فهرست مطالب amir farhang nia

"Cities of Salt" by Abdul Rahman Munif, which is about the confrontation between the Arabs and the West over the discovery of oil, deals with Arab and Western other's cultural patterns from opposite perspectives. Due to the prominent role of cultural patterns in the direction of relations between nations and the need for a proper understanding of cultural patterns to achieve conscious social and human change, as well as the vital role of literature in expressing cultural patterns, this article has tried to examine two important issues: the western position against implicit Arab cultural patterns and the contexts that have led to the acceptance or rejection of these cultural patterns. The research method of this article is cultural critical analysis. It can be mentioned that the western figures tried to explain the implicit cultural patterns of Arabs, but they were in the trap of not knowing the background of these patterns and they have tried to interpret Arabic patterns based on most of their experiences. The use of Arab cultural patterns by Westerners in order to experimentally gain acceptance in Arabic and achieve their own political interests is one of the other findings of this research.

The poetry of alienation and nostalgia is one of the topics addressed by poets, ancient and modern, and it is embodied in the feeling of anxiety, discontent and social isolation and the accompanying sad and sincere emotions. This phenomenon has many manifestations in the souls of poets, as each of them expressed it according to his point of view and his circumstances. Among the poets who tasted the bitterness of alienation and expressed the feelings of sadness and pain in their souls, is Mahmoud Hassan Ismail, the contemporary Egyptian poet whose language of sadness, alienation and nostalgia became clear in his poetry. This article aims to study the manifestations of alienation and nostalgia in Mahmoud Hassan Ismail's poetry and how they are distributed in his poems and their role in arousing emotions and feelings according to the descriptive-analytical method. The importance of this research appears in observing the extent of the injustice done by the British occupation towards the Egyptian people, led by the hard-working peasants, as a result of inhumane acts that prompted them to present the fruits of their efforts to the tyrannical colonialism. One of the most important findings of the article is that the poet has excelled in expressing his feeling of internal and external alienation by drawing a tormented conscience and a bleeding heart, but the intensity of his pain and alienation gradually eases by turning to his Lord through mystical meditations. The poet also yearned for the land, the homeland and the beloved

The relationship between war and violence is tight; So that no war is free of violence and it is almost one of its types that societies or individuals use against each other. Violence with its different types is considered a widespread social phenomenon in all societies that has been started at the same time as the beginning of human life, and there is no society whose members are not affected by all types of violence. It is a common social phenomenon in different societies with its different types, which started with the beginning of human life and has different amounts and types, and it forms the main material of most literatures, which includes its types in their literary works, especially in the field of novels and in the research framework evaluated unknown characters who suffer from separation and alienation and reflects the identity mixed with the concerns of death, deprivation, destruction and killing. Beirut Beirut is one of the historical novels that deals with the realistic history of the Lebanese internal war and the suffering of its people; Because during the years 1975 to 1990, it witnessed an internal war and the phenomenon of violence spread and took the lives of thousands of Lebanese, and Beirut lost its peace, security and warmth with this war to become a space for all kinds of violence.

The novel "Beirut Beirut" includes an important history of Lebanon's past, and in addition, it reveals the reality of Lebanon during that difficult period. This article aims to investigate the types of violence and how it is depicted in the novel "Beirut Beirut", in order to investigate the impact of violence in this novel. Considering the forms of violence and through literary techniques such as the use of media such as newspaper, radio and cinema, the author clarifies its types in the novel and through these techniques, he seeks to portray the reality of the Lebanese people who are under the burden and they lived in continuous violence and wars, in line with expressing the loneliness of the city of Beirut and the tragedy of those who live in it; Because this novel does its best from the crisis of common violence in this city and uncovering the oppression, oppression and torture against its people.

The working method in this research is descriptive-analytical.

The cinematographic techniques in this novel have been used precisely and properly by the author and the author has been able to show a historical movie for the reader by using close and far sequences, montage, etc. and by attracting his deep attention regarding the historical events, the events of the internal war and its unfortunate consequences, in the best way, it has used narrative forms in the service of the theme and has been mostly successful.

As certified by this writing, history has played a significant role in the novel Beirut Beirut, and historical events have imposed a special style on the author of the novel, in order to express historical events in a way that fits the historical structure of the novel. In fact, this novel is a mirror of the entire reality of the historical period in which the Lebanese citizen lives. The author has managed to depict all the details in it.Violence occupies a large part of the space of the novel and its types such as physical, political, economic, verbal, social and religious are abundantly seen in this novel. Meanwhile, the media has played a significant role in helping innocent people, saving their lives and keeping them away from all kinds of danger, conflict and violence.

Due to the evolution of literary genres such as novels, narrative description played a crucial role in narration to the extent that many contemporary literary men sought to explain the importance of narrative description and the impact of its application in the New Novel. Therefore, they framed the goals of narrative description, aiming at clarifying the place of description in novels and writing stories. The description, in the New Novel, is not limited to its previous goals such as enriching the narrative texts, but took on additional purposes and found a practical role in the New Novel. This article, with a descriptive-analytical method, focuses on the aesthetics of narrative description in the Novel Caine! Where Is Your Brother Abel? By Ibrahim Al-Koni. A Libyan novelist fertilized the Arab community with novels containing new ideas and introducing new perspectives to the world. Using a literary language, the novel deals with the events that took place on Libyan lands during the reign of the Karamanlides. This novel depicts a period of the rule of Mohammad Ali Pasha Qaramanli and his sons and the competition for the throne. This research aims at carefully analyzing the functions of narrative description through exploring the description of characters, places and narration time. Of the most important results of this research is that there is a close relation between the descriptions used and the novelist's thoughts; and the internal description of the narrative characters is more beautiful and effective. Moreover, the use of descriptions and descriptive interruptions is what constitutes the intentions of the future in the novel, and the description of places in order to indicate the reality of events to the reader and stimulate his imagination to understand events, is in simple, expressive and witty language.

Sociology of text is a branch of the social approach of literary criticism that occurred in the twentieth century. While relying on the literary text, the sociology of text seeks to fill the gaps that the audience encounter in the literary work and its relation to society, whether in the cultural, social, or political spheres. The new novel, especially the realistic one, illustrates and immortalizes the pains and crises that human beings suffer from and face over time. Khan al-Khalili is one of Najib Mahfouz's most famous realistic novels, depicting his life and social reality, as well as the cultural and political aspects of the Egyptian nation during the First and Second World Wars. Since this novel is valuable as a book full of historical and sociological information and helps the reader to get a general idea about those lived conditions, this paper aims at using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on the social nature of criticism and analysis to study its text. Reading narrative voices, an ideological discourse of the characters, and studying the obvious settings of the novel are important topics investigated in this article. One of the most important results is that the different voices and ideas in the novel are sometimes similar, sometimes contradictory, and sometimes reach that point of ambiguity which indicates the disorder and chaos in Egyptian society and social, cultural, and political systems. Moreover, the novel Khan al-Khalili did not take anything away from the social life of that period and it can be said: the aesthetics of this novel lies in the way of expressing problems, crises, and lived realities while preserving its literary aspects at the same time.

The time and narrative paradoxes are of the basic techniques embedded in the novels, and by removing them, the narration and the key notion intended by the narrator to convey to the audience fade. Time, along with other narrative elements, plays an important role in determining the nature, form and structure of the narration; and form is also closely related to time element processing. The Novel “Caine! Where Is Your Brother Abel?” tells the story of the events during the rule of Karamanlides over Libya. The main theme is the murder of a brother by a younger brother to win the throne and determines the position of each character in search of their ego. The importance of reading this novel is in depicting a specific era in the history of Libya and linking the audience to this work and the artistic mastery of its author. He brought together history, literature, reality and fantasy. This article examines time paradoxes, focusing on the flashbacks, internal and external foresight and its motivations with a critical-analytical approach to other time-related narrative techniques, such as an acceleration in narration. All these occurred in the elimination, slowing down of narration speed, pause and dialogue scene. , suddenly and without the intervention of the novelist. In order to pause, the novelist used description as one of the techniques of slowing down and linking the dialogue scene with other narrative functions. The description of the characters is one of the most beautiful narrative pauses used by the author.

The beauty of the literary work, especially free poetry, is due to the cohesion of its different parts in form and content, so that it appears to the reader as a coherent construction of harmonious units from the beginning to the end. Organic unity is one of the most prominent issues raised after the emergence of free poetry of which the plot is the most important element. In this article, the authors examine the organic unity of narrative plot and its importance in forming organic cohesion and coherence of the constituents of poetry through the comparison between the pioneers of Arabic and Persian free poetry, Badr Shakir al-Sayyab and Mehdi Akhavān Sāles, from a comparative view point and reliance on the American school. They are also examine how each of these poets uses these elements. The findings of the research show that Akhavan is more successful in applying narrative plot, including rising and falling action (gereh goshāei and gereh afkani), in formation process of organic unity, because his poetry is in a clear linear process that is materialized this by using rising and falling action as well as logical systematic sequences of thoughts in which the richness of the Persian heritage in fictional language has been effective.

Satire is one of the literary creativities that is used from past to the present time. Sometimes, the audience perceives satire as degrading the others; that is somehow correct. Satire’s aim is not merely meeting one’s spiritual needs like laughter, more precisely; its aim is to portray social, political and cultural situation that the author and society are suffering from. The use of satire has many reasons, the most important of which is lack of freedom of expression. When literary man can not openly criticize oppression, wrongdoing or wrong policy of society, he/she uses satire to express his/her thoughts. Pessoptimist does not use satire as a fear of Zionist policies. It seem he did not find a better way to do so except satire; and that satire is not a merely a satire, it is tragic and humorous, with a message for the audience to express the conditions of Palestine and its people. With a descriptive-analytical approach, this article analyzes and explores how satire is applied in this novel. Since Emile depicts various aspects of the Palestinian people's condition, it is closely linked to resistance literature. The purpose of this research is to address the importance of Israeli–Palestinian conflict and not to ignore its religious and humane aspects, and since this novel has had a profound impact on the world and the Zionist regime, it contains new and worthwhile reading thoughts and ideas. This article aims to explain how and for what reasons satire is used by Habibi and its role in the success of his work. Since the writer has used all methods to express his tragedy and pain, this research explores and unveils the creativity in satire use of Habibi as a way to express and convey his thoughts and opinions. The Palestinian identity crisis, the Arabs' position on the Palestine issue, and the policies of culturalization are important issues that this paper will address. The novel suggests that the author used satire to describe the condition in Palestine and humiliate the Zionist regime.

The purpose of writing a book in the field of contemporary sustainability poetry is to acquaint the audience with the elements of sustainability so that the author can increase the desire and motivation to refer to such a field. Therefore, the book of Poetry of Sustainability in Contemporary Iraq seeks to introduce a large number of poets of sustainability in Iraq in the contemporary period and to analyze the elements of sustainability in their poems from both perspectives of content and style. The Book of The Poetry of Resistance in Contemporary Iraq is compiled around eight contemporary Iraqi poets and is divided into two parts: first and second generation Iraqi poets namely Nazik al-Malaika, Sayyab, Bayati, Buland Ḥaydarī, Muzaffar al-Nawab, Saadi Youssef, Ahmad Matar and Adnan Al-Sayegh. The origin and origin of the book, the author's doctoral dissertation entitled Social Criticism of Contemporary Iraqi Poetry, was based on the works of prominent modern poets defended at Tarbiat Modarres University in 2010. According to the author, the introduction, as well as parts of the first-generation poets' material, have been taken from this treatise and have undergone some modifications. This book attempts to assess the effects of persistence in contemporary Iraqi poetry by relying on these eight poets in a descriptive-analytical approach. The main theme of the book is to study the elements of persistence in the poetry of first and second generation poets and the stylistic features of its poems. A noteworthy subject that contributes to this work is the ability to teach as an undergraduate literary resource in contemporary poetry in postgraduate studies. It should be noted, of course, that the author has been far more successful in the description than in the analysis. The theme of sustainability in Iraqi poetry and its examination of the poetry of eight renowned Iraqi poets, all of whom are modern Iraqi poetry poets, doubles the need to review and critique this book.

Personality is an important aspect and is always presented in the narrative structure of a novel as a literary genre.  It is the main astronomy whose orbit revolves around the elements of other narratives of time, place and scenes that make these elements meaningful and understandable. Characters are those who hold the ideas and opinions that the narrator is in connection with expression, which carries a message to the community or other platforms, through its use in the narrative context. As for Libyan novels, renowned novelist Ibrahim Al-Koni has the merit of its prosperity and its impact on hearts, as his novels were researched again and again. Qabil: Ain Akhuk Habil (Cane: Where Is Your Brother Abel?) is among novels that are not devoid of fictional creations. This book is famous for employing heritage, culture and dialogues that tend to philosophical contents at times. This article attempts to consider the character structure in the aforementioned novel using the descriptive-analytical method. In fact, this is a historical one that narrates the events that took place in the judgment of Pasha al-Qaramanli in Libya but in a literary language, it reveals to the readers the prowess of the narrator. This Libyan literature deals with historical issues from the literary perspective and adds many personalities and events hence, turning itself more than historical due to the role of characters in the narration. This article deals with methods of choosing the characters, the role of central characters and the effectiveness of personalities. Among the most prominent findings is the link characters develop from the imagination of the novelist with the world’s heritage and cultures, and to multiply an exegetical description of central and effective characters, the use event, and internal dialogue as means of presenting those personalities.

One of the most effective codes in a text is the title, which introduces the audience to the images as well as the signs and symbols encoded in the vocabulary at the beginning. Choosing a title for an ode is an important and sensitive stage in poetry and reflects the poet’s outlook and experience in relation to the audience. The study of the audience's input in the text is a part of semiotic investigations. The title puts the reader in a position to think about the text and precisely understand and conceive the overall context and the message. In the same vein, AbdulAziz, the contemporary Yemeni poet, chooses the term "the diary" and a historical figure so as to present his main theme and to help the reader better understand the content of the ode. The results indicate a deep relationship between the title and the text of the studied ode. Also, the poet has successfully linked the terms as well as the structural and the semantic fields of the text to the reader. The function of the title of his ode is to express the theme of the stability of the Yemeni people against colonial oppression.  Studying the title of this story at the glossary level reveals the richness of Yemeni folk heritage and its deep roots. The results point to the poet's profound skill in artistic and aesthetic features. At the structural level, the harmony between the voices in the title, the harmony of creation, and the phonetic link in the title are characterized by the repetition of the letters and the last syllable, implying that a savior still seeks to endanger his life to release people from their suffering. At the semantic level, there is a deep and coherent relationship between the title and the text. This tight link serves to prove to the audience the truth of the tenets of the text; that is, the domination of sorrow, homesickness, and incurrence of suffering for the freedom of the homeland.

Reading a poetic text does not mean relying on apparent and superficial connotations, but rather on the semantics connotations or text infrastructure, which require interaction with the text and its structure. The resistant poetic text has positive and moral connotations that bring life among people and nations. The Semiotic approach to the resistance poetry seeks to reveal hidden features in the depths of the text, which appear only after decoding symbols and helps to understand the treasures of the text in it. The poet Abdelaziz Al-Maqaleh is one of the icons of modern Yemeni poetry and has a deep root in the Arab poetry movement, which has contributed to the resistance movement and the struggle against aggression and occupation. The ode ‘From the Days of Saif bin Ziyazen in Persia’ is an evidence that he is the poet in Arab resistance. This article is a semiotic reading of this work and aims at deciphering and analyzing it based on the semiotics approach. It also addresses the semiotics of the title and the implicit significance of this poem according to a descriptive-analytic approach. One of the most prominent conclusions of this article is that the poet used the title as a semiotic key in his poem, as implicit implication for the poet calls for a deep and in-depth reading to help inquire into the depths of the ode. In addition, the symbols and metaphors used in this ode may increase profound connotations that need deciphering to understand them.

As a poet, an academic critic and one of the symbols of contemporary Yemeni poetry, especially in contemporary Arabic poetry, Abdelaziz al-Maqaleh is a prominent figure in the movement of literature and criticism. He played an active role in the Yemeni revolution and popular resistance. He took poetry as a weapon to defend his people and as a means of expressing his suffering and pain in aesthetic and aesthetic values. Whether he lived in Yemen or Sana'a or was an expatriate in Arab capitals such as Cairo, where his poems are frank and direct and have little ambiguity. Al-Maqaleh entered into the issues of the Yemeni homeland and the Arab nation and lived many of their calamities. He has a great role in activating and motivating people to struggle against enemies and occupiers, and to be a great future and a safe and safe country for his people. The reader of his poetry finds it as if he predicted in his poetry, what the Yemeni people suffer from suffocation, aggression, deprivation, backwardness, illiteracy and ignorance. This study aims at shedding light on Al-Maqaleh's resistant poetry and focusing on the most important axes of resistance and revolution and its elements in his poetry according to descriptive descriptive approach. One of the most prominent findings of the article is that Al-Maqaleh has a presence in the Yemeni circles, which deals with social issues such as poverty and deprivation, In the unification of the word of the people of Yemen and the Arab nation. In this regard it is often noted that he has employed the heritage and legendary figures and people, as is the focus on much of the potential in his poetry.

sura(h) Joseph is one of the most beautiful stories of the Qur'an. It depicts all the details of this story from the early days of Joseph until his greatness, from being in Egypt to the absence of the cave and then entering Egypt and the house of Al-Aziz and the palace of the king to the prison where he did not have the right to enter. The Lord, after two years, brings him to the most precious place where he dreamed of seeing the sun and the moon prostrate to him. The reader of what happened in the story sees the place taking a great deal in its events. The percentage of the places mentioned in the story of the events mentioned as meat and sebaceous can not be separated. Since the place plays an important role in the construction of the Qur'anic story and its many functions, It is the corner that connects the parts of the story and is the frame from which the events start and the characters go. The choice of the place and its structure are the actors in building the human personality and the pillars of the entity and the identity of each person. This research addresses the place and its implications in Surat It also aims to reveal the vision of the Qur'an in relation to the different places in which it is presented and the indications it gained through its relationship with man.

Stylistics studies require structural analysis of literary works such as phonetic, combined, and semantic levels which give aspects of meaning to the text. This is a dimension that plays effective role in increasing concepts of structural meanings and expressing effective tool in purport. Stylistics helps the poet portray all aspects of human dimensions, through language. Mohammed Ibrahim Abu Senna played an active and major role in the movement of modern Arabic poetry in Egypt. He has a large number of poems focusing on the grief and misery of the nation. A Letter to Grief is one of his odes, which sheds light on pain and the tragic situation of this nation. This article intends to investigate this issue through a descriptive-analytic method, based on cognitive theory. At the phonetic level, it studies Bass and Treble, repeating letters and words and at the combined level, nominal and verbal sentences are examined and further considering past and present and imperative verbs. The Semantic level includes simile, metaphor, and contradiction.
The results of this study indicate that the use of treble voices played a significant role in increasing grief and concern. It also shows that current sentences are more applicable than the nominal sentences. Present tense has taken more spaces than the past and imperative. At the semantic level too, the number of similes and types metaphors has increased, and points to the close connection between the boundaries of objects in the world outside the reach of poet himself. In this way, the poet transfers his feelings to the audience and leave impression on them.

Testimony, selection, election, and reverence are the divine servants of God, and martyrs and martyrs are one of the most prominent components of poetry of resistance to the most extensive poetry areas that poets consider. Therefore, the poet of the resistance must shape his own destiny and be the source of freedom and independence and adhere to the issues of his nation.The Palestinian poet, Izz al-Din Mozaraha, is among the poets of resistance and those who are martyrs and martyrs. Devoted to the freedom of choosing faith and is responsible for the society that depends on it, and it is accompanied by the efforts of its people and helps against the oppression and the outbreak of resistance against the tyranny, and He does not accept reconciliation with the fact that his nation is in it, and boasts of the greatness, courage, wrath and sacrifices of his nation, as well as the impatience of the martyrs and their influence on others.This essay attempts to study the role of the martyr in the poetry of Mozareh and his poems, which is the story of the Mujahideen and the martyrs, in the framework of thematic critique and on the basis of a descriptive-analytical method. At the same time, he intends to familiarize himself with the literature of his resistance with a glance at the poet's life, character and culture, and evaluate the position of the martyr in all his poetry collections. One of the results of this research is the effect of flux from an Islamic approach, which calls the Islamic and Quranic characters in his poem to indicate the role of the martyr's mission in life and death.

Repetition is one of the linguistic tools playing a clear expressive role in poetry. The repetition of words, letters, phrases, or a piece of poem suggests in principle the dominance of this element on the poet’s thoughts or feelings. The modernists approach this element with a new attitude which very often departs from the rational approach of previous authors. This phenomenon is influenced by the circumstances of the time and literary approaches which are not ancient. In addition, the form of Arabic Qasida (ode) has changed, which is an undeniable aspect of the structure of Qasida (ode) and its subject matter. This article aims to explain and clarify the significance of repetition and to analyze its various patterns in the poetry of the contemporary Egyptian poet, Mohammad Ibrahim Abi Sena. The introductory, concluding, cumulative, and circular repetition is the repetition of religious, periodic, and morphological manifestations, according to the descriptive-analytical approach. The study shows that cumulative repetition is the most type of repetition in Abi Sena’s poetry since it contains the repetition of words and phrases. Moreover, repetition is one of the most prominent tools used by the poet to express the sufferings of the Egyptians and the people of the Arab world. It is also used to urge people to struggle for their homeland, freedom, and human dignity. Therefore, the poet has succeeded in employing repetition to express his purposes in his poetry collections.

Nostalgia is one of the most important issues searching for challenges of contemporary society and tells tales about the human’s sorrow and pain; Arabic contemporary poetry was not far from this phenomenon. Poets have many times spoken of the problems facing their communities, some stayed in their community and also were willing others to stay and dealt with the many problems and lived barely; some of them to escape from pressures of homeland, immigrated and preferred being far from their relatives and citizens, with the aim of doing their outside activities dynamically and happily so that can revive desirable life in their homeland; they then expressed their sorrow and pain through the bitter truth facing their own society utilizing historical, religious and humanity symbols creating a sense of hope for the future.
This papers aims to survey the subject of nostalgia in the poetries of contemporary Palestine poet, Ezzedin Al-Manasra, on the basis of descriptive – analytic approach; he is one of the most prominent exile switch poets who perforce lived away from home for many years and moved from one place to another with great sorrow and grief; there are different kinds of nostalgia such as locality, existential, social nostalgia in his poems collections; the issue which make him unique and vocabularies representative alienation such as “Jfra”, “Canaan” and “Hebron (Al-Khalil)” is seen abundantly in his poetry in order to express his enthusiasm to Palestine territories.

We cannot separation between passions and emotions and communicate. Every act that results from the passions and emotions are closely linked with comprehension of person and his received about conditions and shrines social and relationship of self and other. The people organize their ideas and beliefs and their mental pictures about social conditions in an easy significant، then they show that in grammatical structures. Every Researcher about Semiotic systems seems to be a researcher if he wants to talk about semi logical of passions and emotions in literary texts must choose linguistic images that show the self relationships with others. And linguistics competence language in human beings is closely related to lot of fields of study and the humanities. Psychological studies one of fields that are associated with the linguistic and communication. Tries this article، based on the descriptive analytical method، that reads text of Maqamat of Badi'' al-Zaman al-Hamadani psychic reading from the perspective of intelligent emotional dimensions and skills that can note in what appears from speech of personals in Maqamat of Badi'' al-Zaman al-Hamadani and their behaviors; When a one continue with another، it is in fact applied level of the whims and emotions that indicate the degree of use of the emotional intelligent. As confirming of emotional intelligent to manage the sender and the receiver، especially when anxiety and crisis. Because of the most important basics of emotional intelligent is capacity for self-control، and enthusiasm، perseverance and emotional empathy with others، and the ability to Read emotions.

The investigation of literary orations, their link with criticism, and the development of fields such as modern epistemology and linguistics has drawn the attention of many researchers since the middle of the twentieth century.These orations have the most pedagogical impacts on people since they apply figurative languages such as simile, metaphor, symbol, hymn, and rhetorical devices arousing the reader’s aesthetic taste and desire of inner satisfaction without any strict logical argumentation. The present paper studies the literary orations of Maghamate Hamedani through a reader-oriented approach.

Resistance poetry is one of the cornerstones of contemporary Arabic literature and is one of the vastest realms of poetry poets have concerned themselves with. The poet of resistance does not have any choice but to write his own destiny and invite others to freedom and independence and be devoted to the interests of his society. A careful look at the contemporary poetry of Tunisia reveals that Abulghasem al-Shabi is one the greatest poets of resistance who firmly believes in freedom and sees himself responsible for his fellow countrymen and Arab nations. He stands against oppression and injustice, takes pride in the brilliant history of his nation and does not accept the current state of affairs. This paper attempts to investigate symbols of resistance in Al-Shabi’s poems as well as his life, personality and culture. It also tries to outline the most important themes in his resistance poems in the following areas: 1. Patriotism, 2. Resisting colonialism, 3. Nationalism.