فهرست مطالب amir irani

Endangerment as a criterion for those behaviours that can potentially and potentially threaten the health and safety of individuals in the future is a criterion that considers the behaviour worthy of attention regardless of the outcome. This criterion can provide a comprehensive model in describing (wrongdoing or criminalization) behaviours against health and safety, according to the basic philosophical principles in the principle of injury by referring to possible injuries and their classification. This article seeks to answer the fundamental question of how and by what approach can a significant number of immunosuppressive behaviours be envisioned as a criterion of risk in criminal law by explaining the income based on the description of the risk criterion. It seems that the Iranian legislature, by dividing the legal instances of risky behaviours, not only deviates from the goals of systematic description, i.e. social safety, but also pays attention to the need to separate instances of error from crime and systematic possible degrees of risk in regulations and adjust the position of criminal law in ensuring safety and preventing risky behaviours.

Today's criminal justice approaches regarding children and adolescents have found paracriminal predominances and from this point of view, considering the importance of their personality dimensions and guaranteeing their health, we can speak of an important therapeutic approach as the dominant state of criminal responses to children and adolescents' crimes. This attitude comes from the concern of respect and friendship with these vulnerable people in the capacity of implementing programs and systems that are completely therapeutic and not just for determining punishment. The newness of these programs can be seen even in American criminal law, which has made the authors of this country to point out the need to pay more attention to treatment-oriented programs.

The method used in the present research is descriptive-analytical and data collection was done with library documentation tools.

Ethical Considerations:

 In all stages of the current research, the authors have tried to observe scientific honesty and original references.

In the Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescents approved in 2019, despite the strengthening of the umbrella of protection for this vulnerable group, but the therapeutic attitude has not been attached to this legal approach and many of the existing solutions in the developing countries have not been taken into consideration and it seems that this The law has not paid much attention to the therapeutic approach of children and adolescents.

The mechanisms, the orientation of the programs as well as the type of treatment responses are among the questionable axes in this article. In general, the absence of provisions related to the tasks and description of the programs and the subjects of these treatment programs in Iranian laws and their various operational details such as the active institutions in these programs, shows the completely passive and unprecedented situation in this regard of the programs in the country. These treatment programs have sometimes been turned into the discretion and expediency of judicial authorities, which can be in conflict with the philosophy of treatment and not have an effective role in reducing the costs of criminal justice in reducing the repetition of delinquency of these people in the future. 

Today, with the increasing behavior of behaviors that endanger human health, some penal systems, including Iran, with the aim of increasing the preventive function of regulations in society, have declared behaviors criminal and punishable, which are still the result of They do not happen and they are only likely to be dangerous to the health of the community and the environment, but these criminal law responses must be bound by principles and criteria so that while being appropriate to risky behaviors against human health, they can also be effective in practice. In this regard, while addressing the basic questions regarding the principles, policies and types of appropriate criminal response, the pathology of Iranian criminal law in various health-related regulations will be addressed. Accordingly, in order to create safe societies, the response attitude can by prioritizing non-criminal responses to risky behaviors towards health, meaning trying to compensate the victims, restoring the status quo and also observing the proportion between the severities of the crime. A crime against health with a criminal or non-criminal response, to anticipate differential punishments for these behaviors. Obviously, the importance of human health requires comprehensiveness and central rationality in determining the criminal response, and in the light of this proposal, health-oriented regulations should be selected in the selection of types of punishment, the probability of harm to health and accordingly the differential punishment in Propose regulations and these punishments should have a compensatory and preventive aspect.

The method used in the present research is descriptive-analytical and data collection was done with library documentation tools.

In all stages of the current research, the authors have tried to observe scientific honesty and original references.

In order to create safe societies, the attitude of response can be given priority to non-criminal responses to risky behaviors towards health, which means paying attention to compensation for the victims, restoring the situation to the previous state, and also respecting the proportionality between the severity of the crime committed against health and the criminal response. or non-criminal, to predict differential punishments for these behaviors

It is obvious that the importance of human health requires comprehensiveness and rationality in determining the criminal response, and in the light of this proposal, health-oriented regulations should be used in the selection of types of punishment.Please cite this article as:Irani A, Gholamrezaei Azad H. The Requirements of Health-Oriented Criminal Law Responses to Potentially Risky Behaviors. Medical Law Journal. 2022; 16(57): e14.

With the arrival of the new Penological Review is intended to control, according to a special place. The most important aim of this is intended to reduce recidivism; risk assessment-driven not only to the strict approach and control-oriented, aggravated, but also in increasing the accuracy in determining the penalty, and modifying the peaceful effect of blind eye orbit and also can be used to pay attention to it in terms of the issuance of the amended circuit response Iran and the U.S. penal system is evident. However, the approach of the United States with the aim of ensuring the rights of the legislative right of issuing institutions of correction of the orbit and reduce recidivism. So thatchr('39')s how the various stages of judicial activists and enjoying what the tools in assessing the lack of repeat offense, compared to determine the correct answers to the basic orientation of action circuit. This paper will try to identify the assessment tools after risk repeating the crime, how to use them in all stages of the proceedings and the challenges in this regard be paid there. Finally it seems that the Iranian criminal law assessment tools risk recidivism of clinical assessment and the judicial institutions proposed that the issuance of the social circuit modification answers is a very important position.

Today, risk-oriented attitude has found a significant place among criminal policymakers due to the attention paid to the pre-crime stages and stages. This is important for transnational traffic offenses and offenses, given the pre-criminal situations that occur, reflected in transnational regulations and new WHO reports on the subject of transportation safety, and a criterion for comprehensive explanation and legislation in this regard. Therefore, criminal policymakers should, while recognizing and comprehensively counting the risk factors affecting the occurrence of traffic accidents, take action to draw the relevant differential regulations. In terms of applied purpose, the present study is descriptive-documentary in terms of implementation method and data collection has been done through documentary review and filing of library resources and Persian and English research documents. It seems that most of the examples of risk factors are related to the selfish behaviors of many drivers. Iran's criminal policy has not adopted effective legal responses to reduce the risk of such behaviors, such as requiring re-participation in qualifying driving tests and driver rights and training courses. Despite the fact that the law on investigating traffic crimes and violations, instead of adopting a pre-criminal approach and paying attention to the requirements and preventive measures, it has a post-criminal and reactionary approach and the risk factors affecting traffic accidents are neglected in this law. And be corrected by emphasizing risk-oriented factors

One of the most common injuries and an important cause of mortality and morbidity in the elderly is intertrochanteric fracture. The dynamic hip screw (DHS) is one of the best procedures for fixation of these fractures; however, using DHS is accompanied by failure risk. Therefore, with the purpose of reducing failure risk, this study aimed to evaluate the correlation between post-operation CTD and TAD, NSA changes in patients with intertrochanteric fractures. In this case series study, patients with intertrochanteric fracture treated with DHS between September 2015 and January 2016 were included. The exclusion criteria were pathologic fracture, multiple fractures, greater trochanter fracture, soft-tissue issues, A3OTA type, patients who missed the follow-up period, history of previous hip fracture or dislocation, and TAD>25mm. Ultimately, 24 patients were included in this study. Two surgeons reviewed the anteroposterior (AP) and lateral (Lat) radiographs. The measures of TAD, CTD, and NSA after six-months of follow-up were assessed. In addition, variables such as demographic data, fracture side, duration of operation, blood loss volume, weight bearing day, and Harris hip score (HHS) were analyzed. The relationship between post-operation CTD and TAD, NSA changes after six months of follow-up was analyzed. All data was analyzed using SPSS 20 software (SPSS, IBM Inc., USA). The significance level for all tests was considered to be 0.05. This study evaluated 24 patients. The mean age of the patients was 69.9 ± 12.00 years, and 15 (62.5%) of them were male. No significant correlations were seen in the collected data, especially CTD and NSA changes after six-months of follow-up (p>0.05). Maximum and minimum TAD values after surgery were 25.6 and 11.0, respectively. Maximum and minimum TAD values at the six-month follow-up were 34.9 and 11.0, respectively. Mean TAD was constant at 19.8±5.3 in postoperative and follow-up measurements. This shows that patients experienced increases in TAD and others experienced decreases in TAD within the six months of follow-up. The results showed that despite the abnormal CTD after surgery, the risk of TAD changes increased. Generally, TAD is a well-established radiographic measurement for predicting the risk of cut-out. CTD and TAD can be used together or separately to predict the risk of DHS screw cut-out in patients with intertrochanteric fractures in future studies.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the pathology of criminal policy based on the Hazards Science to the pathology of the common areas of this science with criminal law. Hazards Science of securing health against potentially dangerous events has become increasingly important in criminal sciences in general and criminal policy in particular. Lawmakers seek to address possible threats posed by some crimes as comprehensive laws for future generations and events. In this regard, the legislator seeks to delineate, with offenses and penalties, directions to reduce the potential costs of environmental offenses to individuals, and communities.
On this basis, if the concern of risk, namely the preservation and promotion of environmental and human health and the effort to take care of prenatal care, enters into the field of criminal policy, maximum protection for humans and the environment can be achieved. Recently, floods that according to experts, have been facilitated by human factors and weak regulatory measures, have increasingly demonstrated the weakness of penal regulations and criminal policy. However, based on considerations of Hazards Science, to what extent and in what dimensions can this science be considered as the underlying cause of the floods and the criminal responses appropriate to these behaviors?
The method of this study is a library with a descriptive-analytical tool while studying various sources, giving practical examples, especially in the field of recent floods in Khuzestan and Shiraz. Finally, as a result of the pathology of penal policy based on risk knowledge considerations, this discussion has the potential to arise in various aspects of criminal law, from criminalization of risky behaviors to responding to such behaviors as well as outlining the appropriate structure. In terms of science, Hazard is a strategic priority. Previous studies have shown that floods, behaviors, and failures by competent authorities play a key role in changing the environment and lack of proper decision-making have been recognized in non-criminal regulations, and acceptable responses.
Therefore, in order to a criminal policy be efficient, fair and humane at the same time, it is necessary to use different types and amounts of penalties in predicting and enforcing criminal offenses commensurate with the variety of offenses affecting the flood, the variety of offenders, and the different conditions of the offense. Consider the core of superior criminal policy, which is to bring justice to society. Another consequence is that criminal responses should be predicted as compensatory damages to victims affected by the flood. In addition, given the subjective concern of Hazards Science in the areas of quality improvement and mitigation of potential threats to humans and the environment in the form of floods, the scientific approach to hazards and its classifications can attract experts in the field of criminal policy to develop effective systematic penal laws and strengthen their preventive practices.

Today, the risk of certain behaviors and the concern for ensuring the safety and health of the community in front of them has led to the development of relevant crime pillars under the influence of new knowledge, including hazard knowledge, in criminal law. All crimes have three important pillars: the pillars of the law (crime prediction as a criminal offense in the law), material pillars (elements that characterize criminal behavior, and only with the circumstances in which the crime is committed), the spiritual pillar (observer elements to the mental and mental state of the perpetrator, according to which the crime may be attributed to the perpetrator. For each crime, the legislator recognizes various elements and elements of these criminal behaviors, and therefore any crime, despite the fact that these three pillars are entirely presented, will have different components and conditions under these triple elements. Regarding these considerations, lawmakers have recently rejected the accepted principles of this body in criminal law for providing maximum protection to the safety, health and safety of the community, and considers this approach justified in protecting the community against dangers. Therefore, the basic question arises as to how far the legislator has evolved, given the recent crimes that the legislature has committed to offending the perils of committing perils? In other words, what has changed the direction of transformation in the components of the triple elements of crime? Along with the same in French and German criminal law, the crime of endangering individuals with the prediction of behaviors with a potentially dangerous outcome is one of the corollaries of these concerns, but in countries like Iran, scattered crimes that you are being punished with the same logic. In addition, expanding the new examples of the perilous criminal behavior and the complexity of the technicalization of their areas of concern, it is difficult to comprehend the identification of these crimes. To this end, it is necessary to address the criterion to them as a response to the question of whether this offense or other criminal elements with the same logic have the same characteristics and details. Among the criteria that can cover a wide range of criminal offending behaviors is paying attention to their pillars. In this framework, rationalism in criminalizing these behaviors and the sharing of laws and regulations in the comprehensive forecast of high-risk crimes and offenses is one of those developments. On the other hand, in the form of material pillars, the spread of the crime of abusive verbs, the determination of reasonable conditions for the imminence of a possible risk of behaviors and the precise determination of the type of relevance of such crimes are worthy of consideration. On the spiritual side, the spread of crimes based on the precariousness of the legislature and the perceived need for the legislature to assume certain maladministration, and sometimes the lack of need for proof, needs to be analyzed. In the form of addressing these crimes, it is possible to create a risk-taker criminal law system that, while trying to cope quickly and potentially criminal, returns health and safety to the community. This new criminal law has preventive function, in that it seeks to prevent the perpetrators from committing or committing them by predicting criminal behavior.

With the adoption of the new Islamic Penal Code, the electronic monitoring was entered Iranian criminal justice system, while in the system of other countries, have the older history. Comprising more than five decades of history in America and adopted in thirty different countries Act. In the new Islamic Penal Code, implementation of electronic surveillance, as many of these institutions are subject to the code of conduct. It should be based primarily on the implementation of the conceptual framework, its implementation and the purpose of its range, also according to the number of prisoners sentenced to electronic monitoring at the specified time. After that component that must be on the run to be an important issue in this work is the component that is based on the type of crime, the characteristics of the offender and criminal proceedings are drawn. In addition, identify the tools needed to implement these institutions is another important performance issue. These considerations along with an analysis of the legal system of Iran and America. This hypothesis is explored in some implementation details, need to explored. So we attempt to shaping the institution frameworks and thereby provide background for the development of executive regulations, in order to not only achieved the targets of electronic surveillance, but also prevent the abandon of this institution after a short time.