alireza salimi

To investigate the geometric structure and the effect of metal type and number on the structure of cobalt and rhodium tetranuclear carbonyl cluster catalysts, geometric optimization on the tetranuclear metal clusters of cobalt [Co4(CO)12], rhodium [Rh4(CO)12] and various isomeric structures of mixed cobalt/rhodium metal clusters with different cobalt-rhodium ratios including [Co3Rh(CO)12], [Co2Rh2(CO)12] and [CoRh3(CO)12] were performed using density functional theory (DFT) calculations by B3LYP method and LANL2DZ basis set. The results revealed that in the case of mixed cobalt-rhodium compounds containing [Co3Rh(CO)12], [Co2Rh2(CO)12] and [CoRh3(CO)12], the calculated lowest energy is related to the carbonyl cluster isomeric form in which the rhodium atom is located in the apical region. In addition, the electronic properties and vibration spectroscopy of title compounds were investigated, and which results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The Natural Bond Orbitals (NBO) analysis and LUMO and HOMO energy levels are also calculated and discussed below.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder associated with multisystem organ involvement. The STOP-BANG questionnaire is a short and valid questionnaire used to screen OSA. This study aimed to investigate the ability of the STOP-BANG questionnaire to predict postoperative OSA-related respiratory complications in patients undergoing bariatric surgery.
In this cross-sectional study, all the eligible patients were evaluated in preoperative visits using a predetermined checklist including demographic and clinical information related to OSA and the STOP-BANG questionnaire. After bariatric surgery, patients were assessed for postoperative OSA-related complications. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the cut-off point of the STOP-BANG checklist score based on the patient’s postoperative outcomes.
In total, 115 subjects were included in the study. There were significant associations in terms of gender, age, body mass index (BMI), patient’s neck circumference, diabetes, heart diseases, and the mask ventilation grade variables between the two groups of patients with high risk and low risk according to the STOP-BANG questionnaire (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). In addition, airway obstruction and hypoxia (mild and moderate) were more prevalent in the high-risk group than in the low-risk one (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). A significant difference was reported with a cut-off score of 2 in the STOP-BANG questionnaire for those with and without airway obstruction. Moreover, the cut-off point of 4 in the STOP-BANG questionnaire was determined as a predictor for both airway obstruction and mild-to-moderate hypoxia.
STOP-BANG scores may be used as a preoperative risk stratification tool to predict the risk of intraoperative adverse events and postoperative complications in bariatric surgery.

Rescission, as a means of dissolving binding contracts, has proven effective within Iran's banking system, with its primary application being the rescission of properties acquired by banks. Currently, in implementing Article 16 of the 2015 Act on the Removal of Barriers to Competitive Production and the Promotion of the Country’s Financial System, which mandates that banks annually divest at least 33% of their surplus assets, and as a consequence of this legal provision, the directive on the divestment of surplus assets of credit institutions was enacted by the Money and Credit Council and communicated to the banking network through the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Based on Article 2 of this directive, which specifies that the divestment of surplus assets of credit institutions should be conducted through auctions, it has been stated that bank-owned properties, per Clause "b" of Paragraph (3-1) of Article (1) of the directive, are classified as surplus assets. Consequently, the sale of these assets must occur via auction. Due to these enacted regulations, many banks have often evaded accepting requests for the rescission of owned properties to increase profits, while others remain hesitant about executing property rescissions. In light of these issues, this article seeks to examine the legal and jurisprudential foundations, as well as the status and functionality of rescission in Iran’s banking system, relying on Islamic jurisprudence, banking practices, and relevant laws and regulations, to offer practical and applicable solutions

Much research has been done so far in predicting the performance of tunnel boring machines in rock, but previous studies have often been conducted in conditions where chipping is the dominant mode, and machine performance prediction models have also been developed in these conditions. When, for any reason, the thrust force is not enough to penetrate the rock and the cutting is not complete, the efficiency of the existing models reduces, and new models should be provided for grinding conditions. In this study, the data obtained from the southern extension of Tehran subway Line 6 (SEL6), which part of its route was located in the Cretaceous limestone units and due to the insufficient disc cutter thrust, grinding was the dominant mode, was evaluated. The purpose of implementing different machine learning algorithms is to predict the penetration rate of cutterhead in studied limestone in grinding conditions. So, different linear and non-linear regression algorithms have been implemented and finally, the results have been compared. Since some of these algorithms are among the latest machine learning approaches, the prediction error is much less than in conventional regression methods.

"General welfare", which means continuous benefit and in moderation of people from divine blessings in a legitimate and reasonable way, has always been considered by human and divine schools and the decision-making of the rulers of societies. Islamic shari'a, as a divine school, has also considered public welfare in the form of concepts such as justice, helping the needy, the deprived and the needy. With a deeper look at the purposes of Shar'a al-Hakim, it is clear that in the case of religious rulings, a great deal of attention has been paid to the general welfare.

Accordingly, the present study, through descriptive-analytical method, seeks to examine the general welfare in Islamic shari'a at the beginning and finally, through social jurisprudence and in order to achieve general welfare, analyze religious rulings.

Based on the studies conducted, Shar'a Hakim has tried to reduce the class gap, poverty alleviation, mental and psychological peace in Islamic society and finally the realization of general welfare by disseminating rulings such as zakat, khums, charity, loans, endowments and alimony.

 Candida albicans has been shown as the most common species of Candida collected from different animals.

 This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and genetic relationships among C. albicans isolates collected from clinical specimens of animals suffering from candidiasis using microsatellite length polymorphism (MLP).

 We used MLP for a group of 60 C. albicans strains isolated from various animal species (dog: 16, cat: 10, horse: 10, cow: 14, chicken: 10), previously defined as animal clinical isolates. Three loci, including EF3, CDC3, and HIS3, were amplified, and the products ran onto an ABI XL 370 genetic analyzer, and fragment sizes were determined.

 Of the 60 clinical strains illustrated, 49 different genotypes were identified with a discriminatory power index of 0.991. A total of 17 alleles and 26 different combinations were identified for EF3 locus, six alleles and 13 combinations for CDC3 locus, and 17 alleles and 27 combinations for HIS3 locus. The most common genotypes were GP9 (four strains) and GP1 and GP33 (three strains). Wright’s fixation index (FST) values were calculated to assess inter-group genetic diversity for all pairwise combinations of the five sub-populations of C. albicans isolated from the different animal hosts. The highest FST values related to C. albicans isolated from chicken to three sub-populations of cats (FST: 0.1397), cows (FST: 0.0639), and horses (FST: 0.0585).

 The results indicated a moderate genetic differentiation (0.05 < FST < 0.15) between C. albicans strains isolated from cats, cows, and horses as a mammal vs. chickens.

One of the most frequent institutions that is considered in various jurisprudential subjects is the institution of "Wilayat (guardianship) ". Among the examples of guardianship, "customary guardianship" has been less discussed and studied, and in addition to the need to explain the nature, it is necessary to examine the arguments for the legitimacy of its guardianship. Accordingly, the major question of the study is "What are the principles of legitimacy of customary guardian?". The research hypothesis is that blood relatives (other than father and paternal grandfather) are the customary guardians and narrative and rational arguments can be used for the legitimacy of their guardianship. The method of this study is descriptive-analytical and the religious arguments are analyzed in it. The finding of the current study suggests that by analyzing and scrutinizing the primary and secondary arguments of the guardian, the customary guardian can be accepted as a constrained guardian. Accepting the legitimacy of guardianship of a customary guardian will have many effects on individual and social life. In addition, it can reduce some of the responsibilities of the government and the judiciary system, and manage affairs more easily and by the people themselves.

Length of stay is necessary when discussing health care and cost reduction. There is a complex relationship between hospitalization in the emergency department and the outcomes of patients transferred to the ICU. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the length of stay in the emergency department and the results in head trauma patients. This retrospective analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 257 patient files selected from 3810 cases from a medical center in Iran over five years. The data included personal and clinical information of the patients. The primary outcomes indicated that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (31.77%, n=88) and mortality (31.41%, n=87) had occurred the most. The mean, standard deviation, and median of the duration of intubation were 10.6±8.2 and 8.4 days. The three mentioned values were 10.4±8.5 and 7.8 days for the length of stay in the ICU and 16.1±11.5 and 12.4 days for the length of hospital stay. Moreover, results indicated that the patients who stayed a shorter time in the trauma emergency department had a shorter duration of intubation and hospital stay. Length of stay in the emergency department is related to the primary and secondary clinical outcomes. Treatment time for patients with trauma in the emergency department should be minimal.

Water shortage is one of the main problems of Hamedan province. Meanwhile, the agricultural sector is more vulnerable than other economic sectors due to its high share in water consumption. Therefore, appropriate and efficient use of this limited resource is essential. The aim of this study was to determine the productivity and economic value of water in the agricultural sector and the revenue-generating potential of this resource in the production of two major crops of wheat and barley. For this purpose, farms in Hamadan province were selected by random sampling and were studied. The required information was prepared through field measurements, completing a questionnaire and interviewing farmers. The economic value of water was calculated using the final analysis method and the Cobb–Douglas production function. The average water productivity of wheat with two sprinkler and surface irrigation systems was determined as 1.24 and 1.03, respectively, and in barley as 1.55 and 1.02 kg / m3. Wheat and barley production elasticity was estimated to be 0.139 and 0.283, respectively. these amounts indicated that if water consumption increases by an average of one percent, the average wheat and barley production will increase 0.139 and 0.283, percent respectively. The economic value of water for two crops of wheat and barley was estimated at 2043 and 3755 Rials per cubic meter, respectively. Considering the cost of 496 Rials, water extraction from underground sources, it can be said that the economic value of water in the two crops studied is much higher than the costs incurred by farmers for its extraction. Therefore, by determining the economic value of water and receiving water prices, incentives can be directed towards more efficient water allocation and increased productivity.

The principle of discipline or punishment as the last method of education for the development and excellence of individuals is accepted and has legitimacy in Islamic jurisprudence and law, and its necessity is also mentioned in the Qur'an. It is permissible to correct their behavior and their difference is only in the quantity and quality of punishment. According to Article 1179 of the Civil Code and Article 95 of the Islamic Penal Code, in addition to parents, legal guardians and guardians have jurisdiction over minors and detainees. In general, comparing the views of the jurists with the fundamental rights, it can be concluded that the issue of guardianship is based on the verses of the Holy Quran and the narrations of the Imams and are not very different from each other. Also, according to Article 59 of the Islamic Penal Code, parents and persons in charge of minors and detainees have the right to discipline and corporal punishment of those under their care, so that light and insignificant violence is not legally considered a crime. This is because according to paragraph 1 of Article 59 of the Islamic Penal Code, the actions of parents and legal guardians and guardians of minors and homeless people that are done to discipline or protect them, if they are disciplined and protected as normal. With the aim of investigating punishment and its consequences in the law of Islamic religions and Iranian law, it has been done in a descriptive-analytical method.

In the banking system of Iran and within the framework of money and banking law, the law on banking operations without usury; regulations, instructions and directives of the Central Bank, numerous and various transactions between the bank and their customers are concluded. Eqalah has been used effectively as one of the solutions to break the necessity contracts in this system, and the main application of Eqaleh in the banking system is the transfer of ownership of banks' properties. In this regard, each bank, due to the lack of clear regulations, with the withdrawal of taste from the current regulations and laws, at the request of the bank's mortgage or customer, the property is transferred. Due to the fact that no practical research has been done in this area and in the implementation of aqala in the banking system, this article tries to examine the position and function of aqala in Iranian banking system, relying on banking procedures and related laws and regulations and also

The religion of Islam has not only dealt with matters concerning Muslims, but also, in an overview, has drawn up rules for non-Muslims and respect for their rights; In the Islamic approach, non-Muslims are either considered as dhimmis, covenants, and trustees who, although present as a minority in the Muslim community, are supported, or who are among the non-Muslims who are in conflict with Muslims. There are those who are known as military infidels and therefore are not respected by Islam. A look at the sources of Imami jurisprudence shows that the breadth, property and honor of non-Muslims who are under the protection of the Islamic society are considered inviolable; Thus, Muslims have no right to attack them; Because in this case they will be reprimanded. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, by recognizing the religious, Christian and Zoroastrian individuals as religious minorities, has also recognized their rights. The legislature in the Islamic Penal Code in 1392, with the establishment of jurisprudential standards in some areas, including adultery with Muslims, sodomy, tafkhiz, the death sentence as an aggravation of punishment for non-Muslims and in drinking alcohol, as a factor A discount was given to non-Muslims only if they pretended to have a limit. Regarding diyat, the equality of diyat of the non-Muslim and Muslim minorities was maintained, taking into account the opinion of the leadership.

"General welfare", which means continuous benefit and in moderation of people from divine blessings in a legitimate and reasonable way, has always been considered by human and divine schools and the decision-making of the rulers of societies. The article aims to investigate the jurisprudential principals of general welfare and its status in Islamic government.

This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Islamic shari'a, as a divine school, has also considered public welfare in the form of concepts such as justice, helping the needy, the deprived and the needy. With a deeper look at the purposes of Shar'a, it is clear that in the case of religious rulings, a great deal of attention has been paid to the general welfare

Shar'a Hakim has tried to reduce the class gap, poverty alleviation, mental and psychological peace in Islamic society and finally the realization of general welfare by disseminating rulings such as zakat, khums, charity, loans, endowments and alimony.

Supporting domestic production, by assuming its effect on the increase of accessibility, has been acknowledged as one of the main pharmaceutical policies from two dimensions of better provision of the drugs in the market and the increase of affordability by reducing prices. Therefore, it is expected from the domestic industries to produce pharmaceutical products that, in addition to increasing access and a sustainable supply of drugs, have competitive prices compared to the rival imported products, and reduce the medical costs imposed on patients and the health system. In this study the price of domestically produced drugs were compared with the price of the similar generic ones in India.

In this study, first, India was selected for comparison due to reasons such as low price, good quality, and the possibility of commerce despite sanctions. Then, from the Iranian pharmaceutical statistics, drugs which were only produced in Iran and were highly consumed with respect to the number of sales were included in the study. Prices of Iranian and Indian medicines were extracted from related valid websites. Finally, the price of 110 drugs were compared to determine the success rate of the domestic production industry in offering a reasonable price in the absence of foreign competitors.

 According to the findings from 57 % of the drugs under study, the median consumer price of these drugs in India was lower than the Iranian consumer price. If this comparison was made with the minimum price of the Indian medicine, this percentage would reach 88.

According to the findings mentioned above, it can be concluded that reducing the drugs prices and costs does not occur in all cases of domestic production, and this alone cannot be a good justification for a complete support of the domestic production of drugs; however, it should be noted that reducing costs is not the only reason to support domestic production of these products, and policy makers may act with regard to other factors in line with supportive policies; thus,  the reasons regarding each case should be clearly defined for the health system.

Divorce and related issues have always been one of the main and challenging issues of legal systems in different societies. The purpose of this article is to analyze the jurisprudence and legal representation of women in divorce and compare it with the French legal system. This research is an applied research and the method used is descriptive-analytical method. According to the findings of this study, the approach of Iranian and French law regarding divorce, despite the similarity in many cases, is different due to differences in principles in this field. In Iranian law, following the principles of Imami jurisprudence, the right to divorce is exclusively available to men, but over time and with the change in the structure of societies, to control and adjust this right in Iranian law, the wife's power of attorney in divorce with conditions based on jurisprudential sources accepted. In French law, on the other hand, the issue of power of attorney in the execution of a divorce is accepted with the control of a marital judge. Divorce has no meaning and is a useless condition. Comparing the intellectual foundations, the course of social developments, as well as examining the different perspectives of these two schools of law can be effective in identifying the bottlenecks, challenges and ways out and ultimately preventing the impact of destructive factors on the family foundation.

The coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) is an ongoing outbreak of respiratory disease, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus can invade various tissues and organs, causing multiple organ dysfunctions. Critically ill COVID-19 patients may develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia, which are the major causes of hypoxemic respiratory failure and death due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, ventilation support (invasive or noninvasive), has become a common practice in respiratory treatment of COVID-19 patients. Patients receiving mechanical ventilation usually require sedation to alleviate anxiety, pain and discomfort. On the other hand, current clinical reports have indicated that a significant number of COVID-19 patients require prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) care and ventilation, which increases the risk of delirium. Thus, selection of appropriate sedative medications during this period is of utmost importance. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a sedative, anxiolytic and analgesic agent that acts through the α2-adrenoceptor. Its sedative property is notable due to the lack of respiratory depression. In addition, its cytoprotective, immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties have been well established in preclinical settings. Based on these features, a number of recent studies have proposed DEX as a beneficial sedative agent that simultaneously mitigates the excessive inflammation and protects vital body organs in patients with severe COVID-19. In current brief review, we aimed to discuss the therapeutic benefits of DEX in managing different indications of COVID-19.

Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most abundant cancers among men, and In Iran, has been responsible for 6% of all deaths from cancer in men. NUF2 and GMNN genes are considered as loci of susceptibility to tumorigenesis in humans. Alterations in expression of these genes have been reported in various malignancies. The aim of our study was to test whether different NUF2 and GMNN expression levels are associated with PC incidence and hence, might be considered as new molecular tools for PC screening.

Biopsy samples from 40 PC patients and 41 healthy Iranian men were used to determine the relative gene expression. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, samples were analyzed using TaqMan Quantitative Real time PCR. Patients’ background information, included smoking habits and family histories of PC, were recorded. Stages and grades of their PC were classified by the TNM tumor, node, metastasis (TMN) staging system based on standard guidelines.

NUF2 expression did not significantly differ between the groups, while GMNN expression was significantly greater in the PC specimens than in the controls.

Regarding the significant role of GMNN in various tumor phenotypes, and its importance in PC progression, the alteration in GMNN expression in PC samples vs. controls indicate that the genetic profiling of this cancer might be considered to personalize therapy for each patient in the future.

The issue of defense and readiness of the Islamic society for jihad in the way of God is one of the necessities of survival and security of the Islamic Ummah. This has been done. Examination of religious and jurisprudential texts shows that, firstly, the Islamic ruler has played a key role in implementing the ruling of jihad and defending the unity of the Islamic government and the dignity of Muslims, and secondly, these powers guarantee the security of the Islamic Ummah and maintain its independence and survival; Thirdly, the authority of the Islamic ruler, taking into account the temporal and spatial conditions and focusing on the dynamics of Shiite jurisprudence, is the main factor in mobilizing forces to confront the enemies of Islam; And fourthly, these rulings of the final chapter are the issuance of the ruling of defensive jihad in the Islamic governmentThe issue of defense and readiness of the Islamic society for jihad in the way of God is one of the necessities of survival and security of the Islamic Ummah. This has been done. Examination of religious and jurisprudential texts shows that, firstly, the Islamic ruler has played a key role in implementing the ruling of jihad and defending the unity of the Islamic government and the dignity of Muslims, and secondly, these powers guarantee the security of the Islamic Ummah and maintain its independence and survival; Thirdly, the authority of the Islamic ruler, taking into account the temporal and spatial conditions and focusing on the

The clinical characteristics of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were diverse and unspecific. Here, we identified the associated factors with surviving of COVID-19 ICU patients based on the clinical characteristics of patients admitted to one of the Corona Centre Hospitals of Iran.

This cohort study was performed retrospectively from February to June 2020 on 133 COVID-19 patients admitted to 4 intensive care units of Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Demographic, medical, clinical manifestation at admission, laboratory parameters and outcome data were obtained from medical records. Also the SOFA and APACHE II scores were calculated. All data were analyzed using SPSS (version 23, IBM Corp.) software.

The median (IQR) age of the patients was 62.0 (54.0-72.0) years in total. RT-PCR of throat swab SARS-CoV-2 in 80 patients (60.2%) was positive. Total mortality rate was 57.9 percent (77 patients). Dyspnea, hypertension and chronic pulmonary diseases were significantly common in non-survivors than survivors (p <0.05). Both SOFA and APACHE II scores were significantly higher in the non-survivors (p <0.05). Also other significant differences were observed in other parameters of the study.

The mortality rate of COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU is generally high. Dyspnea as initial presentation and comorbidity, especially hypertension and pulmonary diseases, may be associated with higher risk of severe disease and consequent mortality rate. Also, higher SOFA and APACHE II scores could indicate higher mortality in patients admitted to ICU.

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images have many applications in different fields. But, the existence of multiplicative noise called speckle is a problem in processing SAR images. So, speckle suppression is an essential step in processing SAR images. In this paper, a novel Bayesian wavelet domain speckle suppression method is proposed that is based on joint modeling. In the proposed method, first logarithm and then wavelet transform are applied to the SAR images. Normal Inverse Gaussian (NIG) distribution is used for statistical modeling of wavelet coefficients. Due to the importance of precise statistical modeling and the existence of dependency between wavelet coefficients, proposed method captures the dependencies of wavelet coefficients using joint modeling. Then, based on using the proposed model, a minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator is designed to denoise SAR images. Experimental results using synthetic and real SAR images demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.

One of the most frequent institutions that is considered in various jurisprudential subjects is the institution of "Wilayat (guardianship) ". Among the examples of guardianship, "customary guardianship" has been less discussed and studied, and in addition to the need to explain the nature, it is necessary to examine the arguments for the legitimacy of its guardianship. Accordingly, the major question of the study is "What are the principles of legitimacy of customary guardian?". The research hypothesis is that blood relatives (other than father and paternal grandfather) are the customary guardians and narrative and rational arguments can be used for the legitimacy of their guardianship. The method of this study is descriptive-analytical and the religious arguments are analyzed in it. The finding of the current study suggests that by analyzing and scrutinizing the primary and secondary arguments of the guardian, the customary guardian can be accepted as a constrained guardian. Accepting the legitimacy of guardianship of a customary guardian will have many effects on individual and social life. In addition, it can reduce some of the responsibilities of the government and the judiciary system, and manage affairs more easily and by the people themselves.

Repentance is one of the legal instruments for the retribution or the waiver of punishment and one of the establishments of Islamic jurisprudence. The Qur'an has encouraged the people in many verses to repent and it has equalized the repentant people with the purified ones. The Quran says: “Indeed, Allah loves those who repentant and those who purify themselves”. Also, in the traditions issued by the infallible Imams (AS) the repentance and its effects are highly recommended. The repentance is the activity of reviewing one's activities and feeling contrition or regret for past wrong deeds and attempting to correct the action, and it will be accepted if it is done according to the proper conditions. The main objective of this research is to examine the status of repentance in waiving the punishment for the crimes against national security focusing on the punishment of the allegiance breaker from the jurisprudential and legal point of view. The research uses the library research tool and descriptive-analytical method. Anyway, in the jurisprudence and the Islamic Penal Code the repentance for the waiver of punishment is a means of reducing or exempting punishment and it is subject to the fulfillment of the conditions and it can never be a means of escaping the offender from the clutches of justice.

Rebellion is one of the most important topics of political and governmental jurisprudence in the history of Islam, the origin of which is verse 9 of surah hojorut. If two groups of Muslims fight and fight against each other, peace and reconciliation must be established between them, and if one group overcomes and oppresses the other, they must rise up against the oppressor to fight the cause of God. But most jurists refer to this verse as the exclusion of obedience from the righteous Imam. According to the arguments and evidences in the era of rebellion absenteeism, there are also exiles against the Imam's successor, who is also the universal supreme leader, in other words a rebellion and an uprising and uprising, etc. Confrontation with the insurgents and the rebels is carried out by the Supreme Leader and the Islamic ruler. Based on the Alawite Book and Sire, and the Islamic state due to its importance and position from the beginning, especially during the reign of Imam Ali and the Prophet. Islam is confronted with such behaviors with the axis of the jurisdiction. Therefore, for any kind of treatment with the Outlaws, one should turn to the Prophet's function and, before taking any violent action against the Outlaws, give them guidance and guidance and answer any possible doubts. The main purpose of this article is to study the subject of rhetoric in historical and jurisprudential manner, using descriptive analytical method and library study tools.