alireza seifi

Considering the limited production of edible oil in the country, selectivity of the genotypes of valuable oilseeds like sesame is important. A randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in the research farm of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2021, to investigate 20 sesame genotypes' yield, and yield components and determine the most important traits affecting the yield. The results showed that Afghan1, Afghan3, and Afghan5 genotypes had the highest number of capsules plant-1 , 1000-seed weight, biological yield, and seed yield. Also, the correlation analysis between the traits showed that seed yield had a positive and significant correlation with the number of capsules per plant (r=0.58**), and 1000-seed weight (r=0.42**), respectively. Based on the principal component analysis, in total two components explained 83.1% of the variation in data. The first component explained 57.7%, and the second component showed 15.2% of the most changes in variation between genotypes. Then, these two components used to determine the distribution and distinguish the best genotypes in the results. As a result of cluster analysis, genotypes were categorized into three groups based on yield and yield components. The genotypes of the third group (Afghan1, Afghan3, Afghan4, Afghan5, and Afghan7) had a higher average in the investigated traits than other groups. These results indicate that the most effective traits in sesame yield are the number of capsules per plant and the 1000-seed weight. Since high yield is one of the important breeding goals in sesame; therefore, genotypes with these characteristics can be introduced as superior genotypes.

Catharanthus roseus, produces a diverse array of specialized metabolites known as monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) through an extensive and intricately branched metabolic pathway. It is imperative to unravel the intricate regulatory networks and relationships between the genes involved in the production of these metabolites. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as significant regulatory factors in various biological processes. In this study, 4303 out of 86726 transcripts were identified as potential lncRNAs in C. roseus. Subsequently, we identified coding genes that exhibited a high correlation with CrlncRNA, designating them as potential target genes for collectively modulating the MIA pathway using Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), leading to the identification of crucial gene clusters associated with the biosynthesis of MIAs. Based on the findings, three modules (dark turquoise, magenta, and orange) and hub genes were pinpointed as being linked to MIAs. Additionally, the most prominent known coding genes were 10-hydroxygeraniol oxidoreductase, GATA-like transcription factor (GATA1), 7-deoxyloganetic acid UDP-glucosyltransferase (7DLGT), desacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase (DH4), MYC2, and MPK6. The unknown target genes were related to stress response and the intricate process of hormone transduction. ORCA, MYC2, and GATA1 are crucial in regulating the MIA pathway, likely requiring cooperation with CrlncRNAs.

This study was conducted as a factorial experiments based on a completely randomized design with two factors cultivars (Modena and Okapi), aging level (0, 24 and 72 hours at temperature of 40˚c and relative humidity of saturated) and four replications to evaluate germination rate and percentage (GP), vigor index (SV), electrical conductivity (EC), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxides (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and S-nitrosothiol (SNO) at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 2019-20. Accelerated Aging (AA) treatments made significant decline in germination indices and biochemical characteristics (except EC) of canola seeds. Also, Modena cultivar was stronger in germination traits while Okapi cultivar was better in biochemical activities, which can be explained by difference in the primary genetic of the cultivars. According to the results, in the treatments of 72 hours of AA compared to the control, GP has decreased by 86%, CAT 88%, APX 89% and SNOs 36%. On the top of that, there was a positive correlation between SNOs and enzymes. In conclusion, Nitric oxide (NO) is likely to indirectly affect the antioxidant enzymes by SNOs in aged canola seeds. Seed aging targets the cell physiology by reducing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and NO and therefore increasing the rate of cell mortality.

Genome editing based on CRISPR/Cas9 technology is rapidly expanding as a powerful tool for crop breeding. One of the advantages of this technology genome editing without introducing foreign DNA into plant genome.to achieve this, Cas9 and guide RNA need  delivered  to plant cell in form of protein-RNA complex (RNP). Hence the production of Cas9 enzyme in laboratory is the first step of CRISPR based on RNP method. Here, we evaluated the expression and purification of recombinant Cas9 protein in E. coli. In this study Cas9 gene was cloned into pBADM30 vector and transferred to the E. coli  CodonPlus strain. The result of colony PCR and double digest confirmed the presence of Cas9 gene into pBAD vector. Cas9 expression was induced by applying 0.2% L-Arabinose and then isolated from the total soluble protein. Cas9 protein was also purified from cell crude extract using Nickel affinity chromatography. The purification was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and show the presence of a 180 kDa band in the fraction collected during the elution step. The Cas9 protein in E. coli was successfully expressed and purified. According to the obtained results, it can be said that after measuring the catalytic activity of Cas9 enzyme, this enzyme can be used together with guide RNA and fabrication of RNP complex and its transfer to the plant by protoplast or electroporation method in further research.

Despite the economic importance of saffron, significant research has not been done in the field of molecular biology and genetics of this plant. Sterility and triploid genome, along with lack of genetic diversity are main reasons for this lack of research. Optimization of saffron cell suspension is a great step forward. It will provide the possibility of studying the production of saffron secondary metabolites, gene transformation, and mutagenesis cellular level. There have been few reports of cell suspension culture in saffron, mainly for the production of secondary metabolites (Yoon et al., 2015; Moradi et al., 2020; Taherkhani et al., 2019). In order to optimize the production of crocin and phenolic compounds, Moradi and co-workers produced calli from saffron stigma and then created a suspension culture from these calli (Moradi et al., 2020). However, the production of embryogenic cell suspension in saffron has not been reported. The aim of the current research was to achieve a cell suspension system with acceptable growth in saffron. For this purpose, different explants were subjected to different hormonal treatments to determine the optimal callus formation and suspension culture media.  Saffron corms were used to prepare explants. The lateral and terminal buds and the base of the corms were removed and the central part of the corms was used to prepare explants. Then, the explants were sterilized with 2.5% Sodium hypochlorite for 15 minutes. Explants were grown on CIM1 to CIM5 media (Table 1). After 5 weeks, the percentage of callus formation and the fresh and dry weight of calli were measured. The calli obtained from CIM2c treatment were used to prepare suspension culture with three different types of culture media (Table 1). To compare the speed of cell growth in different cell suspension treatments, the optical density (OD) measurement method was used. For all the assays, data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey Honestly Significant Differences (HSD) Post-Hoc test using SPSS® statistical software, version 22 (IBM Corp., USA). The graphs were created using GraphPad Prism version 9 for Windows (GraphPad Software, California USA). The results showed that the concentration of 2 mgL-1 of 2,4-D and 1 mgL-1 of BAP had the best performance in callus formation and callus fresh weight. The calli of this treatment were used for cell suspension culture. SM3 medium had the best growth rate in cell suspension culture, but it did not have cells with appropriate shape and form. SM2 medium had a suitable growth rate and cells with small size and dry color, which had the best performance in terms of quality. In order to increase the quality, phenol production control materials were used. Adding PVP increased the growth rate of cell suspension in the SM2 medium. As we have shown, among the auxins 2, 4-D has a greater effect than NAA, contrary to other studies reported (Ahmad et al., 2013; Verma et al., 2016; Safarnejad et al., 2016; Georgiev et al., 2009; Sharma et al., 2008).  The current research showed the effect of treatment of 1 mgL-1 of BAP and 2 mgL-1 of 2,4-D on increasing the percentage of callus formation and the weight of calli taken from the saffron corms. SM2 and SM3 treatments had the best cell suspension growth rate. However, the SM3 treatment had cells with high starch vacuoles. Nevertheless, the SM2 treatment had smaller cells containing pigments.

The rapid growth of grid-connected embedded distributed generations (DGs) is changing the operational characteristics of distribution networks (DNs). In order to implement DNs with DGs, some challenges should be faced, especially concerning protection issues, that may make conventional protection schemes ineffective. MAS techniques can enable the power grid to becomes smarter, reliable, selfhealing, and robust. Its decentralized nature and operational robustness make the MAS application a leading technology. Despite the fast, reliable and multi-purpose operation of MAS-based protection schemes, the inherent delay or failure of communication system must not affect the vital role of fault clearing, i.e., the ever-increasing DGs in DNs as well as network size increase has resulted in a heavy communication burden yielding to delay or even failure in communication. In this paper, an Intelligent protection algorithm is presented that protect the grid, when the connection between agents is lost, by using point-to-point communication between relay agents in the first layer of the MAS. Reduction of the agents used and no need to connect to the higher layers of the MAS  are the benefits of this method. For simulation, 16 bus Test DN is used, that The results confirm the applicability of the proposed model for grid protection coordination.

Pistachio is one of the most important crops that have a large genetic diversity due to its dicotyledonous and high heterozygosity, so identifying these genetic differences is of particular importance for breeding and production of psyllid-resistant pistachio cultivars. Pistachio psyllid is one of the most important pests of the pistachio tree. The nymphs and adult insects of this pest increase the amount of porosity, and reduce yield and lack of laughter, by consuming plant sap. In this study, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and small indels were investigated in Iranian pistachio sensitive cultivars (Akbari, Kalehghoochi, Ahmad Aghaei, Momtaz) and resistant cultivars (Badami Zarand, Haj Abdollahi, Italian, Sarakhs) to psyllids. The readings were first aligned with the reference genome, and then single-nucleotide polymorphisms and deletions, and small indels were identified by the GATK toolkit. The percentage of alignment of the readings with the reference genome was above 96%, which indicated the high quality of alignment. Sensitive cultivars had 2920688 and 701109 and resistant cultivars had 2919898 and 701000 SNP and small indels, respectively. In general, the results of data analysis showed that the structural and polymorphic diversity of mononucleotides and the small indels are greater in susceptible cultivars than in resistant cultivars.

In order to investigate the effect of accelerated ageing (AA) on physiological and biochemical traits of cultivar canola seeds, this study was laid out as a factorial experiments based on a completely randomized design with two factors cultivars (Modena and Okapi), aging level (0, 24 and 72 hours at temperature of 40˚c and relative humidity of saturated) and four replications in the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad at 2019-20. The results showed that the aged seeds of Okapi and Modena cultivars significant decline in germination characteristics. According to the biochemical results, in the treatments of 72 hours of AA compared to the control, oil, total protein and scavenging free radicals of canola seeds, has decreased by 9.89, 4.14 and 28.61 percent, respectively. Likewise, electrical conductivity increased by 84.64 percent. Interestingly, aging affected the content of non-enzymatic antioxidants. Here for example, it reduced flavonoids by 73.79%, proline by 47.18%, and phenol by 17.13% compared to non-aged seeds in Okapi cultivar. On the one hand, Okapi cultivar had great quality characteristics such as oil percentage, activity of antioxidant systems, but on the other hand, it was very sensitive to storage, because, aging caused extremely decline in Okapi cultivar seed quality. So, it is obvious that conditions of seed storage of this cultivar require more attention. In general, controlling storage conditions to minimize canola seed aging and deterioration is critical.

Crocus sativus is a triploide plant and propagating by vegetative propagation. Therefore, trait segregation and genetic diversity are limited in this plant. EST-SSR markers have some priority, for example co-dominant inheritance, locus specific and highly polymorphic against all other markers. Due to the availability of transcriptome data, it is possible to develop EST-SSR markers and polymorphism studies in saffron. Development of EST-SSR markers in C. sativus make it possible to study genetic diversity and molecular polymorphism in different genotypes. In order to develop EST-SSR marker for C. sativus, we downloaded public available C. sativus RNA-seq data. Quality control and preprocessing of raw reads were done using FastQC and Trimmomatic tools, respectively. We performed de novo transcriptome assembly using RNA-Bloom. CD-HIT-EST was used in order to reduce redundancy in transcriptome assembly. The assembly quality was evaluated using the BUSCO software and completeness of transcriptome assembly was 90%. After achieving to high quality transcriptome assembly of C. sativus, EST-SSRs were identified by MISA tool. The EST-SSRs primers were designed using Primer3. 35459 SSR-containing sequences were detected and primer pairs were designed for them. Ten EST-SSR primer pairs were randomly selected to amplify C. sativus DNA. Seven pairs of the primers (70%) generated clear and reproducible bands with the expected size. These EST-SSR markers can be functional and useful for C. sativus genetic studies.

Due to the high pollutant load of paper mill effluent and in order to decrease contaminants, effluent should be treated before being discharged into the environment.

After collecting samples of paper mill effluent in Babol city, high levels of COD and TSS were found. Therefore, polymeric coagulants such as iron sulfate, ferric chloride, polyaluminum chloride, and alum were employed, as well as anionic and cationic polyacrylamide flocculants.

Ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride, aluminum polychloride and alum at their optimum pH removed 12%, 13.5%, 15%, and 23% of effluent COD, respectively, as well as 45.5%, 47%, 49% and 52% of TSS. Then, by examining the coagulants concentration effect, alum with an optimal concentration of 1 g/l removed 23.7% COD and 56.4% TSS. Additionally, the effects of anionic and cationic polymeric coagulants were studied. According to the results, using an anionic coagulant at a concentration of 0.004 g / l in combination with the optimal amount of alum resulted in the elimination of 48.6 % COD and 69.6 % TSS.

Based on the results, the coagulation and sedimentation methods can be utilized to treat the effluent of paper mills. Furthermore, using an alum coagulant and an anionic coagulant at the same time improves the efficiency of the coagulation and flocculation processes in removing pollutants from paper mill effluent.

Broomrape (Orobanche aegyptica) is a notorious parasitic plant that cause significant production loss. Here we report analysis of publicly available RNA-seq data for broomrape, coupled with experimental verification of part of the results. After quality control of raw illumine reads, qualified reads were mapped against Orobanch transcriptome. Differential gene expression analysis, performed by using DESeq package, identified 391 differentially expressed genes between seed imbibition and haustorium attachment stages. The expression of orthologs of these genes in close relatives of Orobanch, which are parasitic, hemi- or non-parasitic, was investigated. From 391 identified genes, 87 genes showed high levels of expression in parasitic relatives and not in non-parasitic ones. Based on these analyses the 87 genes were considered as candidate genes involved in establishment of parasitic interaction between Orobanch and its host. The expression of nine of these genes were checked experimentally in flower tissues of Orobanch and in tissues sampled from the attachment site on the host root. The expression of Or2094, which a putative serine-carboxy peptidase, was detected only in the attachment site, supporting the role of this gene in establishment of the parasitic interaction. The results of this work will pave the way for future genetic engineering projects to use host-induced gene silencing strategy to enhance resistance to Orobanch in host crop plants.

Autophagy is one of the defensive response pathways under stress and non-stress conditions in different organisms. In autophagy, damaged compounds and organelles are sealed into double-membrane vesicles as an autophagosome. Autophagosome has been directed to the vacuole to be degraded by hydrolytic enzymes into initial substances. ATG8 proteins are the hallmark of this pathway. These proteins are involved in autophagosome formation and target cargo location inside the autophagosome. In selective autophagy, cargo receptors play an important role in trapping the cargo inside the autophagosome. There is the ATG8 binding motif called AIM or LIR in Cargo receptors. This motif makes able the cargo receptors interact with LDS, LIR docking site in ATG8. Any modification in the AIM motif or LDS could abolish the interaction between ATG8 and cargo receptors. In this study, ATG8B mutant in LDS has been generated in Marchantia polymorpha for future studies to identify the possible cargo receptors. In this order, the protein sequence of ATG8B has been identified in the marchntia.info database. Aligning ATG8A from Arabidopsis with ATG8B from Marchantia leads to identifying the residues involving in ATG8B folding and LDS formation. Two residues, Lysin 51 and Arginine 70, have been replaced with Alanine residue by site-directed mutagenesis. The GreenGate has been used for fusing the GFP to ATG8B mutant fragments. To consider the same condition with wild-type ATG8B lines presented in the lab, by using the Gateway adapted primers, ATG8B-LDS mutant has been cloned in the expression vector, pMpGWB303. After transforming to Agrobacterium GWB303+pSOUP strain, it has been transformed to the plants. Analyzing the transformed plants in western blot experiments has shown that the only form of modification that can express and fold as a stable protein is Lysine to Alanine modification, however, in the proteins with the mutation of Arginine to Alanine, protein is not stable, and it cannot be expressed.

Iran is the third distribution center of the genus Eremurus with seven species, three subspecies and one hybrid. In order to study inter and intra specific genetic variation, 87 genotypes representing six species including E. inderiensis, E. olgae, E. persicus, E. stenophyllus, E. luteus and E. spectabilis collected from nine provinces were evaluated in terms of quantitative and qualitative morphological traits. Factors analysis showed that five components accounted 96% of total variances. Inflorescence, shoot and plant height, flower color, leaf number and fruit shape were constituted as main factors. Cluster analysis divided genotypes into six clusters at species level. The populations within each group were geographically different, indicating that there was no relationship between cluster pattern based on morphological traits and geographic distribution of the specimens. Calculating correlation coefficients using morphological data showed that there were positive correlations among most of the quantitative traits. Generally, the results showed that Eremurus genotypes have a high genetic diversity in regard to the studied traits. Based on morphological results, E. olgae and E. stenophyllus have breeding potential for cut flower, while E. inderiensis, E. persicus and E. luteus are suitable species for rock gardens and landscape design applications.

Accumulation of unfolded and mis-folded proteins cause ER stress. In response to ER stress, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is triggered by ER transmembrane sensor. UPR, a set of integrated signaling pathways, designed to restore ER homeostasis.  Two bZIP transcriptional factors regulate the UPR pathway in Marchantia Polymorpha: bZIP14 and bZIP7. In this study, bzip14 mutant lines were generated using CRISPR/Cas9. In this order, the bZIP14 DNA sequence was identified by Blastp in Marchantia.info, a database website for M.  polymorpha. Exons are implied to find out the proper sgRNAs as candidates in http://crispor.tefor.net/. Among all suggested sgRNAs, three of them were selected as candidates. sgRNAs were introduced into pMpGE013, a specific CRISPR/Cas9 vector in M. polymorpha. After transformation to agrobacteria GWB303+pSOUP, it was transformed into the plants. DNA was extracted from plants regenerated in selective media containing hygromycin, amplified using PCR by specific primers, and sent to sequencing. Eight out of 11 lines that were sequenced properly showed deletion and insertion in the DNA sequence. One mutant line was chosen for phenotypic assay and a survival test in the media containing tunicamycin, ER stress inducer. Our result showed that there are two isoforms of bZIP17 and bZIP28 in Arabidopsis thaliana, as homologs with bZIP14 in M. polymorpha. Also, a significant difference (p-value ≤ 0.05) was observed between bzip14 mutant and wild type under ER stress conditions.

To establish a dynamic and fine suspension culture, four different methods of tomato cell suspension culture were compared. Hypocotyl explants of the tomato cultivar Jina were used for callus induction on Murashige and Skoog (MS) Medium supplemented with three different phytohormone combinations. Then, one gram of each type of calli was transferred to 50 mL of liquid MS medium with four combinations of auxins and cytokinins to produce cell suspensions. The growth rate, judged by cell turbidity, cell fresh weight, and cell viability was evaluated. The best suspension culture was obtained by using friable calli formed on MS medium containing 1 mg L-1 NAA and 0.1 mg L-1 kinetin, transferred to the liquid MS supplemented with 2 mg L-1 NAA, 0.2 mg L-1 2, 4-D and 0.2 mg L-1 zeatin.

Powdery mildew and Leaf stripe diseases are the most important of barley fungus diseases in Iran. Identification of new genetic resources and breeding for resistance is one of the most economical and adaptive methods for controlling these diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was an identification effective molecular marker for detection Rdg1a and mlo resistance alleles for Marker Assisted Selection against two diseases Leaf stripe and powdery mildew.

This study was conducted on F2 population derived from crosses the RIL-27 that has Rdg1a, mlo-11 resistance alleles and Yousef which has susceptible alleles (rdg1a, MLO). The RIL27 line is one of the lines of the recombinant inbred line population that derived from a cross between the VADA cultivar and the L94 Ethiopian line. 60 samples of F2 population were divided into two populations of 30 for genotyping and phenotyping against two diseases. We used HVCSG and mlo-6 and mlo-10 markers for the presence detection Rdg1a and mlo-11 respectively. Also Manchuria cultivar, which is susceptible to powdery mildew was used to produce inoculum powdery mildew. Genomic DNA of the plants was extracted from non-infected leaves in a two-leaf stage by using the CTAB method. Then, the quantity and quality of extracting DNA were studied by using (Thermoscientific (USA)) and Agarose gel (1%). The HVCSG, mlo-6 and mlo-10 markers amplified fragments 705, 440 and 380 base pairs respectively. Phenotyping evaluation against P. graminea was performed by using the sandwich method and for phenotyping evaluation against B. graminis was done using Aghnoum and et al method. And then the percentage of infect plants were counted.

In this study at first, HVCSG marker was used to distinguish Rdg1a resistance allele in parents and F2 population. This marker amplified the 705 base pair band that the result obtained was corresponding to what Biselli and et al showed in 2010. Biselli et al. Developed the HVCSG molecular marker to identify the Rdg1a resistance allele in the RIL population from the VADA × L94 crosses by rice EST sequence and they said, this marker amplifies the region from 4500 to 5025 sequences encoding the Shalcone synthase gene. But in this study, the results of using this marker in the F2 population are completely inconsistent with what Biselli and et al have stated. The results show that the HVCSG marker has a low efficiency. Second to check and confirm the presence of mlo-11 allele of mlo-6 and mlo-10 markers were used. The size of amplified regions (440 of the mlo-11 gene and 380 base pairs of the MLO gene) was corresponding to the results of Reinstadlr and et al. showed that these markers amplified 380 and 440 base pair fragments. After of inoculation test and the appearance of the symptoms of the diseases the percentage of infect plant for phenotyping against leaf stripe disease was counted. The Yousef cultivar, which was infected with P. graminea as a susceptible parent, showed success in the inoculation test. In other samples, 24 days after planting, symptoms of leaf stripe disease appeared in the five leaf stage. First, on the infected leaves, a yellow strip appeared, and most of the leaves that were later formed showed signs of the disease. Then the yellow strips on the leaves infected joined each other and caused the death of the leaf. Two resistant parents, RIL27 and VADA showed very low symptoms of leaf stripe disease. The results of inoculation test in this study was corresponding with studies from Arru and et al (2002) and Biselli and et al (2010). Arru et al showed that VADA was showing very little about 7% of the symptoms disease due to the presence of the resistance gene. Biselli and et al (2010) also reported that the percentage of infections in VADA parent is 2%. For phenotyping evaluation against powdery mildew disease after infecting the seedlings with B. graminis fungus, in the Yousef parent, symptoms were observed as white fluffy dots on the leaf surface. In the VADA variety, there were necrotic points. L94 and RIL-27, which had mlo-11 resistance gene, did not show any symptoms of the disease. L94 is a native Ethiopian cultivar that allele carries mlo resistance, so it is resistant to powdery mildew. The F2 population showed different signs based on the presence and absence of allele resistance. The samples with resistance allele, there were appeared mildew cholestasis and necrosis symptoms, and those that did not have resistance alleles were appeared necrotic and fluffy symptoms. In mlo-11 resistance alleles, the necrotic symptoms can be due to the presence of the Ml (La) resistance gene and also the pleiotropy effects of the molecular gene. Xintian et al reported that the mlo genes were not without pleiotropic effects, and necrotic symptoms on leaves of plants with mlo-11 resistance gene could be due to the effect Overlapping of the mlo gene with other QTLs. Conventional plant breeding methods are based on phenotypic selection of superior genotypes in segregation generation. Phenotyping methods are often costly and time-consuming for specific traits, but Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) is one of the methods developed to prevent of common problems in conventional plant breeding techniques. In some studies, the researchers pointed to use of molecular markers for facilitating of plant breeding programs.

Molecular markers are used as a new tool for increasing the efficiency of breeding programs to identify genetic resources. In addition, shortening the duration of breeding programs and the selection of recessive alleles, the molecular markers helps to facilitate the pyramiding of resistance genes to provide a broad and durable resistance. In general, the development of efficient molecular markers and the identification of different genetic resources against plant diseases and the pyramiding of resistance resources are preventing of the increasing use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers to control the pathogen.

Energy optimization and consumption analysis is the first step in realizing smart houses. This paper incorporates the uncertainty of the effective parameters and probabilistically optimizes the energy consumption in a building. To this end, probability density functions (PDFs) of building uncertain parameters are modeled by empirical rule method and the energy usage in buildings is optimized. Energy-Plus and MATLAB softwares are respectively used to compute energy consumption in a building and to optimize energy consumption. Energy consumption of the building and the thermal comfort are considered as objective functions of the proposed multi-objective optimization problem. A 12-storey commercial building is used as a case study. The proposed probabilistic method is compared with the deterministic method to assess the proposed method,. The results show a significant difference between the deterministic and probabilistic cases. The maximum difference between the mean optimal values of variable parameters in these cases is about 34%. Finally, sensitivity of the results to the climate changes is also investigated in this paper.

Fusarium wilt is one of the most destructive diseases of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.), which is an economically important disease worldwide causes yield losses in muskmelon growing areas. One of the most effective controlling measures to prevent Fusarium wilt is through host resistance by using resistance genes. We used developed molecular markers for Fom-2 gene, which confers resistance to race 1 of Fusarium in muskmelon, to screen muskmelon landraces in Khorasane-e-Razavi, Iran. After validation of the markers on a differential set of resistant and susceptible lines, we identified STS312 marker as the polymorphic and easy-to-score marker. Then we used STS312 to genotype plants from five different landraces. Our results suggest that resistance allele of Fom-2 gene is present in two landraces: Eyvankey and Mashhadi. These landraces can be used by muskmelon breeders to enhance resistance to Fusarium wilt in muskmelon.

In recent years, power system islanding is considered as the last resort to prevent network instability. The purpose of controlled islanding is to establish self-sustaining electrical islands to prevent a blackout and lead to ease of restoration. In this regard, an appropriate decision - making algorithm is required to determine the best separation points in a short time.
This paper proposes a novel methodology by developing the hierarchical spectral clustering algorithm. This method is computationally very efficient and determines an islanding solution with minimal power flow disruption while ensuring that each island contains only coherent generators. The proposed method also enables operators to constrain any branch to be excluded from the islanding solution. The method is tested using the models of the IEEE 39 and IEEE 118-bus test systems and comparative analysis with existing methods have been performed. The simulation results demonstrate that the methodology is more efficient than another existing approach and could be utilized in the real-time application of the power grid.

Capoeta buhsei is one of nine Iranian species of the genus Capoeta. This species is endemic to the Namak Lake basin.Since limited information is available about biologicalfeatures of this species, and also because of the importance of the skeletal structure to understand biological features of fishes, this study was aimed to provide a detailed description of the osteology features of C. buhsei. For this study, a total of 12 specimens from Kordan River were collected, and then fixed into 10% formalin and cleared and stained with alizarin red S and alcian blue for osteological examinations. After providing a detailed osteological features of this species, the results were compared with those of Capoeta damascina, that its osteological was available. The results showed apparent differences between compared species in structures of the neurocranium, operculum series, hyoid and branch arches, dorsal fin, symplectic and ectopterygoid bones and hemal and neural spines of the caudal fin.

This study is done by method of realistic description pattern and SSSL is selected on this basis. The fundamental hypothesis of SSSL model is making social structure in social learning of crime. 350 adolescents (14-19 years old) of Tehran's marginal regions are selected in sampling. The results show there is correlation between structural theoretical variables and social learning aspects and also between social learning aspects and adolescents crimes. In social learning aspects, differential association has the most impact on adolescent's crimes. Structural theoretical variables (social anomy and social disorganization) have impacts on social learning of crime and also social learning atmosphere produces crime.

In this article the performance of a DSTATCOM as an efficient parallel compensator، for obtaining the power indexes has been considered، Then، to improve the performance of DSTATVOM، each of its PI controller has been substituted by a nonlinear fuzzy-neural controller، based on trial error and derivation of system error. The cause of detorioration of power quality and the method of their compensation، in a distribution network، has been analysed، using Matlab. The simulation results show that، using the fuzzy-neural controller in place of linear controller in DSTATCOM controller، the ability of compensation in the active and reactive power voltage sag، swell and fliker، and reduction of low current and voltage harmonics has been improved cansiderably.