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Nowadays, due to unhealthy lifestyle and diet and inactivity, people get involved in various diseases such as obesity, and overweight. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the effect of three types of exercise (muscular electrical stimulation, aerobic and resistance) on the expression of ACTN3 (Alpha-actinin-3) and ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) genes in overweight women.

In this semi-experimental research, 40 overweight women were randomly divided into four groups of 10 people: 1) EMS training (electro-muscle stimulation), 2) endurance training, 3) resistance training, and 4) control. The subjects of the training groups performed the selected exercises related to their group for eight weeks. A blood sample was collected 48 hours before and after the training sessions to measure the expression of ACTN3 and ACE genes. Data were analyzed using correlated t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of p<0.05.

The results showed that ACTN3 and ACE values increased significantly in the aerobic, resistance, and EMS groups after eight weeks of intervention. At the same time, there was no significant difference in any of these variables in the control group (P>0.05). Also, the results of one-way ANOVA showed that EMS training caused more changes in the expression of ACTN3 and ACE genes compared to other research protocols in overweight women (p<0.05).

: One of the most important causes of cardiovascular diseases is atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis is the name of a disease in the vascular system, especially in the coronary arteries of the brain and heart, which is characterized by the deposition of lipids and other substances on the inner wall of the vessels. Atherosclerosis is the most important cause of death in the world. ABCA1 is the main responsible for the removal of cholesterol and phospholipid from the cell and the formation of HDL particles, and probably plays a role in the prevention and prevention of the spread of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study is the effect of cardiac rehabilitation training on ABCA1 gene expression.

Twentythree Myocardial infractions patients were randomly selected and assigned into two groups: control (N=11), and experimental (N=12). Blood sample of subjects were collected before and after exercise sessions. PBMN cells were separated and m-RNA purification was performed by Real–Time PCR. Data was analyzed by ANCOVA by SPSS software.

Rehabilitation exercises increased ABCA1 gene expression and did not change HDL, LDL and RF ratio(P≤0.05).

In the end, the results of the research showed that cardiac rehabilitation exercises, which consisted of aerobic and light resistance exercises, in patients with arteriosclerosis, low intensity exercises caused a significant increase in ABCA1 gene expression in arteriosclerosis patients after 8 weeks, which probably It can be effective in reverse transfer of cholesterol and prevention of subsequent ischemia.

Obesity is still a health problem for humanity. Although the favorable role of exercise on weight loss has been reported. But the effect of the type of exercise is still unclear. The present study compared the effects of continuous exercise (CE) and interval exercise (IE) on fibrillin-1 and asprosin in obese male rats.  Forty- eight male rats were divided into six groups including 1) obese IE, 2) obese CE, 3) healthy IE, 4) healthy CE, 5) obese control and 6) healthy control. Groups 1- 4 performed exercises for 8 weeks and 72 hours. Insulin resistance index, fasting glucose, insulin, fibrillin-1 and asprosin were measured after the last training session. Data analysis was performed by Two-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests with SPSS software (P≤0.05).  There were significant differences in insulin resistance (P=0.001), fibrillin-1 gene expression (P=0.001), fasting glucose (P=0.001), asprosin serum levels (P=0.001), and insulin (P=0.002) levels between obese IE, obese CE, healthy IE, healthy CE, obese control and healthy control groups.  Although obesity increased fibrillin-1 and asprosin, but IE and CE decreased fibrillin-1 and asprosin. Thus, IE and CE can be used for controlling fibrillin-1 and asprosin levels. IE and CE can be considered as effective methods to reduce weight in obesity.

Adipokines imbalance causes pathological effects on this system. Exercise interventions can play an important role in regulating the secretion of adipokines. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of resistance training on the serum level of apelin, vaspin, and blood pressure in elderly men with hypertension.

In this quasi-experimental study, 24 elderly men with high blood pressure were selected purposefully and based on the inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to resistance training (N=12) and control (N=12) groups. The participants of the resistance training group performed resistance training for 12 weeks and three days a week. At the beginning and end of the study, blood samples were collected to measure the serum level of apelin and vaspin. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 24 software with dependent and independent t-tests at a significant level of less than 0.05.

After 12 weeks of resistance training, there was a significant decrease in the serum level of apelin (P=0.002), vaspin (P=0.01), systolic blood pressure (P<0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001) as compared to the pre-test. In addition, a significant difference was observed between the two experimental and control groups in the serum level of apelin (p=0.001), vaspin (P=0.001), systolic blood pressure (P<0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001).

It seems 12 weeks of resistance training can improve systolic and diastolic blood pressure and regulate the secretion of adipokines apelin and vaspin in elderly men with high blood pressure.

Currently, it has been well shown that adipose tissue secretes adipokines such as CRP, which is one of the important proteins of the acute phase, which is in response to the increase in the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1B and IL-6 by The liver is secreted A high concentration of CRP causes cardiovascular diseases, which can act as a predictor for these diseases. It has been suggested that the reduction of C-reactive protein levels is associated with the reduction of cardiovascular risks and other chronic diseases related to obesity (including diabetes and cancer).Considering the above contents and the impact of obesity on life, researchers and experts are constantly looking for a way to reduce the negative effects of obesity. In this regard, changes in the way of life such as increasing physical activity and using a diet plan as one of the weight loss interventions and The complications of obesity are known.On the other hand, weight loss caused by diet may reduce the health risk associated with obesity, but caloric restriction is associated with skeletal muscle mass loss, especially in middle-aged and elderly people. Therefore, adding physical activity to the diet may inhibit this negative effect of the diet. However, the results are not clear about prescribing the most effective intervention program (lifestyle change) and their mechanisms in reducing overweight risk factors.In general, green tea is a very good source for the biological and pharmacological activities of the body to increase human health. And by activating epinephrine, it increases the oxidation of fatty acids and emulsification of fats and has thermogenic properties. Green teaalso reduces inflammatory factors and subsequently reduces cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Also, green tea reduces food intake, lowers triglyceride, cholesterol and leptin levels, lowers systolic and diastolic blood pressure, increases HDL, smooth muscle cells, and increases energy metabolism.Considering the negative impact of obesity on individual and social life, on the one hand, discovering a way to control obesity and the important factors on it, on the other hand, and since no research was found that showed the effect of exercise at the same time, by reviewing the research done inside and outside the country, has examined the combination and supplement of green tea on its desired factors in overweight middle-aged people, so this question is raised whether the combination of aerobic-resistance exercises and green tea consumption can have an effect on CRP in overweight elderly people. have?

In order to carry out this semi-experimental research, which was carried out with a pre-test-post-test design, 42 inactive men (ages between 40 and 50 years old) of Mashhad city, who had a history of participating in resistance and aerobic exercises, were selected by sampling method. did not have; They were selected as a sample and randomly divided into three supplement groups (14), combined exercise-placebo group (14 people) and combined exercise-supplement group (14 people). 24 hours before the start of training and 48 hours after the last training session, data related to height, weight, fat percentage and body mass index and blood sampling were done to measure hs-CRP. After familiarizing the subjects with the implementation of the protocol and the correct method of performing the movements, their maximum repetition in the desired movements was calculated using the Berzyski formula.Then the groups of combined exercise-supplement and combined exercise-placebo performed three sessions of aerobic exercise and three sessions of resistance exercise weekly for 12 weeks on alternate and separate days, each session was about 45 minutes (Casio et al., 2021). The group of combined exercise-supplement daily received one capsule of 500 mg one hour before each training session, and the group of combined exercise-placebo received one capsule of 500 mg of placebo daily one hour before each exercise session. Subjects in the supplement group did not do any special training activities and only did their daily activities and received one 500 mg capsule daily before each meal. Finally, descriptive statistics and Shapiro-Wilk tests, analysis of variance with repeated measures of 2´3 and Bonferroni follow-up using SPSS version 18 software were used at the significance level (P<0.05) for the statistical analysis of the data.

The results showed that combined exercise and consumption of green tea caused a significant decrease in the plasma levels of CRP in overweight middle-aged men (P=0.001, F=230.70). It was also found that the interactive effect of time in the group is significant (P = 0.001, F = 47.646). On the other hand, the results of Bonferroni's post hoc test showed that there is no significant difference between combined exercise-supplement with combined exercise-placebo and supplement group in plasma CRP levels (P=0.053, P=1.00), also a significant difference There is no difference between the placebo-combined exercise group and the supplement group (P=0.273).

The results showed that 12 weeks of resistance-aerobic training and green tea supplementation decrease CRP plasma levels in overweight middle-aged men. One of the important inflammatory markers that can be detected in the detection of inflammation in many diseases is the basal levels of C-reactive protein. Researches have shown that blood levels of basal levels of C-reactive protein are associated with obesity, which is due to the higher secretion of this factor from fat tissue. Also, increased basal levels of C-reactive protein are associated with sarcopenia. Research has shown that decreased motor performance, decreased strength and muscle mass are inversely related to increased baseline levels of C-reactive protein (Hammer et al. 2009). Probably, one of the mechanisms of reducing the levels of C-reactive protein following aerobic and resistance training is the reduction of fat mass. In confirmation of this matter; Brenner et al. (2009) confirmed that exercise increases muscle mass and decreases fat mass by increasing protein synthesis in muscles and increasing basal metabolism (Brenner et al. 2009). Probably, other mechanisms that aerobic and resistance sports activities led to the reduction of CRP levels include; Reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, reducing leptin, increasing insulin sensitivity and improving endothelial function (Haqiqi et al., 2010). On the other hand, green tea contains the most important catechin called EGCG, which has strong antioxidant properties and is considered an anti-inflammatory antioxidant. Some studies reported that green tea was able to reduce CRP levels.

As a major public health concern worldwide, osteoporosis causes increased risks of bone fractures and decreases in bone mineral density. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effect of whey protein and milk basic protein on bone health parameters.

In this study, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials study was carried out. Online databases of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched up to 20 march 2023, using controlled terms (e.g., MESH) and text words for milk protein or whey and bone-health outcomes, including lumbar-bone mineral density, hip-bone mineral density, urinary N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen, serum C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen, osteocalcin and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels.

Outcomes were pooled as standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) in a Random-effect meta-analysis model. Nine randomized clinical trials met the eligibility criteria and were selected for the final analysis. Analysis indicated significant decreases in N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen [SMD, -0.89 nmol/mmol; CI, -1.69 to -0.10 %; p = 0.028] following supplementation with milk basic protein compared to the placebo group. Whey supplementation resulted in significant increases in insulin-like growth factor 1 [SMD, 3.55 nmol/l; 95% CI, 3.12 to 3.98%; P = 0.001; I2  = 58.1%; p = 0.092]. However, no significant mean differences were seen in lumbar-bone mineral density, hip-bone mineral density, serum C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen and osteocalcin between the two groups.

Whey or milk basic protein supplementation may decrease N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen and increase insulin-like growth factor 1, particularly when adults are supplemented for 12 w or longer; however, findings on lumbar-bone mineral density, hip-bone mineral density, serum C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen and osteocalcin are inconclusive.

One of the problems of old age is the decrease in muscle mass, which is called the gradual loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength and size of fibers, sarcopenia (4). This decrease in muscle mass is directly related to a decrease in anabolic hormones and an increase in catabolic hormones. Also, a decrease in growth factors involved in muscle growth has been observed during this period (5). On the other hand, with age, anabolic hormones and growth factors such as testosterone decrease. Also, with increasing plasma concentrations of catabolic hormones such as cortisol, tissue breakdown is another change observed with age, which causes changes in the neuromuscular junction (6). Therefore, researchers are always looking for a way to reduce the negative effects of aging and thus improve the quality of life of the elderly, and in this regard, various methods have been used. One of these methods is exercise and physical activity (7). One of the alternative training methods to high-intensity training, which due to its nature is not applicable and prescribed for some elderly people, is the use of low-intensity resistance training with limited blood flow. Some research shows that this type of exercise causes a similar increase in strength and muscle mass compared to traditional resistance training (10). Despite the above and reviewing research conducted in and outside the country, no research has been found on the subject and it is also found in adults, so the researcher seeks to explore the question of whether a period of resistance training and blood flow restriction Does it affect body fat percentage, muscle mass and testosterone to cortisol ratio in the elderly?

For the present quasi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design, 45 men aged 60 to 70 years in Mashhad were selected voluntarily and after completing the consent form and medical-sports history to Randomly divided into three groups of 15: the first experimental group (resistance training without blood flow restriction) and the second experimental group (resistance training with closed blood flow, which was closed before the training of the proximal part of both thighs with a researcher cuff) and the control group. They were divided. Then, 24 hours before the start of the exercises, blood samples were taken from the subjects to collect data in the pre-test, and the subjects were introduced to the exercises, tests, and how to perform the movements correctly. Then, in order to perform the training protocol, first a maximum repetition of the subjects was measured in such a way that three days before the main resistance training program, the subjects first warmed up with light weights for 5 minutes and then according to the estimate. He himself selected the weights that the subject could do completely and correctly at least once and at most 10 times. By placing the amount of weight and the number of repetitions in Brzezinski's formula, the maximum strength of the subjects in the muscle groups was determined. To perform the resistance training program, the subjects were first introduced to the exercises and completed the consent form to participate in the research. The experimental groups then performed a weight training program three times a week in addition to their normal daily activities. The control group did not do any resistance training after the pre-test. Finally, 24 hours after the end of the 8-week post-test exercise program, all tests and blood samples were taken again (14).Finally, from descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Shapirovilk test to determine the distribution of data, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test using SPSS software version 21 at a significant level (P <0.05) for Statistical analysis of data was used.

The results showed that resistance training with limited blood flow had a significant effect on body fat mass and testosterone to cortisol ratio in older men. Also, the results of Tukey post hoc test showed that there is no significant difference between the resistance training group with limited blood flow and the resistance training group without blood flow restriction. However, there was a significant difference between the resistance training groups with limited blood flow and the non-restricted training group with the control group. Another finding showed that resistance training with limited blood flow has a significant effect on muscle mass in the body of older men (P = 0.001) and (F = 159.989). Also, the results of Tukey post hoc test showed that resistance group with limited There was a significant difference between blood flow and resistance training group without blood flow restriction (P = 0.001). (P = 0.001, P = 0.001)

The results of the present study showed that resistance training with and without restriction of blood flow decreased fat percentage, testosterone to corticol ratio and increased muscle mass in older men. In relation to the findings of the present study, we can mention the most common disorders of old age; Muscle atrophy is age-dependent or sarcopenia, in which muscle mass decreases by up to five percent each year (23). Aging is associated with significant changes in the axial regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary and glandular hormones. However, growth factors, myocain and cytokine have recently attracted the attention of many sports researchers (26). Anabolic hormones and their changes at this age are among the factors studied (27). Testosterone (28), and catabolic hormones such as cortisol, which increase with age and inactivity, and can directly and indirectly affect muscle mass (29).On the other hand, many studies have reported that exercise is the best way to prevent and combat sarcopenia by improving the physiological function of skeletal muscle tissue. It seems that physical activity is currently the only intervention that reduces functional decline in the elderly (1). In this regard, research has reported that resistance activity in the elderly can improve physiological conditions, increase protein synthesis, increase strength, volume and muscle function, and hypertrophy in muscle fibers (31).Another point that exists in low-limit resistance training is the change in muscle fiber recall. According to the principle of size under normal conditions in Katsu (BFR) training, even if the training intensity is not high, fast tension strings are called first (36). Research to address this phenomenon has considered that the availability of oxygen is greatly reduced after BFR training when a progressive recall of fast-twitch motility units occurs to compensate for defects in force development (34).

Background &

New progress has been made in more than one field of sports science. One of the most important and current topics in the development of this field is the science of practice. In recent years, coping with a sedentary and car-free life is of particular importance to societies today, as doing exercise programs has become an undeniable necessity for disease prevention and quality of life. Noses. According to the design of exercise science, the best type of exercise to record the best record is the exercise that becomes the same sport according to the physiological needs and had the most similarity with its competitive conditions (4). Therefore, better selection and design in special training for swimming and water polo training needs to be found due to the competitive competition during the working group, which needs to maintain higher physical and motor fitness. In this regard, exercise immunology studies have focused on key components of immune functions such as immune cells, immunoglobulins, glutamines and messenger molecules (cytokines) and the effects of environmental, nutritional and exercise factors. Meanwhile, interleukin-6 attracts a lot of attention because on the one hand it is in the post-exercise period that increases insulin release and on the other hand it is associated with obesity and decreased insulin function (12). There are conflicting findings about the appropriate intensity to reduce inflammatory factors and observe the anti-inflammatory effects of physical activity. Exercise with moderate and high intensity and duration in the training period has a greater effect on inflammatory variables and reduces inflammatory factors, and lower intensities have less effects (49). Although little research has been done on the relationship between intermittent exercise and changes in interleukin and interleukin-6; But mainly in them, only nutritional and medical interventions are emphasized and more on patients. In the present study, the changes of these factors in relation to the adaptations of intense periodic training on water polo athletes without nutritional and pharmacological considerations are investigated. Finally, it seeks to answer the question, what effect does eight weeks of selected training have on the serum levels of Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-6 elite water polo players?

 The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of selected training on serum levels of IL-6, IL-4 and motor performance of elite water polo players. For this purpose, 20 male water polo players (with a mean age of 23 years) were randomly divided into two groups of 10 experimental (selected water polo training) and control (traditional water polo training). Selected water polo training was performed for eight weeks and 6 sessions per week. To control the intensity of training, used percentage of maximum heart rate (80-100% MHR); Also, the intensity of training was increased by 5% every week. In this study, water polo performance tests included a record of 50 meters swimming, 100 meters high swimming, 200 meters’ breaststroke, 6 ×50 meters swimming and 400 meters swimming. To evaluate the serum levels of IL-6, IL-4 5 cc of venous blood was taken in the pre- and post-test stages and measured by sandwich ELISA method. To compare the measured means, t-test was used at a significant level of P < 0.05.

The results showed that eight weeks of selected water polo training caused significant changes in IL-4 levels of elite water polo players (P < 0.05), however, there were no significant changes in IL-6 levels and water polo players' performance.

The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of selected water polo exercises had a significant increase in serum IL-4 level in the experimental group but these results did not show a significant increase in IL-6 serum level in the experimental group. Also, the results of our research did not show significant changes in the swimming records of 50 meters, 100 meters, 200 meters and 400 meters in experimental subjects after eight weeks of selected water polo training. Consistent with our research results, many studies have reported an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines after a period of exercise (29-31). Among the studies that examined the effect of exercise on serum interleukin-4 levels; According to the results of our study, Baldusi et al. (2010) in a study measured the effect of one year of aerobic and resistance training on diabetic patients and observed a significant increase in interleukin 4 in one of their research groups compared to the control group. The results of some studies have also shown that obesity causes the production of TNF-α, leptin and proinflammatory cytokines such as 4-IL and 5-IL in patients with asthma (8). Regarding studies close to the present study, we can refer to Nikzad et al. (2017), who showed that twelve weeks of swimming training (on mice). Has decreased the amount of proinflammatory cytokine 6-IL. Ebrahimpour et al. (2017,) also showed that 8 weeks of endurance swimming training increased the inflammatory effects of breast cancer by increasing interleukin-10 and decreasing interleukin-6 in heart tissue (3). Also, the research of Kapomakio et al. (2011) on the effect of physical exercise on swimmers, an increase in interleukin-6 expression levels and no change in interleukin-6 receptor in the training group compared to the control group was observed. Rihaneh et al. In 2013 achieved almost the same findings, so that in the studies of these researchers, 6-IL was significantly increased as a result of exercise (25). Also, our results showed that 8 weeks of selected training had no effect on motor performance on elite water polo players. In this regard, Brasula et al. (2016) investigated the effect of four weeks of swimming training and beta-alanine supplementation on repetitive speed performance in 22 elite male water polo players (23). Before and after receiving the supplement, the subjects performed repetitive speed performance tests in a session of 30 minutes with an interval of 30 minutes. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups as a result of the first iterative speed performance. However, this difference was statistically significant as a result of the second iterative speed performance test. Other important factors in achieving these results include the nature of the sport of water polo and its basic skill, namely swimming. As mentioned before, swimming is a sport that in addition to physical fitness, the technical performance of the swimmer also plays a major role in improving its performance. In fact, improving the performance and record of the athlete is not only a function of physiological and physical factors. The control group also performed the exercises intensively. Their performance also improved, but the rate of change was greater in the selected exercise group, although it was not statistically significant Overall, our results showed that eight weeks of selected water polo training caused significant changes in plasma levels of interleukin-4 elite water polo players, however, it could not cause significant changes in plasma levels of interleukin-6.

Stroke is a neurological disorder and the second leading cause of death worldwide. Recently, studies on neuroprotective treatments for stroke have become a hot topic globally. The present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of a combination of aerobic exercise and adenosine on the expression of the A2a gene and the consequences of stroke injury in the hippocampus of male rats. Fifty male Wistar rats (8-10 weeks old, weighing 240-270 grams) were randomly divided into five groups: (sham, control+ischemia, ischemia+exercise, ischemia+adenosine, and ischemia+adenosine+exercise). After inducing ischemia, rats in exercise groups performed treadmill running 5 days per week for 8 week. Adenosine simultaneously once per day to Adenosine-treated groups were injected. 48 hours after completing the exercise protocol, hippocampal tissue was collected for cell death, and measuring of the A2a expression using the RT- PCR method. The data were analyzed using Anova and post hoc Bonferroni’s test. The number of dead cells increased in the ischemia group compared to the sham and decreased in the ischemia+adenosine+Exercise and ischemia+exercise groups compared to the ischemia group. The A2a expression in group ischemia+adenosine+exercise, ischemia+exercise, and ischemia+adenosine showed respectively the highest increase, with a significant difference compared to the sham (P<0/001) and control+ischemia (P<0/001) groups. aerobic exercise and adenosine, both independently and interactively, can serve as a neuroprotective combination by increasing the expression of the A2a and stimulating the signaling and mechanisms related to the reduction of cell death, providing therapeutic and protective effects against ischemic stroke-induced consequences.

Adipose tissue is one of the tissues that affects the process of obesity. The aim of the present study was the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training on the expression of 12.13.diHome, SREBP-1 genes and body composition of non-obese rats.working method; In the present study, 18 obese Wistar rats, aged eight weeks and weighing 343.88±42.20 grams, were randomly divided into two groups; high intensity interval training (10 heads) and control (8 heads). The rats of the experimental group performed high intensity interval training with an intensity of 85 to 90% of the maximum speed for eight weeks, five sessions a week, and Real Time-PCR method was used to measure the expression of 12.13.diHome and SREBP-1 genes. Became. Statistical methods of independent t-test and dependent t-test were used to check the statistical data at a significance level of P ≤ 0.05.Results; The results of the present study showed that high intensity interval training led to a significant increase in the expression of the 12.13.diHome gene (P=0.01) and a decrease in the expression of the SREBP-1 gene. The same embryo caused a decrease in the weight (P=0.001) and body mass index (P=0.001) of the rats.conclusion; According to the results of this research, it is suggested to use high intensity interval training that increase intramuscular lipolysis and decrease hepatic lipogenesis; To be used to reduce fat mass

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide that account for 82% of all deaths in developing countries. miRNA-93 (miR-93), ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), and serum leptin levels may be involved in the process of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of combined exercise on miR-93, reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and serum leptin levels in patients following coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG).

A total of 20 middle-aged men (aged 50 to 60 years) were randomly assigned into two groups after CABG: experimental (n=10) and control (n=10). Combined exercise (aerobic + resistance) was done three times a week (55-60 min per session/8 weeks). mir-93, ABCA1 and serum leptin levels were measured before and after the intervention. Paired t-test was used to evaluate within group changes and analysis of covariance was used to study the differences between the groups.

Combined training led to a significant decrease in mir-93 (P=0.000) and a significant increase in the expression of ABCA1 (P=0.001) in experimental group compared with the control group. Serum leptin levels decreased significantly in experimental group (P=0.000) but they were not significantly different between the two groups (P=0.094).

It seems that combined exercise by increasing ABCA1and decreasing mir-93 and leptin levels can help in prevention and control of CAD as well as speeding up the healing process in CABG patients.

Coronary heart disease is one of the leading causes of mortality in modern societies. The disease is associated with the lack of physical activity and the expression of some genes involved in blood cholesterol transportation. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporters G5/G8) ABCG5 and ABCG8) is the expression of adenosine triphosphate-dependent box protein genes 5 and 8, a member of the ABC transporter family, playing a crucial role in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoproteins metabolism. The action of ABCG5/8 is to remove cholesterol and decrease its toxicity. The increased activity of these two factors may prevent atherosclerosis. This study aims to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic resistance training on ABCG5 and ABCG8 gene expression in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) patients.

The research population included 30 men voluntarily selected and randomly divided into an experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) group. The experimental group performed aerobic resistance training for eight weeks (3 sessions per week) and the control group had no exercise. The blood samples were taken 48 hours before the beginning of the first training session and 48 hours after the last training session while all subjects were fasting. Semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to measure the expression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 genes. To analyze the data, independent and paired t tests were used at the significant level of 0.05 in SPSS software, version 21. 

The present study results showed that the aerobic resistance training group experienced a significant increase in the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 genes as a result of eight weeks of aerobic resistance training compared to the control group. 

Based on the findings of the present study, it is possible to suggest that aerobic resistance training increases the expression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 genes, and improves the cholesterol transportation process, which may improve recovery of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) patients and prevent cardiovascular diseases.

Obesity and overweight are metabolic disorders in which fat tissue levels are influential in this disorder. The current research aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of endurance, resistance, and high-intensity interval training on the SREBP-1 and 12.13.diHome gene expression in male obese Wistar rats.

In the current study, 36 obese male Wistar rats (eight weeks old rats with a weight of 325 ± 40 grams) were randomly divided into four Endurance (n=10), Resistance (n=8), High-Intensity Interval Training (n=10) and Control (n=8) groups. The rats in the experimental groups performed five sessions of endurance training at an intensity of 70-80% of the maximum speed, resistance training at an intensity of 50-120% of the body weight, and HIIT at an intensity of 85-90% of the maximum speed for eight weeks. To measure SREBP-1 and 12.13.diHome gene expression, the Real Time-PCR method was used. The statistical method of one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test was used to determine the difference between groups at a significant level of α= 0.05.

The results of the present study showed that all three training models of endurance, resistance, and HIIT caused a significant increase in the expression of the 12.13.diHome gene and a significant decrease in SREBP-1 compared with the control group (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed among the experimental groups (P>0.05).

To lose weight, it is suggested to use endurance, resistance, and HIIT training to reduce the expression of the SREBP-1 gene and increase 12.13.diHome, which are factors influencing lipolysis and lipogenesis.

Asprosin is a protein hormone that is mainly secreted by fat cells and enters the bloodstream. In the present study, the effect of 8-week continuous training was investigated on serum levels of asprosin, insulin, and insulin resistance index in obese rats.

For this, 32 male Wistar rats (mean weight=180/23±7 grams) were randomly divided into four groups of Healthy Control (N=8), Obese Control (N=8), Healthy Training (N=8), and Obese Training (N=8). The continuous training group performed the training protocol for 8 weeks, and 48 hours after the end of the last training session, the rats were anesthetized and euthanized. The variables of interest (serum levels of asprosin, level of glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance index) were measured in rats. Data analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test at the significance level of α=0.05.

There was a significant difference among mean serum levels of asprosin (p<0/001), insulin (p<0/001), fasting glucose (p<0/001), and insulin resistance index (p<0/001) in the Healthy Control, Obese Control, Healthy Training, and Obese Training groups.

Based on the results of the present study, it seems that obesity has a significant effect on increasing asprosin levels and continuous exercise has a significant effect on reducing asprosin levels. Therefore, continuous training can be used as an important strategy to reduce asprosin levels and weight.

Studies show that apelin vasodilator peptide plays an important role in vascular tone and cardiovascular function, but the effect of resistance training and comparison of resistance and endurance training on plasma apelin has not been well documented.

The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of eight weeks of resistance and endurance exercise programs on levels of plasma apelin and blood pressure in obese postmenopausal women

The present study was 24 postmenopausal women obese (age: 55.5 ± 5.63 y, height: 154.31 ± 4.69 cm, weight: 72.65 ± 11. 44 kg, and BMI: 30.62 ± 3.63) were randomly divided into two groups of 12 people (endurance and resistance) groups (resistance training with 60 to 80% 1RM, and endurance training with 55 to 70% of heart rate Karvonen). Apelin plasma levels and blood pressure 24 h before and 48 h after the end of the program were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated measures. The significance level was P<0.05.

The results showed that changes in intragroup and intergroup blood pressure decreased significantly and plasma apelin increased in both groups, but this increase was not significant (P <0.05).

Following eight- week resistance training and endurance training reduces blood pressure in postmenopausal obese women and were significantly associated with increased plasma Apelin but not as significant.

In recent years, exercise immunology studies have focused on key components of immune function, such as immune cells, immunoglobulins, and messenger molecules, as well as the effects of environmental and exercise factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of 8 weeks of selected training on serum levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and motor performance in elite water polo players.

For this purpose, 20 male water polo players (mean age: 23 years) were randomly divided into an experimental group (n=10, selected water polo training) and a control group (n=10, traditional water polo training). The selected water polo training was performed for 8 weeks, 6 sessions per week. The intensity of training was controlled using maximum heart rate (80-100%) and increased by 5% every week. Water polo performance tests included a record of 50 meters swimming, 100 meters high swimming, 200 meters’ breaststroke, 6 ×50 meters swimming, and 400 meters swimming. To evaluate the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-4, venous blood (5 ml) was taken in the pretest and posttest stages. The serum levels of IL-4 and IL-6 were measured by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mean values were compared using the t-test, at significant level of 0.05.

The selected water polo training significantly changed IL-4 levels in elite water polo players (p<0.05). However, IL-6 levels and performance of the subjects did not change significantly.

The selected swimming exercises could relatively improve swimming stagnation of water polo players. However, due to the limited knowledge in this regard, there is a need for further research.

 Cardiovascular diseases are the most prevalent diseases and one of the leading causes of death in the world. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of a combined exercise program on expression of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A5 (ABCA5) in middle-aged men after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) surgery.

In this quasi-experimental study, 26 middle-aged men participated who had underwent CABG surgery and were randomly divided into two groups of exercise and control. The combined exercise program included resistance and aerobic exercises for eight weeks (three sessions per week). During this period, the control group had no physical activity. Fasting blood samples were taken for 10-12 hours in two stages before and 48 hours after the study and anthropometric characteristics were also recorded. Dependent t-test was used to examine intra-group differences and independent t-test was used to examine extra-group changes. The analyses were conducted in SPSS software v. 21, considering a significance level of P<0.05.

 The results showed no significant difference in the ABCA5 gene expression between the two groups at baseline, but after eight weeks of combined exercises, its expression increased significantly compared to pretest scores (P=0.001). A significant difference was observed between the two group (P=0.001).

 It seems that the combined exercise program can reduce cholesterol levels by increasing the expression of ABCA5 gene, leading to an increase in endothelial cell health-related factors. It can be used as an appropriate exercise program to improve physiological status in patients with CABG.

MicroRNA-122 (miR-122) is the most abundant liver–specific miRNA. It has been reported that miR-122 plays several biological roles such as iron homeostasis, tumor suppressor, hepatic fatty acid regulation, and in hepatocyte differentiation. The Purpose of this study was to investigate changes in liver miR-122 gene expression and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes after resistance training and boldenone undecylenate (boldenone) steroid injection in male rats.

Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control (n=5), resistance training (n=5), resistance training+ boldenone injection (n=5), and boldenone injection (n=5). Resistance training was performed three sessions a week for eight weeks. Boldenone was injected twice per week (2mg/kg). Seventy-two hours after last training, blood and tissue samples were collected. Serum levels of ALT and AST were measured via photometric method and miR-122 gene expression in the liver was assessed by real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS V16.

Reduced expression of liver miR-122 was found in boldenone group, while the expression of miR-122 was higher in resistance training group, however, the difference was not significant (P= 0.514). Also, no significant difference was found in serum AST and ALT levels between the experimental groups (P= 1.00 and P= 0.527, respectively).

In this study, liver miR-122 responded differently to resistance training and boldenone injection. However, clear understanding of its mechanism requires further studies.

Lipid metabolism disorders, especially raised levels of cholesterol and triglycerides increases the risk of atherosclerosis. The adenosine triphosphate ABC transporter family plays an important role in reverse cholesterol transport process; Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate The effect of combined training Courses on the Expression of ABCG4 Gene and interleukin 10 in men after coronary artery bypass grafting.

In this semi-experimental study, the statistical sample consisted of 20 middle-aged men who previously had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting. After selection, these individuals were divided into two groups of control (n=10) and combined training (n=10). The subjects of the training group performed combined aerobic-resistance exercises 3 sessions per week for 24 weeks. At the beginning and end of training sessions, blood samples were obtained to isolate mononuclear cells and extract mRNA. Real-Time PCR was used for gene expression analysis, and IL-10 was determined by ELISA. SPSS software version 16 was used for data analysis.

Eight weeks of combined training resulted in a significant increase in ABCG4 gene expression (P = 0.001) and interleukin 10 (P = 0.001) in the combined training group compared to the control group.

It seems that exercise as by effecting on ABCG4 gene expression and interleukin 10, involved in fat metabolism, improves reverse cholesterol transfer process.

It appears that exercise training and consumption of some supplementation can be effective in improving glucose homeostasis and blood lipids by increasing circulating level of adiponectin. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks of resistance training (RT) and Ursolic Acid (UA) supplementation on serum level of adiponectin and insulin in inactive overweight men.

This was a semi-experimental study that a total of 34 inactive overweight men (age: 23.35 ± 1.7 years old, weight: 75.64 ± 2.15 kg, body mass index: 29.2 ± 3.6 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in, and randomly assigned into three groups: RT + UA (n=12), RT + placebo (n=12), and UA (n=10). RT program included four upper body and four lower-body movements performed at 70-85% one-repetition maximum. Participants consumed 150 mg of UA along with every meal. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) test by SPSS.

Adiponectin was significantly increased in RT + UA and RT + placebo groups. On the other hand, the serum level of insulin was significantly decreased in these two groups. Changes of both serum adiponectin and insulin were significantly different between the RT + UA and RT + placebo (p<0.001 for both variables), RT + UA and placebo (p<0.001 for both variables), and RT + placebo and placebo groups (p<0.001 for both variables).

Resistance training with ursolic acid supplementation is likely to be more beneficial in preventing cardiovascular disease.

There is little information about the effects of high intensity aerobic exercise training (HIT) and L-arginine supplementation on appetite-regulating hormones among obese male adolescents. We aimed to determine the effect of eight weeks of HIT and L-arginine supplementation on appetite-regulating hormones and body composition indices in obese adolescent boys.

Twenty obese adolescents were randomly divided into two groups of HIT and placebo (P-HIT, n=10) and HIT with supplementation of L-arginine (A-HIT, n=10). The HIT protocol was treadmill running with ventilation threshold (VT) intensity and training sessions were isoenergetic and energy consumption were set to 350 kcal per session for each participant, which were evaluated indirectly by calorimetry. The A-HIT group received 3 g of L-arginine per day for 8 weeks. Before the interventions and 48 hours after the last exercise session, anthropometric indices and levels of appetite-regulating hormones were measured.

There was no significant changes between the groups with respect to leptin, agouti, and PYY3-36 peptide levels. There were significant changes in weight reduction between the groups (P≤0.05). However, body max index (BMI) and percent body fat (PBF) changes were not significant in between groups (P≥0.05).

Our findings suggest that co-supplementation of L-arginine with HIT training had no further effects on appetite regulatory hormones and body composition of obese male adolescents.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of mortality and death in all areas of the world except Africa. This study aimed at the effect of eight-week combined training on Endostatin and VEGF gene expression in CABG patients.This is an applied and semi-experimental research with two groups (interventional and control), which was conducted as a pretest and posttest. 30 middle-aged CABG men were selected using purposive sampling based on inclusion criteria. Participants were randomly divided into two groups of control and combined training. Quantitative Real-time PCR was utilized  to measure Endostatin and VEGF gene expression levels. The eight-week combined exercise training was conducted in three sessions per a week. Dependent t-test and independent t-test were used to data analysis. A significant increase was observed after eight weeks of combined training on VEGF gene expression in CABG  patients. (p=0.001), but it was not Significant on Endostatin gene expression( p=0.38) . Eight weeks of combined  Cardiac Rehabilitation training as the protocol used in  this research increased the expression of the VEGF gene in CABG patients , but there were not any significant changes on Endostatin gene expression by this way. As a result, the increase in the VEGF gene is one of the results of adaptation to the combined exercise activity used in this study, and it appears that physical activity is an important and effective factor in the process of angiogenesis, and can play a key role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

The present study aimed to compare the effect of different exercises on effective factors involved in reverse cholesterol transfer in patients with coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG).

A number of 45 patients with CABGwere assigned to three groups: control (n=12), aerobic exercise (n=15), and resistance training (n=18). Three aerobic and resistance training sessions were performed per week for eight weeks. Anthropometric variables, expression of ABCG4 gen, as well as the serum levels of Apo-A and Apo-B, were measured before and after the training period. Data were analyzed using repeated measures of ANOVA. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Aerobic and resistance training significantly increased the expression of ABCG4 gene, compared to those in the control group (P=0.001); nonetheless, there was no significant difference between the two training groups (P= 0.021). Significant differences were observed in serum levels of Apo-A and Apo-B in both aerobic and resistance training groups, compared to those obtained in the control group (P=0.001). However, the difference between aerobic and resistance training groups was significant for Apo-A (P= 0.001), but not for Apo-B (P=1.000). Moreover, the ratio of Apo-A to Apo-B was significantly different for the resistance training group, compared to that in the control group (P= 0.001); nevertheless, it was not significant for the aerobic training group (P=1.000).

As evidenced by the results of this study, resistance training improves cholesterol reverse transport regulators more than aerobic training; therefore, resistance training is recommended to regulate reverse cholesterol transfer.

Cardiovascular diseases are very common all over the world, including Iran. Meanwhile, atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined training on ABCB4 gene expression and HDL to LDL ratio in middle-aged men after coronary artery bypass graft.

The statistical population consisted 30 middle-aged men that had previously undergone coronary artery bypass graft. This research is quasi-experimental which by random sampling method, they were randomly divided into two groups of control (n=15) and combined training (endurance and resistance, n=15). Blood samples were taken from the two groups before and after the training session .After isolation mononuclear cells by using follicles and mRNA purification, gene expression variation was performed by Real- Time PCR. Data were analyzed by repeated measures variance analysis with SPSS software version 16

Eight weeks of training resulted in a significant increase in ABCB4 gene expression and significant reduction in plasma total cholesterol levels in the combined training group compared to the control group.

Combined training, as part of cardiac rehabilitation in patients performing coronary artery bypass graft by effecting on ABCB4 gene expression, involved in fat metabolism, improves reverse cholesterol transfer process

Gamma-factor progesterone proliferation activating receptors are a ligand-activated transcription factor playing an important role in lipid metabolism. The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of eight weeks of aerobic-resistance training on the expression of gamma progesterone proliferator-activating receptor gene in patients with coronary artery bypass grafting. The research method was quasi-experimental and pre-test-post-test. The statistical population included all patients with coronary artery bypass grafting in Mashhad (Iran). Height 1.58 ± 0.03 (m), weight 68.11 ± 5.54 (kg), body mass index (BMI) 27.18 ± 2.47 (2 kg / m2) and disease history 75 8.75 ± 25/20 (month) were formed after coronary artery bypass surgery. According to the inclusion criteria, they were divided into experimental (14) and control (12) groups. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and paired t-test at the significance level of P≥0.05 and SPSS software version 21. The results showed that eight weeks of aerobic-resistance training increased the expression of PPARɣ gene in the combined training group compared to the control group (P = 0.001). Moreover, the results of the correlation test showed that the increase in PPAR gene expression in the combined training group had a significant increase in the post-test compared to the pre-test (P = 0.001), not significant in the control group (p = 0.081). The data of the present study showed that aerobic- resistance training with increasing PPARɣ gene expression could be effective in fat metabolism and related processes in patients with coronary artery bypass grafting.