amir dana

Extensive literature supports impulsivity as an important risk factor in crime. On the other hand, more impulsive young adults are more likely to show risky behaviors. In this study, we examined the impact of an 8-week yoga program on the degree of impulsiveness and risk-taking in young male offenders. Sixty-one young male offenders were assigned to the control or intervention group. The intervention group attended in the usual rehabilitation program plus yoga exercises for 8 weeks and the control group attended in a routine rehabilitation program. The two groups were evaluated at the beginning of the study and also after 10 weeks, using the go/no-go test and the IOWA gambling task. The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of demographic characteristics. ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test showed better performance for the intervention group in all subscales of the go/no-go and IOWA gambling tests at the postintervention, and pre- and postintervention stages, respectively. The mean reaction time in the go/no-go test and the mean total time of the IOWA gambling task in the intervention group significantly increased after the intervention. Our study demonstrated that a yoga intervention program may be useful to reduce impulsivity and risky decision-making in young male offenders.

Although previous studies have examined the effects of visual perspective of a video model on learning of motor skills, the effects of visual perspective of a point-light model on observational learning has not been investigated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of observing a point-light model from the rear and front perspectives on learning a baseball pitch. The participants included 48 male volunteers aged 18-26, who were divided into three groups: rear perspective, front perspective and control. Motor task involved throwing a baseball toward a target. The protocol included a pre-test (including 5 throws), an acquisition phase (including 5 blocks of 5 throws) and a retention test (including 5 throws). In the acquisition phase, the participants of observation groups observed a point-light display corresponding to their group 5 times before performing each training block. All throws were recorded for kinematic analysis. Also, the results of the launches were recorded. The results showed that observing a point-light display is better than not observing the model in learning the movement pattern; but not in the movement outcome. Moreover, observing a model from the rear perspective led to better learning of the movement pattern than observing from the front view. These results suggest that observers are able to extract the necessary information from point-light display to learn a new motor skill. In addition, observing the model from the rear view has a better effect on motor learning than the front view.

Finding the factors that may affect performance of fine and gross motor skills in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is of great importance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the correlations between physical activity (PA) participation and anthropometric features with gross and fine motor skills in school children with ADHD. This was a descriptive-correlational study. The study participants were 320 students with ADHD (including 120 girls; mean age of 7.86±0.89 years) from Tehran, Iran, in 2023. To assess PA, anthropometric features and motor proficiency, the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) scale (scores range from 0 to 7), standard tools such as a meter and scale, and the short form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (scores from 0-53, and 0-51 for gross and fine skills, respectively) were used. The data were analyzed using independent t-test and Pearson correlation test. The participants had a relatively low level of PA (mean=2.23±1.07). Moreover, boys exhibited significantly higher proficiency in gross motor skills compared with girls (t=6.282, P<0.001), while girls demonstrated significantly higher proficiency in fine motor skills (P<0.001). Also, PA was directly and significantly associated with both gross (r=0.593, P<0.001) and fine motor skills (r=0.478, P<0.001). Moreover, body mass index showed an inverse and significant correlation with gross motor skill (r=-0.681, P<0.001). These findings emphasized the importance of promoting more PA and height-to-weight matching processes for optimal motor growth in children with ADHD. Therefore, it is recommended to incorporate programs aimed at enhancing motor skills in children during physical education lessons.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of enhanced expectancies and external focus of attention on learning a medical motor skill.

Participants included 80 medical students in the preclinical phase and were randomly divided into four groups: external focus, internal focus, social-comparative feedback, and control group. The motor task included vertical suturing. After the pretest, all participants practiced suturing for five days. During the training phase, the external focus group was told to focus at the rupture site on the mannequin while performing the skill, while the internal focus group was told to focus on the fingers. The social-comparative feedback group received positive feedback at the end of each day and were told that they performed better than the previous day. The control group did not receive any feedback or instructions. The retention test was performed one week after the acquisition stage. Suturing quality, self-efficacy, and focus of attention were measured as dependent variables. 

The findings of the present study supported the optimal theory and showed the components of external focus of attention and enhanced expectancies can be effective in optimizing performance and learning motor skills in the field of medicine.

The results showed that the external attention focus group had the best performance compared to the other groups in the acquisition phase and retention test;   and also, the social-comparative feedback group performed better than the control group. In addition, social-comparative feedback improved the level of self-efficacy. Finally, the instruction for external focus of attention led participants to focus on the goal of the motor task while performing the skill.

The relationship between mindfulness and the repercussions of obesity, particularly in girls, has received limited attention. Consequently, the current research aimed to explore the correlation between mindfulness and social anxiety, depression, self-efficacy, and physical activity (PA) participation in obese teenage girls.

The research was a descriptive-correlational study conducted from October 2022 to May 2023 in Tehran, Iran. The statistical population for this study comprised obese teenage girls aged 13 to 15 attending their first secondary school. The study sample consisted of 384 obese teenage girls selected through convenience sampling. Standard instruments were employed to assess mindfulness, social anxiety, depression, self-efficacy, and PA participation. Data analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation test and ANOVA, facilitated by SPSS version 26.

The results indicated that, on average, participants engaged in 13.01±3.02 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) daily. Furthermore, teenage girls exhibited relatively high levels of social anxiety (mean=39.79±8.85) and depression (mean=9.55±2.67). Moreover, there were significant correlations between mindfulness and reduced levels of social anxiety and depression (both P<0.001). Finally, significant associations were observed between mindfulness, higher self-efficacy, and increased PA (P<0.001).

These findings suggested a link between mindfulness and reducing the adverse consequences of obesity in teenage girls. In this regard, reinforcing mindfulness practices can prove an effective way for reducing anxiety and depression. Such practices may encompass meditation, mindful breathing, mindful observation, attention to the surrounding environment, heightened awareness, and mindful listening.

While the beneficial effects of PA on the mental and physical well-being of elderly individuals are recognized, there has been little focus on its effects on older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Therefore, the objective of this investigation was to examine the correlations between physical activity (PA) and depression, perceived health, physical function, and quality of life (QoL) among older women with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).

This study employed a descriptive-correlation design. The statistical population comprised women with MCI (scoring 21 to 24 on the Mini–Mental State Examination) over 65 years residing in nursing homes in Tehran, Iran in 2023. The sample of this study consisted of 334 women (mean age=69.12±3.68) with MCI who were selected using a purposive sampling method. Standard tools were utilized for measuring PA, depression, balance, muscle strength, and QoL, respectively. Perceived health status was assessed using one item. Pearson correlation test and independent t-test were employed for data analysis.

The results showed that 66% of the entire sample suffered from depression. The participants engaged, on average, in 14.69 minutes of moderate physical activity (MPA) per day. Only 22% of the participants met the WHO’s guidelines of 30 minutes of MPA daily. It was found that higher MPA was significantly correlated with lower depression (P<0.001) and higher perceived health, physical function (both balance and muscle strength), and QoL (all P<0.001). On the other hand, higher sedentary time was significantly correlated with higher depression (P<0.001) and lower perceived health, physical function (both balance and muscle strength), and QoL (all P<0.001).

The results suggested that strategies to improve health-oriented PA status in the elderly with MCI are necessary. In this regard, it is especially recommended that nurses plan recreational physical and sports activities for the elderly in groups or individually so that they can enjoy the benefits of PA.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the mental Toughness, grit and motivational differences among individual and team athletes.

The present study is a descriptive post-event study with a causal-comparative design according to the purpose of the applied studies and in terms of the nature of the subject. The statistical population of the study included all athletes in Gorgan in individual and team disciplines. Research samples were accessible and selected by stepwise method. The research sample consisted of 116 people including 57 team athletes and 59 individual athletes who were selected by available sampling method and stage. Platter’s sports motivation questionnaire, abortive mental toughness and Duckworth steadfastness questionnaire were used to collect data.

Data analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance. The results showed that individual athletes are steadfast than athletes in the lower level. Subjective hardiness and components of assurance, stability and control of individual athletes are lower than team athletes. Also, the amount of motivation and components of internal motivation, mixing regulation and self-regulating individual athletes are less than team athletes.

Therefore, it can be concluded that individual athletes are steadfast, mentally stiff and motivational differences are lower than team-mates athletes.

The aim of this study is to determine the effective factors on improving modeling and creating cultural symbols in public sports. Designed and implemented. In terms of applied purpose, the present study was a descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method, which was mixed based on the research approach. The statistical population of the qualitative part of this research consisted of elites and experts in the field of management aware of the subject of the research and in the quantitative part; The statistical population also included experts. The tools of the present study included questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Coding was used to examine the data of the qualitative part and the structural equation method was used in the quantitative part. The whole process of data analysis was performed in SPSS software version 20 and Smart PLS version 2. The results of the present study showed that cultural activities, educational issues, social activities, regulatory issues, nature issues, ethical issues and symbolism should be identified as key components to improve cultural modeling in public sports. The results of the present study showed that among the identified factors, cultural factors, educational factors and social factors are identified as key factors to improve cultural modeling in public sports.

The present study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of self-efficacy on the relationship between mental health and procrastination of physical education teachers. The research method was descriptive based on the structural equation model. The statistical population of the study included all physical education teachers in Gorgan (175 people), of which 161 teachers were selected. For data collection, the Scherer Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (1982) (α=0.886), Mental Health (GHQ) (1979) (α=0.823) and Procrastination (1991) (α=0.962) were used. Pearson’s correlation test and structural equation modeling in Amos software were used to analyze the research data. Based on the findings of mental health research on procrastination (Sig=0.001, t=4.378) and self-efficacy (Sig=0.001, t=-4.698), the positive effect of self-efficacy on procrastination (Sig=0.001, 896/3-t=) of physical education teachers of Gorgan city had a significant negative effect. In addition, the results of the structural equations showed that mental health through the mediating variable of self-efficacy had a significant positive effect on the procrastination of physical education teachers in Gorgan and the communication model consisting of research variables had the necessary fit.

Self-reported instruments have suggested that physical activity correlates with motor proficiency in children. However, due to inherent biases and low accuracy of self-reported instruments, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between objectively measured physical activity (via accelerometer) and motor proficiency in children. This study is a descriptive-correlational investigation involving 384 children (comprising 192 boys and 192 girls), aged 7 to 9 years (with a mean age of 7.96±0.73 years). These participants were in the first and second grades from regular primary schools in Tehran, Iran, during 2022, and were selected through a convenience sampling method. We employed the ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer for an objective measurement of physical activity. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency’s short form was used to evaluate the children’s motor proficiency. Data were analyzed using Independent t-test, Pearson correlation test, and multiple linear regression analysis. The children did not meet the WHO guidelines recommending 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day. Boys had significantly more MVPA than girls (P<0.001). The results revealed that sedentary time had a significant inverse relationship with both gross (r=-0.681, P<0.001) and fine (r=-0.584, P<0.001) motor skills. Moreover, objectively measured physical activity (via accelerometer) showed a direct and significant correlation with gross motor skills (r=0.710, P<0.001), but not with fine motor skills (r=0.064, P=0.307). Sedentary time significantly and inversely impacted both gross (β=-0.68) and fine motor skills (β=-0.58). Furthermore, objective physical activity (measured by accelerometer) had a direct and significant impact on gross motor skills (β=0.71). These findings underscore the necessity to enhance the level of physical activity in children, particularly in girls. We also recommend that physical education teachers and sports coaches incorporate programs in their physical education lessons designed to facilitate motor skills development in children.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship of grit with mental toughness and emotional intelligence. The statistical population included elite athletes who were invited to the national team. Data collection was performed using the following questionnaires: i) grit questionnaire of Duck Worth et al. (2007), ii) emotional intelligence questionnaire of Bar-On's (2002), and iii) mental toughness questionnaire of Sheard et al. (2009) .According to Spearman correlation coefficient, there is a significant positive correlation between grit and mental toughness (Sig=0.001, t =0.322). The results showed that grit has a significant and positive effect on the mental toughness of athletes (Sig=0.016, t =2.206). Finally, based on (CFI, NFI, IFI) indices, the research model has the necessary fit. Therefore, the grit factor can be suggested to coaches and athletes as one of the factors influencing mental toughness.

The aim of this study was to investigate the validation of the Persian version of the Sports Mental Exercise Questionnaire.
The method of this study is a non-experimental research and is one of the instruments of validation research in which the required information was collected cross-sectionally. The statistical population consisted of athletes from East Tehran. The sample also included 400 people who were randomly selected and completed a sports mental exercise questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 20 questions, two main dimensions (mental skills and mental techniques) and 5 subscales including basic skills, functional skills, interpersonal skills, self-talk and mental training. To assess the validity of the factor constructs, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the basis of structural equation modeling. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine internal consistency and the intraclass correlation coefficient was used to determine temporal reliability (at two-week intervals).
  The results show a good fit of the Persian version of the Mental Exercise Questionnaire. Internal consistency and temporal stability were also acceptable.
Thus, the Persian version of Sports Mental Exercise Questionnaire has acceptable validity among athletes and psychologists and researchers can use this questionnaire.

Today, the issue of training in organizations is of particular importance. Faraja organization is no exception to this rule and seeks to develop the required training. The purpose of the current research is the formation process of the development of physical education in Faraja with the interpretive structural modeling approach of ISM.

The research method is qualitative based on soft analysis technique and ISM interpretive structural modeling approach. The population and the statistical sample of the research include 15 people from Naja sports experts and university faculty members who were selected by purposive sampling. The data collection tool is a 2x2 matrix. First, the components were identified based on interviews with 15 experts. Then, their opinions were used to build and validate the model through a paired comparison questionnaire. In this research, the ISM method was used to analyze the data.

The budget and financial factor was placed in the independent cluster, which means that these variables have high influence and low importance.. These variables have a high degree of penetration and a high degree of dependence. In this regard, it can be said that the key or influential variables in the development of physical education are the four budget and financial indicators, facilities and equipment, human factors and management factors.

. Identifying these variables as key variables in the development process of Faraja physical education helps the institutions and the trustees to be prioritized for development and improvement.

The present study was designed and conducted with the aim of biological experience of the psychological effects of political doping in Iranian professional football. The method of the present study was a correlation type. The qualitative method used in the present study was phenomenological. Phenomenology studies the actual experiences of individuals, and it is believed that there are substances in these experiences that can be understood and studied. Participants in the present study included professional football players who were active in the Iranian Football Premier League and received political doping experience in sports. The data collection tool in the present study was a semi-structured interview. During this research, 3 main themes and 16 sub-themes were extracted. According to the results of the present study, the psychological effects of political doping in Iranian professional football were identified in three sections, including behavioral effects, psychological effects and social effects.

The purpose of this research was to compare the effect of sleep and consciousness on consolidation based on implicit motor memory enhancement among youth, middle-aged and elderly.

The sample statistic consisted of 120 (youth, middle-aged and elderly) healthy and right-handed volunteers (40 people from each age group). The groups were availability selected and randomly divided into six experimental groups of implicit motor memory of youth, middle-aged, and elderly with a distance of twelve hours in the morning (without night sleep) and evening (with night sleep). This research included the acquisition and retention phases. In this research, the alternative serial reaction time task with random and repetitive sequences was used.

In the acquisition phase, the results of ANOVA with repeated measure test showed that the practice led to enhance mean of performance in random and repetitive reaction time in 5-epoch. In the retention phase, the main effect of the practice epoch was significant (P<0.05) and all six groups were better than the 5-epoch in the acquisition phase. Also, the results of the Duncan posthoc test showed that the youth, middle-aged and elderly groups with 12h retention test delay, were better performance than the practice session.

Generally, night sleep with 12h retention test facilities the process of consolidation based on implicit motor memory enhancement among youth, middle-aged and elderly people.

Although the impact of physical activity on controlling or reducing obesity has been well documented, the components that can affect this relationship have not been well defined. Hence, the current study aimed at examining the relationship between physical activity and adiposity in children with a consideration of self-esteem and body-image as mediators.

This study followed a descriptive-correlational design. In Total, 384 children (average age of 7.67 ± 0.82 years) from Gorgan, Iran, in 2022 participated in this study. Physical Activity Behavior in Leisure-Time Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire–Appearance Scales were used for assessing Physical activity, self-esteem, and body-image, respectively. BMI was calculated for assessing adiposity. Structural equation modeling was implemented for analyzing the collected data.

Our sample had relatively low levels of physical activity and boys had higher levels of physical activity than girls (3.48 vs. 2.04 days/weeks, respectively, t=5.79, P<0.001). Physical activity had inversely affected BMI (T=-7.769). Moreover, Physical activity positively affected self-esteem (T=6.967) and body-image (T=4.740). Finally, self-esteem and body-image significantly mediated the association between physical activity and BMI (P<0.001).

Overall, self-esteem and body-image can be considered as psychological predictors of obesity. In addition, physical activity and obesity are critical concerns about children. Accordingly, it is necessary to adopt appropriate strategies for enhancing active lifestyle among this population.

Internet addiction is nowadays believed to be the most prevalent harm that currently affects families, especially teenagers and young adults. In the current research, we aimed to further delve into it by examining the association of Internet addiction with mental health and physical activity in teenage girls, considering the mediating role of parental attitude toward Internet use. Herein, 459 girls attending state schools of Tehran, Iran in 2022 were recruited utilizing convenience sampling method. The mean age of these girls was 12.21±1.28 years old. Standard instruments were used for assessing physical activity, mental health, and parental attitude toward Internet use. Pearson correlation test and structural equation modelling were also utilized for data analysis. The present study revealed that on average, teenage girls had low levels of physical activity (1.97±1.54). In addition, they were found to use a relatively high amount of the Internet (2.18±1.76). Moreover, Internet addition was significantly and directly associated with mental health (depression, T=5.769; anxiety, T=3.332; stress, T=4.529). This issue was also significantly and indirectly associated with physical activity (T=-6.482). Finally, parental attitude had a significant mediating role in the association of Internet addition with mental health and physical activity (both P<0.001). Our results indicated that parents should receive some necessary training on the use of the Internet at home both for themselves and their children so that they can better control over the development process of their children.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between social responsibility and environmental protection behaviors with the mediating role of cultural capital in athletic students in Tehran. The research method was descriptive-correlational studies based on structural equations. The statistical population of the study consisted of all student-athletes who were selected as a sample based on the size of the unlimited population and based on Morgan table, 364 people based on multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Carroll (1991), Bourdieu (1986) and Kaiser (1999) Environmental Behavior Questionnaires were used to collect data. The reliability of the questionnaires based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.912, 0.854 and 0.832, respectively. Data were analyzed by Pearson's test and structural equations using AMOS software. According to the results of Pearson correlation test between social responsibility and cultural capital (Sig: 0.001, r: 0.532), between social responsibility and environmental protection behaviors (Sig: 0.001, r: 0.665) and There is a significant positive relationship between cultural capital and environmental protection behaviors (Sig: 0.001, r:0.714). Also, the results of structural equations showed that social responsibility through the mediating variable of cultural capital has a significant positive effect on environmental protection behaviors of student students.

The effects of the coronavirus outbreak on the psychological and physical wellbeing of teenage girls is not well understood. Herein, one of the important mental health-related variables is introduced to be psychosocial distress (PSD). The current research aimed to explore the status of PSD in teenage girls during the coronavirus outbreak considering the impact of physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST).

This research utilized a descriptive-correlation method. We selected 384 teenage girls (mean age 16.93±0.72 years) in Iran, in 2020, using a convenience sampling procedure. The participants were healthy and without any physical or mental disabilities. They completed the standard questionnaires including the COVID-19-Related Psychological Distress Scale, Physical Activity Behavior in Leisure-Time Scale, and Adolescent Sedentary Activity Questionnaire. Spearman correlation test and structural equation modelling were utilized for data analysis.

Our findings revealed that the psychosocial status of adolescent girls during the coronavirus outbreak was 41.50 out of 70. The subjects who were more physically active had lower levels of PSD (r=-0.627, P<0.001, whereas those with higher ST reported higher scores in PSD status (r=0.481, P<0.001).

The results of the current research demonstrate that PSD and PA are significant challenges threatening the health of teenage girls during the coronavirus outbreak. Accordingly, it is essential to adopt appropriate procedures to enhance PA and reduce ST of teenage girls.

the purpose of the present the study was to investigate the effect of grit steps on exercise self-efficacy and participatory performance in elite athletes.The statistical sample was equal to the statistical population that finally, 228 questionnaires were collected.To collect data,the following questionnaires were used: participatory performance (Felts and Lirg,1998), exercise self-efficacy (Bandura,1997) and grit steps (Duckworth,2007).The data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test and the structural equation modeling method.The results showed that grit steps have a significant positive effect on participatory performance and exercise self-efficacy.Regard to the standardized regression coefficients, it was observed that the grit steps effect coefficients on participatory performance and exercise self-efficacy was 0.406 and 0.483,respectively.In addition,grit steps have a significant and positive effect on the exercise self-efficacy of athletes through the mediator variable of participatory performance.Therefore,considering the grit steps factor is very important as one of the indices in success and improving the athletic performance

Mental health plays a very important role in individual relationships and its importance is shown in how family relationships and social activities and other aspects of life (1). The study of psychological issues in sports has a long history and researchers in sports have always tried to find evidence in this regard (6). Among the psychological domains and dimensions, some variables play a more important role among athletes and overshadow their athletic performance (7). This is due to the important role of psychological issues in the performance of athletes. Another thing that seems to affect psychological characteristics is physical condition and illness. One of these diseases is COVID-19, which the World Health Organization announced in 2020 that this virus is similar to the Sars virus (this virus existed between 2002-2003 and left about 8000 cases of infection and 800 deaths). and MERS virus (this virus was reported in 2012, which caused about 2,500 infections and 800 deaths) (8). The widespread spread of this virus has caused major concerns worldwide (9). Another thing that seems to affect psychological characteristics is physical condition and illness. One of these diseases is COVID-19, which has caused disorders in people's lives due to economic, social, occupational and psychological problems (10). Meanwhile, professional athletes have also experienced major problems in their training during the COVID-19 virus crisis. This will undoubtedly have a negative effect on them mentally and will cause them to malfunction in the future. The uncertainty of the condition of some of the psychological effects of COVID-19 virus has led to the lack of evidence regarding the status of professional athletes in terms of psychological effects following the outbreak of COVID-19 virus. Therefore, the researcher is trying to answer the question: What are the psychological effects of COVID-19 disease in Iranian professional athletes?

To conduct this research, which was carried out with a phenomenological qualitative method, 13 professional athletes in individual sports in the country and using purposive sampling method, 13 people were selected as a sample in the qualitative section. Then, in order to collect data from them, semi-structured interviews were conducted and coding was done in both primary and secondary forms.

After the interviews, the initial codes were identified that 24 codes in three dimensions of mental effects including codes (increased stress, reduced mental health, obsessive-compulsive disorder, increased anxiety, decreased attention, prevalence of depression, formation of mental fatigue, disorder) Fear, psychosis, creating negative emotions, frustration), behavioral effects including codes (creating obsessions, creating problems with sleep quality, decreased mood, insecure decision making, increased violence, decreased interpersonal emotions) and social effects including Codes (collectivism, low social skills, poor athletic performance, reduced capital, social distrust, extreme isolation and family conflicts). The significance coefficient of each code is given in Table 1. In general, the uncertainty and low predictability of this disease not only threatens people's physical health, but also affects people's mental health, especially in terms of emotions and cognition. Long-term negative emotions reduce people's immune function and destroy the balance of their normal physiological mechanisms. People may overreact to any illness, which leads to avoidance behaviors. Also, uncertainty about the future situation causes cognitive dissonance and insecurity, and when people feel the risk of illness, they behave in a conservative and cautious manner (18); However, this issue had not been carefully investigated among professional athletes, especially among professional athletes in Iran. On the other hand, one of the works that was seriously considered in the present research, and it seems that it was not seriously considered in other researches, is the social works. Social effects such as phobias, low social skills, low sports performance, reduction of social capital, social mistrust, severe isolation and family conflicts have been identified as one of the problems caused by the disease of COVID-19, which shows that It is important to pay attention to this issue among professional athletes. It seems that the fear and anxiety caused by the spread of the Covid-19 virus, along with the lack of a strong information and awareness system among professional athletes, have caused mental, behavioral and social problems in this regard.

The prevalence of COVID-19 virus as a key issue has been able to affect all aspects of human beings. Due to the spread of this virus, all people, including athletes, have been affected from different angles. From an individual perspective, athletes suffer from physical and mental problems that can cause long-term side effects. In other words, the general condition of the athletes showed that their anxiety condition is more acute than depression. Athletes' anxiety about the outbreak of the COVID-19 virus does not seem to be as good as other people in the community, and given that the virus has not been around the world for a long time, it can lead to depression. It is not in them (7). On the other hand, social effects such as phobia, low social skills, low athletic performance, reduced social capital, social distrust, extreme isolation and family conflicts have been identified as one of the problems caused by COVID-19 disease, which indicates It is important to pay attention to this issue among professional athletes. It seems that the fear and anxiety caused by the outbreak of COVID-19 virus, along with the lack of a strong information and awareness system among professional athletes, has caused mental, behavioral and social problems in this regard today. On the other hand, the epidemic of this virus and the lack of serious attention of clubs to control the negative effects of this virus has been able to create problems among athletes in the mental, behavioral and social fields.According to the findings of the research, it is suggested to group and screen the athletes based on their psychological status to recognize the different statuses of the athletes. Also, by creating a database regarding the various dimensions of the COVID-19 virus among athletes, he improved the sufficient information and knowledge regarding the COVID-19 virus and professional athletes; And by strengthening the athletes' immune system, he reduced the anxiety and stress of professional athletes in dealing with the COVID-19 virus. Finally, by holding training courses to improve mind management skills, he promoted the knowledge and skills of professional athletes in dealing with existing conditions.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of educational and motivational self-talk on dart throwing performance with different difficulties. A total of 60 beginners and right-handers with an age range of 22 to 28 years were randomly selected and randomly divided into three groups of educational self-talk, motivation and control. The study groups performed 5 groups of 12 attempts according to their instructions. All throws were performed at low difficulty level at a distance of 1.80 m, at medium difficulty level at a distance of 2.37 m and at high difficulty level at a distance of 2.87 m from the dartboard. The performance measurement index was evaluated based on the amount of radial error (distance of the dart from the center). The statistical method of two factor analysis of variance analysis was used with repeated measurements in the difficulty level factor for testing hypotheses. The results showed that educational and motivational self-talk led to significant improvement in the dart throw performance. Also, the effect of difficulty was significant, and finally, the interactive effect of self-talk and difficulty on the performance of the dart throwing was significant. In simple tasks, due to the nature of the skill, educational self-talk based on related cues seems to improve the skill well, but at a moderate difficulty level, the role of motivational self-talk seems to become more prominent because the situation requires more effort for success, and this is consistent with the relationship between task difficulty and performance.

Sports psychology literature shows that motivation is essential in individual and team sports. This study compares sports motivation and Social Physique Anxiety (SPA)between blind and visually impaired elite athletes in individual and team sports.

The study is comparative in terms of design. The population was Iranian professional blind and visually impaired athletes in 2021. The sample includes N=110, n=35 in team sports (football and Goalball) and n=75 in individual sports (swimming, chess, wrestling, athletics), selected by convenience sampling method. The research tool was Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-18) and Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS). Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent t-test and analysis of variance) are used to analyze the data with SPSS 24.

The results show a significant difference between the stimulating experience of athletes in individual and group sports in sports motivation components (P<0.05), and no significant difference is observed for other research variables (P>0.05). Also, the analysis of variance showed no significant difference between the elite athletes in individual and team sports in terms of sports motivation (P = 0.982) and SPA (P = 0.937).

It is suggested that the factors affecting the motivation of sports participation of blind athletes in other sports should be examined. We need to focus more on programs that reduce SPA in blind and visually impaired athletes.

The style of teaching in physical education classes is very important for students’ participation in physical activity. However, the impact of teaching styles in online physical education classes during the COVID-19 pandemic is not well understood. The purpose of the current research was to investigate the associations between teaching style in online physical education with needs satisfaction, motivation, enjoyment, and intention to be physically active in adolescent students. Gender differences were also computed.

The current study applied a descriptive-correlation approach. The participants were 384 high-school students (192 boys and 192 girls) from Golestan province, Iran in 2020. Data was gathered using standard questionnaires. Correlation test and structural equation modeling were used to examine the associations among variables and Mann-Whitney U test was utilized to examine gender differences.

Descriptive data demonstrated that boys and girls had almost identical age. Results demonstrated that perceived needs support was positively associated with psychological need satisfaction (T=12.169), motivation (T=4.467), enjoyment (T=7.257), and intention (T=4.657). Moreover, psychological need satisfaction was associated with motivation (T=7.019), enjoyment (T=5.607), and intention (T=4.230). Furthermore, motivation was associated with enjoyment (T=6.967) and intention (T=7.128). Finally, enjoyment was associated with intention to physical activity (T=15.130).

Perceived needs support is directly associated with motivating students to be physically active during online physical education.

The optimizing performance through intrinsicmotivation and attention for learning (OPTIMAL) theory proposes that enhancing expectancies for future performance and supporting learners’ autonomy facilitate motor performance and learning. However, the effects of these factors on the performance of medical motor skills such as suturing have not been understood.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of enhanced expectancies and autonomy support (AU) on motor performance, learning, and self-efficacy of a medical motor skill.

Participants were 63 right-handed medical students in the pre-clinical stage of their studies (years 1 and 2 of medical education). They were randomly assigned to 3 groups: (a) social-comparative feedback (SCF), (b) AU, and (c) control (CO) groups. A vertical mattress suture was chosen as a motor task. Following the pretest with 2 trials, all participants were exposed to a 5-day practice phase. The retention test was performed 1 week after the practice phase. During the practice phase, the SCF group received positive feedback at the end of the day. The AU group was given the option of choosing the color of silk sutures. The participants in the CO group practiced without any feedback or choosing the color of silk sutures. Suturing quality and self-efficacy were measured as dependent variables.

Positive SCF led to a better suturing performance on the retention test; however, AU did not enhance motor learning of a suturing motor task. Moreover, positive SCF increased self-efficacy during the acquisition phase and on the retention test, while AU had no positive effects on self-efficacy.

The present findings support the OPTIMAL theory by demonstrating that enhanced expectancies in the form of positive SCF can facilitate learning medical motor skills (i.e., vertical mattress suturing).