issue can affect the relationship between spouses, parents and other children, siblings and other relatives. Meanwhile, people who have siblings with disabilities are greatly affected by this issue. Since the relationship between siblings is one of the longest family ties in a person's life span; It is possible that siblings of a child with a disability resent the extra care they receive from their parents. It is worth mentioning that each type of disability has different and unique effects on the experiences of siblings. In fact, each type of physical, mental or behavioral disability of a child provides unique and different challenges for other family members. In the meantime, the presence of obvious clinical signs in the child's disability can increase the importance and sensitivity of the issue; Because some children with special needs, such as children with Down syndrome, are easily recognized at birth, but others, such as a group of children with hearing impairment, cannot be recognized for a long time. For this reason, siblings of children with disabilities who have obvious clinical symptoms, including Down syndrome, are in a more special situation than siblings of children with disabilities who do not have obvious clinical symptoms. Investigating a construct such as resilience can create an opportunity to pay attention to possible positive consequences in addition to paying attention to the negative consequences of having a sibling with a disability. On the other hand, previous research evidence indicates that the quality of resilience affects the self-efficacy of this group of people. How families deal with them and their type of upbringing and the support that society provides to families with children with special needs may affect the resilience of siblings to the challenges of transformational processes as well as the quality of life among this group of caregivers. In the research literature, the quality of life is a multi-dimensional construct that mental factors along with cultural components, including people's beliefs and attitudes, have an impact on its perception; On the other hand, due to the lack of integrated services and supports from the educational and treatment systems, the type and quality of family efficiency, family interactions and social support are different according to the economic and social status among the families of children with special needs; In addition, there may be a different type of perception of disordered conditions or certain beliefs and opinions among this group of siblings in facing challenging situations that affect the quality of life compared to siblings of normal children. Therefore, due to the special conditions that prevail in families with children with special needs, examining family interactions, quality of life and social support are also very important, and previous researches also indicate the relationship between resilience and family interactions, family efficiency, quality of life and have been social support. In the current research, we chose intellectual disability from among the types of disabilities, and based on the observability of the disability and the obviousness of the clinical symptoms in the individual, we focused on and studied Down syndrome, and referring to the research literature and considering the topics that were raised, the aim The main purpose of this research is to test and fit the proposed model of the causal relationship between family interactions and quality of life with resilience, considering the mediating role of social support in siblings of children with Down syndrome.

In this descriptive-correlation study, the statistical population consisted of all siblings of students with Down syndrome in Ahvaz city in the academic year 2017-2018, and 278 people were selected as a sample from among the statistical population using the purposeful sampling method. Resilience (Connor and Davidson, 2002), quality of life (World Health Organization, 1998), family interactions (Elson and Barnes, 2004) and social support (Zimmet et al., 1988) questionnaires were used to collect data. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the data and path analysis method was used to evaluate the proposed model.

The results of this study showed that the present model is valid for siblings of children with Down syndrome, and a positive and significant relationship was observed in the direct and indirect paths of the research. There is a positive and significant relationship between family interactions, quality of life and social support with resilience. Also, the indirect effect of family interactions, quality of life and resilience with the mediation of social support has been positive and significant, and it can be said that social support can play a mediating role between family interactions and quality of life and resilience.

The findings of the present study are considered a new step in developing predictive theoretical models for siblings of children with Down syndrome. In general, the results showed that the present model is valid for siblings of children with Down syndrome, and a positive and significant relationship was observed in the direct and indirect paths of the research. There is a positive and significant relationship between family interactions, quality of life and social support with resilience. Also, the indirect effect of family interactions, quality of life and resilience with the mediation of social support has been positive and significant, and it can be said that social support can play a mediating role between family interactions and quality of life and resilience. The findings of the present research are considered a new step in developing predictive theoretical models for siblings of children with Down syndrome and can be useful as a suitable model for developing and designing programs to strengthen their resilience.

Civil engineering is one of the oldest and most extensive engineering professions. The aim of this study was to analyze the descriptive and content structure of scientific productions of Iranian researchers in the field of civil engineering in the Web of Science (WoS) during 2013-2022.

The statistical population of this quantitative, applied, descriptive and analytical study consisted all scientific productions of Iranian scientists in the field of civil engineering in WoS during the years 2013-2022. This study was carried out by the scientometric method, using VOSviewer software to draw scientific maps and Excel and SPSS software to analyze the data. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine whether the data were normal or not, and the research hypotheses were tested with the Spearman correlation coefficient.

Most documents were published in 2021. Totally, 99.9% of the documents are written in English. The leading Iranian authors in this field are Ali Kaveh with the highest number of scientific productions (188), Mehdi Shariati with the highest number of citations (4917 citations) and Omid Bozorg-Haddad with the highest total linkage strength (230). Optimization (total linkage strength=689) was the most important in the network and the degree of centrality. There was also a significant relationship between the number of documents and the number of citations of the participating universities/organizations in the production of scientific documents in the field of civil engineering in the WoS (p< 0.001).

There was a significant relationship between the number of documents and the number of citations of Iranian authors in the field of civil engineering in the WoS. Moreover, Islamic Azad University is located in the center of the density map of the co-authorship network of universities and institutions in the field of civil engineering, indicating the importance of this university in the co-authorship network of institutions.

The phenomenon of administrative corruption in today's world, especially in developing countries, has been raised as one of the most important obstacles to the progress of society. This phenomenon has caused irreparable damage to the speed of the development wheel in society, weakens trust and social capital in society, and keeps social institutions away from fulfilling their specific missions and duties. Therefore, in this research, an attempt was made to explore the issue of administrative corruption, underlying factors and mechanisms of the occurrence of corruption in Tehran municipality, and the interaction of the effective factors in the occurrence of administrative corruption and its persistence. The methodological strategy applied was mix method, so that the first part was based on the qualitative method of grounded theory with an inductive-exploratory strategy. The results obtained from grounded theory were evaluated through the questionnaire tool and survey method. According to the findings, the incidence of administrative corruption in Tehran municipality is caused by eleven main factors. In the "To what extent is it in the municipality" section, the highest level of corruption was related to bribery in the stages of planning and issuing the completion of work with an average of 0.4. In the section "To what extent have you or your colleagues encountered this phenomenon", the highest exposure was related to the factor of procrastination and lack of supervision with an average of 2.95.

In the present era, the family has undergone extensive changes affected by social changes and deformations. The Iranian family has not been dismissed by these changes so that its structure, especially the relationships between people within the family has undergone fundamental changes, so that they have faced with various issues and problems such as family violence .The purpose of the present study is to understand the meaning, causes and consequences of family violence experienced by spouses among the people who referred to the court of the Isfahan. The data were collected on the basis of a qualitative research using deep interviews and analyzed with the help of "thematic analysis". Finally, the results were categorized in six main themes, "profiteering and preference for personal benefit to common interests", "heterogeneous thought and behavior and unsimilarity and understanding", "the pressures of children and spouse's family resulted from the negative role of spouse", "imposition of equality and mutual action", "imposed structures, reinforcing and violence in society" and "continuous cycle of violence. The understanding the meaning of family violence is different in men and women in proportion to experienced instances. The family violence is interwoven with a variety of reasons in its shaping .However, the violence can be considered as any kind of harm done by spouses, which causes the creation of problem in their relationships and loss of kindness, and calm and respect in family. Among the consequences of family violence is the type of continuous violence cycle based on the taking of revenge and repay strategies. This cycle starts with the act of violence of one party and continues with the opposite of violence of the other, such that it may start from moral violence and turn into psychological, physical, sexual, social and economic violence. Thus, the most important consequence of family violence will be the continuation of violence in a consecutive cycle and with different issues from the individual to family and social domains.

Contrary to the belief of some historical researchers, who believe that after Shah Abbas II and during the reign of Shah Suleiman Safavid, the Safavid dynasty was on the decline in every respect, especially in terms of military and policing. It seems that in the case of a more detailed study of the sources, a different result can be reached to some extent. During the period of Shah Suleiman, Iran witnessed significant changes in various fields such as economy, foreign policy, administrative system and military and law enforcement organization. Although this development was due to the merit and cooperation of Sheikh Ali Khan Zanganeh, the famous Safavid Grand Vizier, who was also considered a military commander; But undoubtedly, the merit and competence of Shah Suleiman should not be ignored. During the era of Shah Suleiman Safavid, did the continuation of the policy of Shah Abbas I in the field of creating a stable and conscripted army lead to the strengthening of Iran's military and policing, and did this process increase security on the borders and inside Iran? The findings of the research indicate that: the number of conscripted troops in the period of Shah Suleiman reached the maximum possible in the Safavid period. Artillery was revived and the production of all kinds of firearms grew significantly. The number of gunners and gunners increased and the continuous training of slaves for military affairs in the center continued with greater strength. This army, which was strengthened through training and equipping with firearms, not only prevented the Russians or the Ottomans from attacking Iran, but also repelled the rebellion of all tribes such as the Baluchs, Turkmens and Kurds in different parts of Iran.

The present study was conducted with the aim of future research of the family position in strong Iran; reached theoretical saturation after 14 interviews. Thematic content analysis was chosen as its analysis method. The statistical population of this research is made up of female student teachers of Farhangian University in Tehran province. Sampling was done using the purposeful sampling method. The sample volume was determined based on reaching the theoretical saturation level. In order for the interview questions to have sufficient credibility, not only one question was used, but several questions were used to understand the content. Also, these questions were confirmed by several expert professors. Data analysis was done with Excel and Spss statistical software after the completion of data collection. The results of the research indicate that, from the point of view of the female student teachers of Tehran province as the future mothers of the country, the factors that harm the childbearing of working mothers in the education sector are: unmanaged virtual space for children during attendance Mother at work, lack of sufficient religious education in kindergartens, high workload and mother's inability to separate work and school, problems of working mothers' leave and teacher's transfer and lack of necessary and suitable incentives for young cultural couples to have children. In addition, the damages and consequences of the country's population decrease in the future, respectively, include: the lack of the country's defense forces,

The purpose of this study is to investigate the tendency to superstitions according to human development indicators among citizens aged 19-75 in Karaj.In the theoretical foundations section of the theories of experts in the field of development school(Everett Rogers, Corey Keys, Daniel Lerner, Amartia Sen, S.N Eisenstadt and David McClelland) have been used.In terms of method, this research is in the framework of a quantitative (survey) method in which the required data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire.The statistical population includes the citizens of Karaj and the sample size is 400 people and the sampling method is multi-stage, So that after observing the sampling steps, sample people were selected from three areas (privileged, partially privileged and low-privileged neighborhoods) in proportion to the population size of each region, According to the results (with an average of 36/69 according to the score range of 17-85), the tendency to superstitions is low. The results of multivariate linear regression test show that, a total of 52% of the variance of the dependent variable (superstition) through independent variables, "Living standards, ability, social health, physical health, media literacy and per capita reading" are estimated and explained.

Corruption is regarded as one of the most significant issues in urban management. The need to investigate administrative corruption in the municipality of Tehran stems from the fact that the occurrence of multiple corruptions over the past few years has eroded public confidence in this organization and, as a result, the entire political-social system of the country. The purpose of the present investigation was to identify the causes of administrative corruption in Tehran Municipality.This article was written using an inductive approach and the thematic analysis method. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 municipal administrators and corruption experts. Purposive sampling is used as the sampling method. Open coding, axial coding, and selective coding were utilized to code the gathered data.As a result of the coding and analysis, ten factors of network communication and chain relationships, inefficiency, deviation in the monitoring systems, the confusion of the administrative system, insufficiency of laws, lack of scientific and practical will to fight corruption, corrupt organizational culture, incomplete information system, vulnerable subsistence system, normalized corruption, and corruption-prone financial system have been identified as specific factor contributors.The themes identified in the occurrence of corruption are centered on a general axis, namely “corrupt organizational structure,” which has resulted in the creation of a culture of corruption within the Tehran municipality organization and the reproduction of corruption within its organizational context

During the reign of Murad III, the Ottoman government attacked Iran in 986 AH / 1578 AD due to the weakness of the Safavids.  The consequence of their invasion after 12 years of war was the separation of a much of the western part of the country, including Tabriz. During the First Istanbul Treaty, Tabriz and a considerable portion of Azerbaijan formally joined the Ottoman state. The Ottomans tried to permanently annex the occupied areas  to their territory.
by building or repairing the forts in the first step, and appointing "Beyglerbeyg", "Qazi" and "Daftardar" for these areas in the second step. Shah Abbas I’s rise to power led to a complete change in political equations between the two states; accordingly, the course of events led to  reclaiming of the lost areas through a series of military operations.
The developments in Tabriz and Azerbaijan during their occupation are completely unknown to IraniansBecause neither Safavid historians nor later Iranian scholars not paid attention to them. Therefore, the main approach of this article is to clarify the behavior of the Ottomans towards the people of the occupied areas and, in turn, the behavior of the people towards Ottoman agents. This research has been prepared based on the documents of the Ottoman Empire, in particular, "Daftarhaye Muhimme". In the present study, in a descriptive-analytical manner, using Ottoman-Iranian sources, a brief explanation of this ambiguous point in the country's history has been given.

Studying and understanding the causes, processes, indicators and consequences of administrative corruption and ways to deal with this phenomenon is an undeniable necessity for the administrative system. In municipalities, corruption is considered as one of the important issues of urban management. The purpose of this research is to find a model to explain the causes of administrative corruption in Tehran Municipality. Administrative corruption was studied with inductive approach and grounded theory method and semi-structured interview tool. In this regard, interviews were conducted with 30 managers and experts in the field of administrative corruption, and after performing open coding, central coding and selective coding, 12 main concepts and 44 areas of administrative corruption in Tehran municipality were identified. Finally, the paradigmatic model, the causal conditions, the intervening conditions and the underlying conditions of the occurrence of administrative corruption in Tehran Municipality were explained. The causes of corruption can be investigated at two levels, namely organizational structure and organizational environment and bureaucratic activism. The factors and axes identified that are the cause of the occurrence of administrative corruption in the municipality are all gathered around a more general concept that has created a suitable platform for the emergence of these areas, and that is the concept of "corrupt organizational structure". The "corrupt organizational structure" has finally caused the creation of a culture of corruption in Tehran Municipality, which results in the reproduction of corruption in the organizational context of Tehran Municipality.

Referring to Precedents and studying them in the design process is a common activity performed by designers and if done correctly can help them solve design problems and lead to the formation of creative ideas. but, there is also a risk of superficial perception, which traps them in the trap of imitation. Therefore, how to read the Precedents and use them in the design process is of particular importance. The present study was conducted with the aim of drawing a framework and in order to create a model for generative reading of precedents and their use in the architectural design process. The generative capacity of reading precedents is related to disclosing viable principles in the analyzed work, and it aims to make the connection between analysis and design. To this end, it begins with a summary of the formalist critique approach as a model for reading architectural works and continues with a discussion of precedents as a source of design knowledge. Before concluding, it raises three important areas through three questions and examines them to draw its framework. Finally, as a conclusion, it proposes two approaches in utilizing precedents, during which we can study the precedents and approximate configuration with abstract diagrams and apply them to future situations in the first step, as well as develop them creatively to adapt to new situations at a later stage. And Discuss and apply the proposed framework as a way to study precedents in the design process.

The main goal of this research is to understand the level of environmental responsibility of employees and its relationship with social capital in Borujen city. The theoretical basis of the research is based on Putnam's theory. The research method is a survey with a researcher-made questionnaire tool. The research findings show that the environmental attitude of employees has a significant difference with their environmental behavior. At the attitude level, about 96% of employees, their level of responsibility is medium to high (with an average of 18.3); while at the behavioral level, the responsibility of about 95% of them is medium to low (with an average of 12.5). Social capital has a positive and significant relationship with environmental responsibility. Social capital indicators including trust, participation, interactions and social support have a significant relationship with environmental responsibility. Strengthening environmental responsibility requires creating social interactions in the form of associations, friendly relations and relations with colleagues. The focus of these interactions should be to preserve the environment

Due to the lack of adaptation skills, the military period is considered a challenging period for some young people, which can be a revealing factor for mental weaknesses.

This research developed a psychological enrichment training package and compare its effectiveness with executive function training on social-emotional and family-friendliness skills of soldiers.

This mixed method research was sequential exploratory, and it was conducted in 2022 on the soldiers of Isfahan city barracks. The qualitative part was carried out to develop a training-counseling package for the psychological enrichment of soldiers using the method of thematic analysis. The sample consisted of 12 participants who were purposefully selected. In the quantitative part, the research method was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. At this stage, 60 soldiers were selected by available sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (20 people in each group). Data collection tools included social-emotional and family-friendliness questionnaires. The data collected in SPSS software version 23 were analyzed using descriptive (means and standard deviation) and inferential (repeated measures and post hoc-test) (P<0.05) statistics at a significance level of P<0.05.

The qualitative results showed four main categories, which included intrapersonal weaknesses, family components, interpersonal causes, and environmental causes. The educational package was compiled and validated according to the management of these four main categories of mental  weakness. The research findings of the quantitative part showed that both methods had a significant effect on improving social-emotional skills (F=89.10 and P=0.001) but they were not effective on familyfriendliness. The results of the post hoc-test showed that the psychological enrichment method was more effective than the improving executive function.

The results obtained from the quantitative part confirmed the qualitative part and showed that the compiled package is valid. Both educational counseling packages for the psychological enrichment of soldiers and the improving executive function training have been effective in improving social-emotional skills, but they had no effect on family friendliness, and the psychological enrichment educational package showed a greater effect.

After the political concentration of Iran during the Ilkhanate period, trade flourished in the territory of Iran. For further prosperity and facilitation of trade, it was necessary to create travel infrastructures, amenities and roadside facilities. This research by a descriptive-analytical method aims to answer the question that what factors were effective in the growth of roadside facilities and increasing the comfort of travelers during the Ilkhanate period? The findings of the research indicate that the Ilkhanate by establishing sovereignty over their territory secured the roads. Also, they considered the infrastructure of roads with the participation of elders and court dependents and promoting charity and endowment (waqf). Therefore, charity played a significant role in the prosperity of these infrastructures. On the other hand, the crossing of the roads from the local governments’ political territory and the activity of the mystical ways along the roads led to the growth of the roadside facilities and the increase in travelers’ comfort during the Ilkhanate period.

due to the restrictions of the corona virus, doing internships byteachers in the virtual platform brought challenges, and one of the most important of these harms is problems in the way of communication and The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the interactive challenges of Farhangian virtual internship during the Corona pandemic. The components extracted from the qualitative phase became the basis for building a 26-question questionnaire for the implementation of the quantitative phase, and its reliability was calculated as 0.965 based on Cronbach's alpha using Spss 25 statistical software. In the quantitative phase, the statistical population of the research includes all student teachers of Farhangian University campuses and centers who are undergoing internship during the academic year 1400-1401, 280 .the communication challenges of the virtual internship, in order of importance, are: the relationship between student teachers and the supervisor with an average rating of 10.48, the relationship between student teachers and the supervisor with an of 9.2, and the relationship between student teachers and knowledge Class students with an of 8.72, the relationship between student teachers and school staff with an of 6.86 and the relationship between student teachers and students' parents with an of 6.84.

Multi-carrier energy systems play an important role in reconfigured power networks. According to the recent researches, only the energy carriers modeling and system optimization are taken into account, however the sensitivity analysis of output parameters due to input variables variations considering price risk, are being studied in this paper. The sensitivity analysis make the independent system operator (ISO) very precisionist to the carriers-based decisions. In other word, the ISO and the whole control system have to be able to determine each share of all energy carriers considering emergency conditions or passive defense, low consumption and high efficiency. This goal will be achieved through energy carriers sharing variations to compensate the lack of the other resources. All of thermal and electrical demand are procured and the energy not supplies will be calculated in each scenario. The risk modeling used in this study is formulated based on conditional value at risk (CVaR) in four weeks time horizon.

The city and urbanization, although not a new phenomenon in human history, but "urbanization of communities" (in the sense of the majority of the population living in cities), a new trend and the product of the widespread redistribution of population in favor of urban settlements after the Industrial Revolution. Therefore, Physical expansion and increase in density and accumulation within cities will be Inevitable. Horizontal expansion of cities to the suburbs and the periphery, in addition to the financial costs of development for governments, from social aspects, it also causes the destruction of social justice. "Infill development or the increase" Politics," is one of the city's physical development and growth policies, that use of existing capacity within cities and revitalize declining areas of focus for future growth. In this way, we can develop the inner tissue of the city, Rehabilitation of abandoned and unused spaces, Revival of worn tissues and increase of dense balance, Achieved, to sustainable urban development Which is the most important challenge facing humanity in the 21st century. Infill development approach in direct contact with the idea of smart growth city and it is part of the guidelines. Infill development has many features that the sustainable development of the city that is very important. so, Infill development It is one of the fundamental solutions for the sustainable development of cities. It can be prefabricated, In small or high units and in a reconstructed form, Revitalization of (Historical) and etc.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Research data collection is based on documentary-library and field methods. The study area is the city of Miandoab. Shannon and Holdern entropy models have been used to analyze the shape of the city. Also, the hierarchical analysis process was used to compare the binary criteria and the final weight of these criteria was calculated using Expert choice11 software.

Analysis of internal development indicators in the city of Miandoab The results of the Holdern model for the city of Miandoab show that, about 33% of the physical growth of the city was related to population growth and 67% was related to the horizontal and spiral growth of the city, which led to a decrease in gross population density and an increase in gross per capita urban land, resulting in horizontal urban sprawl.Physical-spatial indexThe entropy value (G) of Miandoab city has been calculated for the years 2006, which is equal to 0.933. The fact that the entropy value is close to 1 indicates the scattered growth of the city and the spiral phenomenon that has occurred in the city of Miandoab during these years. Also, the proximity of the total entropy frequency (H), 1.672, to the maximum value of LN (n), 1.792, indicates the scattered growth of this city. In the building density index, about 70% of residential license plates in Miandoab are one-floor, 25% are two-floor and 5% are 2-floor and more. Study areas No. 1, 2, 4, 9, 10, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, which mainly include the areas around the city and the villages integrated into the city, have a low building density (up to 60%). Therefore, these areas have great potential for internal development in terms of building density index. The highest population density, which is over 100 people and more per hectare, is in the central areas of the city. Open and barren lands in Miandoab city include 13.9%, 4913,620 square meters of the area. These lands have different areas from 50 square meters to 3 hectares. Given that barren and abandoned lands are the main potential for internal development, the first priority for internal development is the same barren and abandoned lands. In the city of Miandoab, about 70% of residential license plates can be used in terms of the type of building materials used, 20% of residential license plates are repaired and 10% are destroyed. Most of the residential buildings in the suburbs that are within the city limits are destroyed and repaired. study conducted in the city of Miandoab indicate the dominance of buildings with load-bearing wall structures. These buildings make up 46% of the existing buildings in the city. Based on this, half of the buildings in Miandoab can be considered low-strength. Steel-framed buildings with a 32% share are in the second level. The lowest type of building skeleton is related to clay and mud buildings. Also, more than 75% of the buildings in Miandoab are less than 25 years old, which shows the greatest development of the city since the 60th decade. In the city of Miandoab, about 70% of the residential license plates of a one-floor city, 25% two floors and 5% of the plots are 2 floors up.

The results of the research indicate that, Number areas 4, 10, 19, 20, 21 with the first priority of development and areas 2, 11, 17 with the second priority of internal development, Areas 1,15 with the third priority of development, Area 18 with low internal development potential and the rest of the constituencies, which are north of the 7, 8, 12, 13, 16 constituencies, have very low internal development potential. It can be acknowledged that the neighborhoods with the highest development potential have a relatively high value in most of the criteria and the neighborhoods with low development potential have the lowest value. In general, due to the large area of barren lands within the legal boundaries of the city and the capacity to increase building density, especially in the eastern parts of the city, Existence of gross residential per capita, Existence of land uses and old buildings in Miandoab city has a high potential for endogenous development and there is no need to increase the city limits and construction around the city and it is better to develop endogenously to reduce the dispersion.

The microfinance movement began in Bangladesh in the early 1970s in the face of the market failure phenomenon as well as the government's failure to provide credit to the poor and low-income people in the early 1970s. Microfinance, also known as microfinance or microfinance, is a means of providing credit, usually in the form of small unsecured loans, to non-traditional borrowers, such as the poor in rural or underdeveloped areas. A review of the literature on micro-financing goals as one of the tools and methods of economic development for the lower strata of society indicates that the four goals of economic development, poverty reduction, prevention of social unrest and profitability in the form of micro-businesses for microfinance are pursued. The experience of countries shows that microcredit is used in different ways to reduce poverty and therefore, it has different effects and consequences in the target society. Of course, in some countries, banks, as an economic enterprise that aims to maximize profits, do not do so for various reasons, such as the small amount of loans, which reduces their profits through the entry and identification of poor people. Second, paying a loan to this group of customers is associated with a lot of risk. Another issue related to banks not entering into micro-credit allocation is incomplete information that leads to maladaptive selection and ethical risks. According to the Barakat Foundation's approach to job creation and the unemployment rate of 12.7% in Yazd province in 1397, the Barakat Foundation's planning for job creation in some cities of the province, including Abarkooh, Mehriz and Bahabad, began in 1398. However, two years after the implementation of these job creation plans, examining their performance on social welfare selected from the Legatum Social Welfare Index can be effective in continuing the process.

The research method used is descriptive and survey in terms of user purpose. The data collection tool is a questionnaire made by a researcher. In this regard, the five main components of social welfare including investment environment, economic quality, economic quality, social capital, health and freedom and individual safety were identified by experts and specialists based on Delphi and integrated methods and classified into 31 items. Then the validity of the questionnaire It was confirmed by elites and experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In order to confirm the research model, the structural equation model was used and to analyze the data, 24 AMOS and 20 SPSS software were used. Using structural equations and first and second order confirmatory factor analysis, the validity of the original model and the questions were tested.

First, social welfare components were calculated based on the average response scores and used for statistical ranking. Economic quality has been an indicator that most respondents have been satisfied with and health index is an indicator that respondents' satisfaction is in the last rank. Second, the general view of the respondents towards the items of social welfare component was examined statistically, in which the item "the degree of attention to the lack of monopoly formation in projects" in the investment environment, the item "the rate of increasing women's labor force participation" in quality Economic, the degree of opportunity to communicate with others in social capital, the amount of "prevention of high-risk factors such as suicide" in health, and the amount of "reduction of strictness and increase of women's physical health" are in the first place in individual freedom and safety. Third, the effect of each component was examined through t-test and the results indicate the positive effect of microcredit allocation in Barakat Foundation employment models on each of the components of social welfare index, namely investment environment, economic quality, social capital, health and freedom. And has been individual safety. Fourth, the validity of the questionnaire questions was examined and confirmed by the first-order confirmatory factor analysis technique. Fifth, when a large structure itself consists of several latent variables, second-order confirmatory factor analysis is used. The results of the second-order confirmatory factor analysis of the social welfare variable show that its measurement model is appropriate and all numbers and parameters of the model are significant.

The results of the study on the validity of the scale structure, using the second-order confirmatory factor analysis, showed a high correlation between the hidden variables. Also, based on t-test, the effect of microcredit on each of the components of social welfare such as investment environment, economic quality, social capital, health and freedom and personal safety was confirmed.