amir arasteh

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is one of the most important medicinal plants and belongs to the mint family, which is known as a medicine that increases memory. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effective compounds, anti-microbial effects and inhibitory effects of hydroalcoholic extract of lemon balm for the production of amyloid nanofibers as an effective agent in Alzheimer's disease.

The effective compounds of lemo balm plant were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial effects on two bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated by well method and the values ​​of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined. The inhibitory effects of lemon balm extract on the fibrillation of bovine serum albumin were investigated by Concord absorbance method.

The presence of the active substance pyrrolidinone was confirmed with a probability of 90%. The diameter of the halo of non-growth of hydroalcoholic lemon balm extract for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was 20 and 17 mm, respectively, and the MIC and MBC values ​​were 0.137, 0.068, 0.068, and 0.068 g/ml, respectively. Liter was obtained. The maximum inhibition of amyloid nanofibers was observed at a concentration of 4 mg/ml of lemon balm extract.

lemon balm extract with proper antimicrobial effects and lower side effects and cost than other synthetic drugs can have a good effect against infectious agents. By inhibiting the production of amyloid nanofibers, lemon balm extract can be useful for reducing the complications of Alzheimer's disease.

Lavandula angustifolia and Matricaria chamomilla are two important natural and medicinal sources used in Iranian pharmaceutical industries. Anti–Alzheimer's effects of these medicinal plants were studied by inhibitory properties for the amyloid production. Antibacterial effects on standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC1330) and Escherichia coli (ATCC1122) were determined by instruction for minimum inhibitory, minimum bactericidal and agar well diffusion methods. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy was used to study amyloid production. GC-MS results showed the most important compounds were Eucalyptol, Camphor, and Borneol in the case of L. angustifolia and Benzo[h]quinoline and Pentalane in the case of M. chamomile. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for L. angustifolia extract were 58 mg/ml in the case of both bacteria and for M. chamomile extract were 59 and 118 mg/ml for S. aureus and E. coli. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of L. angustifolia extract were 116 and 232 mg/ml in the case of S. aureus and E. coli, also for M. chamomile extract were 237 mg/ml for both bacteria. In the agar diffusion method, both extracts had an inhibitory effect on S. aureus, and just M. chamomile had an inhibitory effect on E. coli. Moreover, the most protein-‎aggregation inhibition of the extracts was determined 12% and 20% for L. angustifolia of M. chamomile extract, respectively. Overally, both of the extracts showed the potential antimicrobial and anti–amyloidogenic properties which need to more study.

Staphylococcus aureus is known as a hospital pathogenic bacterium that can cause a wide range of infections. Aminoglycosides are one of the drugs of choice in the treatment of septicemia caused by this bacterium. The aim of this study is to investigate the level of resistance to aminoglycosides, determine the frequency of aminoglycosides modifying enzyme genes and the frequency of class I and II integrons among clinical isolates of aminoglycosides resistant S. aureus. In this study, the resistance of 200 isolates of S. aureus to aminoglycosides including gentamycin, kanamycin, amikacin and streptomycin were investigated by Kirby-Boyer disc diffusion method. The frequency of aac(6’)-Ie-aph(2”), aph(3’)-IIIa and ant(4’)-Ia  genes and and class 1 and 2 integrons in test isolates were determined by PCR. Out of 200 isolates, 134 isolates (67%) were resistant to at least one aminoglycoside. Of this number, the frequency of aac(6’)-Ie-aph(2”), aph(3’)-IIIa and ant(4’)-Ia genes were 35.07%, 29.1% and 20%, respectively. Class I and II Integrons were detected in respectively 66% and 19% of isolates. All of isolates carrying class I integron were aminoglycoside resistant and positive for aminoglycoside modifying genes. The results showed high resistance to aminoglycosides and high frequency of aminoglycoside  modifying genes in clinical S. aureus isolates carrying calss I and II integrons

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent chronic neurodegenerative disorders. The present study aims to better understand the mechanism by which Citrus aurantium (C. aurantium) and Lavandula angustifolia (L. angustifolia) hydro–alcoholic extracts were used to treat AD and anti –oxidant issues in a laboratory model.

15 male Wistar rats, weighing 250±20 gr, aged 6–8 weeks, were used. Amyloids in the brain were found and identified using the shuttle box and Congo red test. ELISA testing for norepinephrine and serotonin, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Malondialdehyde (MDA), and Real–time PCR for expression of the APP and GLT1 genes were done.

The shuttle box test demonstrated that AD produces behavioral harm, since it significantly reduces passive avoidance learning. The Congo red test revealed that the AD models had much more amyloid beta in their brain tissue than the control. Norepinephrine levels were also decreased by using both extracts in test group. Treatment with both extracts led to a substantial rise in SOD activity and fall in MDA concentration.

The gene expression data indicated that the relative expression of the APP and GLT1 genes was shown to be lower in the groups treated with both extracts. C. aurantium and L. angustifolia may therefore offer a multi–target treatment strategy for AD, which calls for more research in this area.

This research evaluated the phytochemical, antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-Alzheimer properties of eucalyptus leaf extract (Eucalyptus globulus L.). The fresh leaves of the plant were collected from the suburbs of Rasht in the fall 2016. Extraction was done by maceration method and the composition of the extract was determined by GC-MS method. The antimicrobial effects of the extract were investigated on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium by agar well diffusion method and its MIC and MBC values were determined. The anticancer effect was determined by MTT test on the colon cancer cell line, the antioxidant effect was determined by DPPH method, and the inhibitory effect of the extract on the production of amyloid nano-fibrils was determined by Congored spectroscopy. Eucalyptol and Globulol were the most abundant in the extract. The diameter of the halo of non-growth of Eucalyptus hydro-alcoholic extract in the well diffusion method on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium were 12, 22, 26, and 15 mm, respectively. Also, the results of MIC and MBC in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 0.625 and 1.25, respectively. These results in Listeria monocytogenes were 1.25 and 2.5; also, the results of MIC and MBC in Salmonella Typhimurium were 5 and 10 mg/ml, respectively. The highest anticancer activity, antioxidant effect, and inhibition of the production of amyloid nano-fibrils were observed at 100, 10, and 0.4 mg/ml of the extract, respectively. Due to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti–amyloidogenic properties, eucalyptus extract can help treat infection and reduce the growth of cancer cells and the complications of Alzheimer's disease.

Aloysia citrodora is very important in Iranian traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to produce silver nanoparticles with aqueous extract of A. citrodora and investigate its antioxidant and inhibitory effects on the amyloid nanofibers from BSA as model protein. For synthesis of silver nanoparticles, aqueous A. citrodora extract was prepared and one mM silver nitrate was added to solution. To confirm the presence and determine the size of silver nanoparticles, UV-Vis spectroscopy and TEM were used. The antioxidant effect of the extract was evaluated by DPPH and the production of amyloid fibers was measured by Congored absorption method. The toxicity effect of nanoparticles on neuroblasts was investigated by MTT method and the inhibitory properties of the extract on amyloid production were investigated by TEM. Caryophyllene (7.66%), phytol (7.47%) and limonene (2.68%) were the most abundant compounds. TEM also confirmed spherical crystalline nanoparticles with a size between 30–70 nm. By increasing the concentration of the extract, the antioxidant properties of nanoparticles increased, so that 97.35% of DPPH free radicals were inhibited at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The highest inhibition of amyloid fibrils production was observed at concentration of 2 mg/ml by 96%, and the highest level of cytotoxicity at a concentration of 2 and with an IC50 of 2.25 mg/ml. The results showed that nanoparticles from A. citrodora leaves with anti–amyloid, antioxidant and anticancer properties can be considered as a new bio–nanomaterial in reducing Alzheimer's and cancer complications.

Ginger with the scientific name of Zingiber officinale contains the active ingredient Gingerol and many antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial properties of aqueous and hydro–alcoholic extracts of ginger and to investigate the anti-Alzheimer's effect of its hydro–alcoholic extract by inhibiting the production of amyloid nanofibers.

After milling, aqueous and hydro–alcoholic extract of ginger was prepared by soaking method and its antimicrobial effects on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated using agar diffusion method and determination of MIC and MBC. Visible spectroscopy was used to determine the inhibitory effect of hydro–alcoholic extract on the production of amyloid filaments.

The results showed that the diameter of the growth inhibition zone due to hydro–alcoholic extract of ginger in the well method was 15 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and 10 mm for Escherichia coli. The MIC and MBC levels for both bacteria were 50 and 100 mg / ml, respectively, and the aqueous extract of ginger had no effect on Escherichia coli. Increasing the concentration of ginger extract in the sample reduced the production of amyloid fibrils, which was associated with decreased absorption and redshift in the visible absorption spectrum of the Congored. The presence of the active ingredient gingerol was confirmed by GC–Mass method up to 34.7%.

Ginger extract with the presence of antimicrobial compounds such as gingerol, with good performance and lower side effects and cost, can be introduced as an effective medicinal plant for reducing the effects of inflammatory and Alzheimer's disease.

Diabetes and liver diseases are serious problems and threaten the health of communities. Nettle has been introduced in traditional Iranian medicine as a blood glucose lowering drug. There are conflicting scientific reports about the effects of reducing the blood sugar of nettle, but this plant has good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties to reduce liver damage. Current study, examines the anti-diabetic and liver protective effects of the aqueous extract of urtica dioica in vistar male rats. The mice were divided into five groups and in order to investigation of anti-diabetic and liver protective effects, test groups obtained daily 2.5 and 5 ml/kg of the aqueous extract of urtica dioica orally for 14 and 32 days, respectively. Blood glucose was measured with a glucometer and liver enzyme activity was measured with ParsAzmoon kits. The results were analyzed using Student's T–Test and ANOVA using SPSS software version 21. Blood sugar levels in first and second test groups (170 and 122 mg/dl) showed a significant decrease compared to the negative control group (446 mg/dl). The activity of liver enzymes in the first and second test groups also showed a significant decrease compared to the negative control group. The aqueous extract of urtica dioica has beneficial effects in managing diabetes and maintaining the health of liver cells against toxic compounds.

Soybean (Glycine max) is a plant of the legume family and one of the most important oil plants. Soybean is rich in various proteins and phytochemicals, especially isoflavones. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and inhibitory effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of soybean seed on acetyl cholinesterase and production of amyloid nanobiofibrils in bovine serum albumin protein as a model protein. First, the yellow soybean seeds was powdered, then its hydro-alcoholic extract was prepared.  The extracts composition were obtained by GC-MS spectroscopy. Anti-Alzheimer's effects were performed by measuring antioxidant activity by DPPH method, Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by ellman method and inhibition of the production of amyloid nanobiofibrils by congored absorption method. Transmission electron microscopy was used to confirm the presence of amyloid fibrils. The presence of genistein active component in yellow soybean seed extract was confirmed by 2.97% and palmitic and linoleic acids by 3.11 and 10.69%, respectively. Investigation of antioxidant activity of soybean extract in different doses showed that with increasing the concentration of the extract, the percentage of antioxidant activity also increases. Investigation of acetylcholinesterase inhibition using a substrate analogue called acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCI) showed that with increasing the concentration of the extract, the amount of enzyme inhibition increases. The amounts of extract at high concentrations reduced the production of amyloid nanofibrils. This was confirmed by electron microscope images.Yellow soybeans, with their good antioxidant and inhibitory effects on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, can be a good candidate for reducing the side effects of Alzheimer's.

Turmeric, scientifically known as Curcuma longa L., belongs to the zingiberaceae family. Due to the need to find new antimicrobial drugs, in this study the phytochemical evaluation, antibacterial and inhibitory effects of turmeric extract were investigated on the production of amyloid nanobiofibrils. Dry and abraded skin of the plant was prepared from India in autumn 2016 and then extracted by maceration method. Analysis of secondary compounds of the extract was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The anti-microbial effect of aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extract of turmeric was investigated by the agar well diffusion method, MIC and MBC on two Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Anti-Alzheimer's effects of Hydro-alcoholic extract on the production of amyloid fibrils were studied by spectrophotometry. The results showed that Turmerone and Zingiburn were the most abundant compounds in hydro-alcoholic extract with 21.26% and 11.65%, respectively. The diameter of the non-growth halo in the hydro-alcoholic extract was 12 for Escherichia coli and 13 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and in the case of aqueous extract, no growth halo was created. The MIC was reported in hydro-alcoholic extracts for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at 26 and 53, respectively and in the aqueous extract for both bacteria at 123 mg/ml. MBC levels were also reported in the presence of hydro-alcoholic extracts for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at 53 and 106, respectively and for aqueous extract for both bacteria at 247 mg/ml. Increasing the concentration of Hydro-alcoholic extract reduced the production of amyloid fibrils by up to 40 % of the initial amount and this decrease was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Hydro-alcoholic extract of turmeric with antimicrobial and reducing effects on the production of amyloid fibrils, can be used as one of the useful drugs to reduce the complications of Alzheimer's disease.

Nigella sativa is an annual herbaceous plantthat has various pharmacological effects. In this research study, anti–microbial and anti–Alzheimer effects of aqueous and hydro–alcoholic extracts of N. sativa were evaluated. After identification of hydro–alcoholic extract compounds by GC–MS, anti–microbial activity indices including well diffusion, MIC and MBC for E. coli and S. aureus, were carried out by tube and agar dilution methods. In Anti–Alzheimer's effects of hydro–alcoholic extract of N. sativa on bovine serum albumin were examined using Congo–red spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy. Oleic acid (52.18%) followed by palmitic (19.77%) and linoleic acid (14.96%) were the major fatty acids in the extract. The amounts of MIC and MBC for both E. coli and S. aureus were 30.6 and 61 mg.ml-1 respectively in hydro–alcoholic extract. Well diffusion method showed highest antimicrobial activity against S. aureus with inhibition zone diameter of 22.67±0.29 mm, but aqueous extract did not any effects on bacteria. Congo–red spectrophotometry results showed that the absorbance of the protein sample (as a measure of amyloid fibril presence) was reduced by increasing the concentration of N. sativa extract and the lowest percentage of adsorption, compared to the control (extract less), was observed at the highest concentration of extract (20 μL). These results were confirmed by transmission electron microscope. The present study shows that the N. sativa seed, as a natural and valuable source, can be used for controlling the microbial infections and reducing symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Colocynth with the scientific name of Citrullus colocynthis L. is one of the plants that it's anti–oxidant and anti–diabetic effects has been shown in previous research. In this study, in addition to the phytochemical study of hydro–alcoholic extract of Colocynth, its anti–oxidant and inhibitory effects on the production of amyloid nanobiofibrils from bovine serum albumin as a model protein have been investigated. The fruit of the plant was collected from the desert areas around Qom in the fall of 2017, dried and then extracted by maaceration method. Analysis of secondary compounds of the extract was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the amount of its most important compounds including citrulline and citronellol was obtained by HPLC. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using DPPH method and then the amyloid fibrils were prepared in the test tube at high temperature and low pH and electron microscope imaging was used to confirm the presence of the fibrils. Congored spectroscopy was used to investigate the inhibitory effects on the production of amyloid fibrils. The results showed that methyl beta-galactopyranoside and beta-diglucopyranoside with 29.51% and 6.31% respectively, were the most abundant chemical compounds and tetradcanoic acid with 16.31% and then octa and hexadecanoic acid with respectively 14.11% and 10.94% were the most compounds found in the extract. The levels of citrulline and citronellol in the extract were 0.0041 and 0.013 mg, respectively. The highest anti–oxidant activity was in the concentration of 10 mg/ml of the extract with 71.5% and the highest inhibition of production of amyloid fibers in the concentration of 1 mg/ml and 99% were seen. Colocynth extract with the presence of potent anti–oxidant compounds and its inhibitory effects on the production of amyloid fibrils, will be very useful in preventing and reducing the incidence of Alzheimer's disease.

Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems in todaychr('39')s society. Also, therapeutic theories are problematic for general liver diseases such as cirrhosis, fatty liver and chronic hepatitis. Low effect of drugs in many patients has made it inevitable to examine and find other treatments. Current study, examines the anti-diabetic and liver protective effects of Kombucha syrup in vistar male rats.

The composition of fresh Kombucha syrup was evaluated after 7 days of fermentation with GC–MS and its anti–oxidant activity by DPPH method. The mice were divided into five groups and in order to investigation of anti-diabetic and liver protective effects, test groups obtained daily 2 and 4 ml/kg of Kombucha syrup orally for 14 and 32 days, respectively. Blood sugar levels by glucometer and liver enzymes were measured by parsazmoon company kits. The results were analyzed using Studentchr('39')s T-Test and ANOVA using SPSS software version 22.

Kombucha syrup with 12.66% glucuronic acid and 4.57% ethanol has anti–oxidant properties. The highest anti–oxidant property was reported at 89.58%. Blood sugar levels in first and second test groups (160 and 112 mg/dl) showed a significant decrease compared to the negative control group (436 mg/dl). The activity of liver enzymes in the first and second test groups also showed a significant decrease compared to the negative control group.

Kombucha syrup, with its high anti–oxidant properties, has beneficial effects in managing diabetes and maintaining the health of liver cells against toxic compounds.

The urease enzyme (EC.3.5.1.5) is from hydrolase group that catalyzes urea hydrolysis to ammonia and carbon dioxide. This enzyme has various applications in nitrogen metabolism, vaccine preparation, urea diagnosis kits, drinking industries, and so on. In this study, amyloid nano-fibrils from bovine serum albumin were used as a new scaffold for immobilizing the urease enzyme. The production of amyloid nano–fibers has been optimized with three techniques of Congord specrophotometry, Spectrofluorimetry and Spectropolarimetry, and the resulting fibrils have been confirmed by electron microscopy images. Then the urease enzyme was immobilized on the amyloid fibrils using glutaraldehyde molecules via cross-linked bridges and their kinetic factors were compared with the free enzyme. The highest amount of amyloid fibrils was obtained after 48 hours incubation of bovine serum albumin at a concentration of 10 mg.ml-1 and 70 ºC in a citrate-phosphate buffer pH 4. The immobilized enzyme had more reusability and stability than the free form and showed a higher activity and a smaller Km. Optimum temperature was improved from 40 ºC to 70 ºC and optimum pH was also improved from 6–7 to 6–9 in immobilized enzyme. In conclusion, amyloid fibrils with different chemical groups have been suitable for immobilization of urea enzyme. Improvement of kinetic properties and stability of urease enzyme by immobilizing on amyloid fibers allows for the widespread use of this enzyme in the related industries.

Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication of drugs that is used for relieving pain. However, this drug has proven effects, such as the production of free radicals and interfering with cellular events. Thus, it is necessary to find suitable antioxidants to reduce the side effects of this drug. In this study the antioxidant effects of cinnamon extract on the inhibition induced hepatoxicity of ibuprofen has been investigated.
48 rats in six groups, S group received saline solution, C200 group received cinnamon extract 200mg per kg body weight (200mg/kg b.w), I group ibuprofen 400mg/kg b.w, IC50 group ibuprofen together with cinnamon extract 50mg/kg b.w, IC100 group ibuprofen together with cinnamon extract 100mg/kg b.w, IC200 group ibuprofen together with cinnamon extract 200mg/kg b.w intraperitoneally. The activity of liver enzymes were measured in the end of the experimental period. Liver tissue sample was prepared and after staining with hematoxylin-eosin, was studied.
The activity of Pyruvate transaminase, oxaloacetate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase in I group in comparison with S group were significantly increased. The activity of these enzymes in IC50, IC100 and IC200 groups in comparison with I group were significantly decreased nearly in a dose dependent manner. Examining the liver tissue indicate tissue damage caused by ibuprofen, and cinnamon consumption was reduced tissue destruction.
Cinnamon extract has antioxidant properties and reduces the ibuprofen induced hepatoxicity.

Amyloid fibrils are a class of protein nanoparticles in which native proteins are converted into dense fibers. The aggregation can be pathogenic or nonpathogenic. Recently, these fibrils have been considered for the production of Bio– nanomaterials due to their unique structure. In this study, Bovine serum albumin was used as a model protein to optimize the fibrillation process. Concentrations of 2-10 mg/ml were prepared in buffer at different pH values of 3-7 and placed at 0-70 ºC for 0 to 48 hours, and the amounts of produced amyloid fibrils were analyzed by spectrophotometry, fluorimetry and circular dichroism. The spectra obtained from the Congo red absorption method were compared on the basis of the maximum wavelength and absorption at maximum wavelengths with a sample containing Congo red. The concentration of 10 mg/ml of protein, which was 48 hours in buffer at pH = 4 at 50 ºC, produced the highest amounts of amyloid. Optimum conditions were obtained by ThT fluorescence and circular dichroism at a concentration of 10 mg/ml, pH = 4, 70 ºC and 48 hours. The presence of the fibers was confirmed by transmission electron microscope images. The insoluble structure and dimensions of amyloid fibrils can be describe them as new Bio– nanomaterials. Optimizing the production of these structures allows them to be produced at higher scales.

Aim and Amylloid fibrils are filamentus protein aggregates derived from various proteins and peptides. They can be distinguished from other type of features according to their appear shape and electron microscope images, also by dye binding methods, which can indicate induced cross beta structures. Amyloid fibrils are correlated to creating general disease, amyloidosis. Disease such Alzheimer, Parkinson, diabetes type II, and others disease which in each of them, the special kind of protein subjected to form amyloid or amyloid like fibrils. A variety of proteins which they are not converted to amyloid fibrils invivo, can be transform to amyloids in special unstabilizing conditions.
Congored spectrophotometric method, ThT fluorescence and CD Data was used for fibril formation assay and Transmission Electron microscopy was used for final affirmation of fibrils.
results shows that maximum amyloid formation was in 5 mg.ml-1 protein concentration, 50 ºC and 7.4 buffer pH.
With the new approach obtained from the kappa casein, amyloid fibers can be introduced as new nanomaterials, Thus the results, given the diverse applications of nanomaterials, can affirm process optimization of amyloid production from accessible and inexpensive protein in milk.

Aim and Amyloids are fibrilar protein structures produced from aggregation of proteins and peptide together. In recent years amyloid fibrils are being noticed as new experimental nanomaterials and from this view the induction of proteins to amyloids could be beneficial. In this study, the fibrillation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein is optimized.
Different pHs of 1, 2, 3, 4.7 and 7.4 of Bovine Serum Albumin were prepared in Mixed Citrate–Phosphate buffer and agitated for 0, 24, 48 and 72 hour in 100 RPM in various temperatures (40–80 ºC) for preparing protein fibrils. Then the amount of amyloid fibrils was detected by spectrophotometric congored binding assay.
In this research, effect of four variables include temperature, pH, time of incubation and protein concentration was investigated on fibrillogenesis and results were confirmed by congored spectrophotometric method as λmax and absorbance in λmax (Aλmax) accompanying with transmission electron microscopy. The optimum condition for fibrillogenesis was specified in 5 mg.ml-1 of protein and buffer pH of 3 after 72 hour incubation in 70ºC.
Simple congored spectrophotometric method could be used as primary test for evaluating protein nanobiofibrils and absorbance in λmax is introduced as a valid indicator in this way.