asad rokhzadi

Bread is an important staple food and is widely consumed throughout the world. Therefore, its enrichment can improve consumers' health. Bread enrichment is done in different ways. This study aims to enrich bread with one of the world's most widely farmed fish species, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), which has a lower market price than other warm-water fish species due to the unpleasant smell of its flesh. In addition, fresh fish meat is used for bread enrichment to maintain fish quality and eliminate drying costs. 

Common carp meat paste was used to enrich the wheat bread at amounts of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%, and the impact of this enrichment on the bread's physicochemical, textural, and sensory characteristics was investigated. 

The bread samples' moisture content and specific volume were measured in the range of 38.85-48.40% and 1.74-3.18 (cm3/g), respectively. Meat pastes higher than 10% in bread formulation significantly increased the moisture and reduced the specific volume of the bread. Texture analysis results showed that by increasing the amount of meat paste to 20%, the bread's hardness, gumminess, resilience, and springiness did not change significantly. The maximum hardness (1305 g) and gumminess (515.66 g), and minimum resilience (0.147 ratio) and springiness (0.64 ratio) were achieved in the treatment with 25% meat paste. The cohesiveness and chewiness of the resulting bread did not have significant differences. The results of the sensory evaluation showed that all formulations were acceptable. According to the results, using common carp meat paste up to 20% in bread formulation can produce bread with acceptable texture and flavor. However, the production of bread with lower meat paste (10%) resulting a product with a better specific volume.

In order to study the vegetative characteristics, yield and seed quality of canola as influenced by silicon, sulfur and Tecamin flower, an experiment was conducted in in the farmer’s condition in the Darzian, 12 km far from Marivan during the two consecutive growing seasons 2017-18 and 2018-19 in the form of spilit- split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In the main plot, silicon foliar application at two levels (0 and 2 kg/ha), in the sub-plot, sulfur foliar application at three levels (0, 1 and 2 liters per hectare) and also in the sub-sub plot, foliar application of reproductive growth biostimulant of Tecamin flower at three levels (0, 1 and 2 liters per hectare) were considered. The results of combined analysis showed that stem weight under the influence of the year showed a significant difference at the level of 5%. Silicon application affected significantly the number of axillary stems, pod weight, pod length, grain weight and seed protein and Tecamin foliar application also affected significantly all studied traits such as plant height, first pod height from the ground, number of axillary stems, stem weight, pod weight, pod length, grain weight, grain yield, oil and protein seed. Also the mentioned traits except plant height, number of axillary stems and pod length affected significantly by sulfur. Based on finding, silicon (2kg/ha) and sulfur and Tecamin (2L/ha) increased the studied characters. In this study sulfur and Tecamin increased the grain yield as: 7.42 and 14.12% compared to control, respectively. Protein seed significantly increased by silicon as 0.66%. Also oil and protein seed increased by 2 litre sulfur (3.33-3.34%) and 2 litre Tecamin (1.2-1.31%). Based on the interaction effects, silicon and sulfur foliar application as 2 L/ha were increased the oil seed by 4.03%. Also seed protein increased by 5.23% in second year by silicon and sulfur and Tecamin (2L/ha). Therfore, according to the effects of the used treatments on the seed yield and quality increasing and considering the costs of preparation and foliar application, the utilization of sulfur and Tecamin flower as 2L/ha is recommended in similar climatic condition and in canola cultivation.

In order to study the effects of water deficit stress on two safflower cultivars under spring and summer sowing conditions, an experiment was conducted in a split-split-plot layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 at the research farm of agriculture faculty, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch. The main factor was the sowing date including spring and summer dates. The sub-factor was drought stress with two levels (full irrigation and interrupted irrigation at the flowering stage). The sub-sub-factor was cultivar including Sina and Faraman. The heads number per plant and seed yield in spring sowing significantly increased compared to summer sowing. In spring sowing conditions, yield and its components were significantly decreased as the result of water deficit stress during the flowering stage compared with full irrigation however in summer sowing conditions, stress had no effect on the above-mentioned traits. The highest rate of seed yield (3287 kg/ha) was obtained in the spring sowing of Faraman cultivar with full irrigation, and there was no significant difference between the two cultivars with respect to seed yield, under stress conditions in spring or summer sowing conditions. According to the results of this experiment, in summer sowing conditions there were no advantages from irrigation at the flowering stage compared with interrupted irrigation at the flowering stage, therefore in the case of shifting the sowing time from spring to summer, it will be possible to save the water by interrupting the irrigation at flowering stage accordingly an acceptable yield may be attained as a second crop.

Water shortage is the most important factor in reducing the yield of dryland chickpeas. Therefore, increasing access to available water resources and increasing water use efficiency through the use of microorganisms that improve water absorption, such as mycorrhiza and transpiration-reducing compounds such as Chitosan, as well as regulating the growth of cycocell is very important. This experiment carried out next to Kamyaran-synoptic meteorological site of Varmahang in northwest of Iran during two consecutive years (2016-2018). The experiment was conducted as split plot- factorial in a randomized complete block design at three replications .In this study the main plot consisted of mycorrhiza inoculation )un-inoculation: control and inoculation by Glomus intraradices and sub plot involved chitosan application (0, 0.5 and 1gr/lit) and sub-subplots were foliar application of cycocel (0, 0.5 and 1gr/lit). 10 days after foliar application of Cycocel and chitosan (60 days after sowing), physiological traits such as: photosynthetic pigments including chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, relative leaf water content, canopy temperature, leaf proline, peroxidase enzyme and also grain yield in stage of full maturity, was measured.  The results showed that traits such as, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid, proline, peroxidase and grain yield showed significant differences at 5 and 1% level by experimental treatments and their interactions. So that chlorophyll a in the first year and chlorophyll b in second year showed a significant increase under the influence of mycorrhiza × chitosan × cycocel interaction. The relative water content increased significantly under the influence of Cycocel and the interaction of chitosan × Cycocel in the first year and under the influence of inoculation with mycorrhiza in the second year. Mycorrhiza inoculation in the second year increased proline levels as 21.07%, while lowering the canopy temperature. Cycocel spraying also increased the peroxidase level by 13.43% in the second year and under the influence of mycorrhiza × chitosan × year interaction, the peroxidase level increased during both cropping years. Finally, in the first year, grain yield increased by 24.05% compared to the control under the interaction influence of mycorrhiza inoculation × Cycocel at 1 g / l concentration. Based on the results of this experiment, the use of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices before planting and spraying cycocel at a rate of 1 g/l in the pre-flowering stage of dryland chickpeas in Kamyaran region is recommended.

The irrigation with a magnetic water increases the yield of plants by improving solubility and the nutrient availability in the soil profile. Furthermore, methanol spraying as a source of carbon dioxide, which increases the concentration of this gas around the plant, enhances the photosynthesis and plant yield. This study was conducted to evaluate soybean reaction by irrigation with different magnetic field intensities and foliar application of different concentrations of methanol in the research field at the Agriculture Faculty, Islamic Azad University-Sanandaj branch, during two consecutive years (2017–2018). The experiment was designed as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Different intensities of magnetic water (0, 4, 8, 12 mTesla) were used in the main plot and foliar application of methanol concentrations (distilled water: control, 10, 20 and 30% v/v) in sub-plots. The results showed that the height of first axillary stem decreased significantly, but grain yield, biomass, oil and protein yield were significantly higher in treatments with magnetic water. Grain yield, increased by magnetic irrigation with 4, 8 and 12 mT intensities, compared to the control, by 45.56, 70.05 and 72.19%, respectively. Also the all characters were significantly affected by methanol spraying× year interactions. The interactions of magnetic water × methanol foliar applications were significant in some characters. However, based on interaction effect, the superiority of the studied traits was evident in the second year under the influence of magnetic water at 8 mT and 20% methanol.

n order to study the effect of application of different biochar species and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms on soil enzymatic activity and agronomic traits of safflower during two cropping seasons of 2018 and 2019 in a part of cultivated lands of Sardorood district of Razan, Hamedan province, an experiment as split plots on the basis of randomized complete block design with three replications was implemented. The main factor at 4 levels of biochar including: cow manure, wheat straw, wood biochar and control. The sub factors were phosphate solubilizing microorganisms included the mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus etunicatum and G. mosseae), Bacillus lentus, Pseudomonas fluorescence and control. The results of mean comparison showed that highest number of heads per plant (8.12, 8.14) and the maximum seed weight (24.60 g) were observed in mycorrhizal inoculation treatments and the lowest were in control treatment, also the highest number of heads per plant (8.26) and seed weight (24.18 g) was observed in cow manure biochar treatment. The results of mean comparison showed that the highest biological yield (5454 kg/ha) was obtained in mycorrhizal inoculation treatments. Also, application of other phosphate solubilizing bacteria increased the biological yield of safflower compared to the control treatment.

In order to evaluation of ecological and economic indicators in chickpeas and wheat intercropping by application of nitroxin biofertilizer in rain-fed conditions of Hamedan, an experiment conducted as a split-factorial based on a complete randomized block design at tree replication in the Agricultural Research and Training Center of Natural Resources of Hamadan for two consecutive cropping seasons 2017-18 and -2018-19. The main plots were sowing method in two levels include (row and mixed sowing) and sub-plots were intercropping ratios of wheat and chickpea (75: 25, 25:75, 50:50, 100:0 and 0:100) and nitroxin biofertilizer seed inoculation at two levels (inoculation and non-inoculation) as factorial. The results of two-year analysis showed that yield of wheat and chickpea significantly increased under the influence of sowing pattern, sowing ratios and inoculation with nitroxin. The maximum yield of wheat and chickpeas in the row sowing pattern, planting ratio of 50:50 and nitroxin inoculation was achieved. Comparison of intercropping evaluation indices showed that the maximum land equivalent ratio, actual yield loss, system productivity index, value of intercrops, monetary advantage index and intercropping advantage in row planting pattern, 50:50 planting ratio and nitroxin were obtained. In this experiment, the maximum competitive ratio in the planting ratio of 75% chickpeas and 25% wheat was 2.18. The maximum ratio equivalent to land , actual yield loss . system productivity index , the value of mixed crops. monetary advantage index and intercropping advantage of mixed cultivation were obtained in the ratio of planting 50% of wheat and 50% of chickpeas.

This experiment was conducted in strip split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in three cropping seasons 2014-17 in Three regions in Kermanshah province (Mahidasht in first year, Sarabnilofar in second year and Sararood in third year). Plant residual was horizontal factor with three levels: No residual, 1 and 2 ton.ha-1 plant residues, tillage system contains three levels No-tillage (direct planting), Minimum tillage (by chisel plow) and conventional tillage (by Moldboard plow) was main plot and phosphorous fertilizer with two levels (no fertilizer and 30kg.ha-1 P2O5) was sub plot that were vertical factors. Results showed that chickpea grain yield increased by increasing plant residues so grain yield of one and two tone.ha-1 of plant residues treatments had higher grain yield than no residual treatment. Effect of tillage system on chickpea grain yield was different in years with different climatically conditions. Mean comparison of phosphorous fertilizer levels showed grain yield of chickpea in apply 30kg.ha-1 P2O5 was higher than no application of phosphorous. Economic analysis showed the highest benefit to cost ratio (3.82) obtained by minimum tillage (chisel) with 1 ton.ha-1 plant residue and no application of phosphorous treatment.

This experiment was carried out in order to investigate the conventional and conservation tillage systems and different seeding rates on the response of new wheat cultivars in rainfed conditions during two consecutive growing years of 2016-18 in Sararood Dryland Agricultural Research Center, Kermanshah. The experiment was performed in the form of strip blocks based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at two adjacent sites as conservation tillage and conventional tillage. The first factor was wheat cultivars (Baran and Rijaw) horizontally and the second factor was seed rate: 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225 and 250 kg / ha vertically. The results of the combined analysis showed that among the studied traits, Normalized difference vegetation index, SPAD index, leaf area index, plant growth rate, grain yield and harvest index in the first year showed a significant increase. Grain yield as the most important trait was increased 28.7% compared to the second year of the experiment. Conventional tillage operations also increased all the studied traits in comparison. So that grain yield increased by 22.25% in conventional tillage. The application of different amounts of seeds also significantly affected the Normalized difference vegetation index, leaf area index and plant growth rate, and the maximum values of these traits were obtained in 250 kg and the maximum SPAD index in 75 kg/ha. Finally, by applying seed densities of 150 kg/ha the grain yield increased by 15.42%, compared to 75 kg / ha.

This experiment was carried out to study the response of two chickpea cultivars to application of biological and chemical fertilizers in Media Callan Research Farm, located in Kamyaran city- Sanandaj province during 2015. The experiment was split plots in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. In this study, the main factor with six levels of fertilization including: control: no fertilization, Azetobarvar (as nitrogen bio fertilizer), Phosphobarver (as phosphor bio fertilizer), Potabarvar (as potassium bio fertilizer), combining of Azetobarvar + Phosphobarver + Potabarvar and the recommended chemical ferlizer and subplot were two chickpea cultivars, including: Bivanij and Adel. The results showed that only spad affected significantly by fertilizers as the maximum spad was found in Potabarvar. Also despite of no significant differnce within fertilizers, the maximum seed yield was found in chemical fertilizer and following that in combining of Azetobarvar + Phosphobarver + Potabarvar. In this study the most characters was different significantlly amoung chikpea cultivars. As the lowest numbers of hullow pod in plant and the maximum numbers of day to emergence, numbers of secondary stem, numbers of seed in plant and seed protein percent was found in Adel but the most 100 seed weight achieved in Bivanij.

Considering the importance of organic fertilizers application and the necessity of minimizing the use of inorganic fertilizers, this experiment was conducted in order to study the possibility of replacing vermicompost and poultry manure instead of chemical fertilizers in the production of two improved chickpea cultivars under dryland conditions. The experiment was laid out in a factorial arrangement with randomized complete block design in three replications. The first factor was fertilizer with 6 levels including: F1 (control or without fertilizer), F2 (conventional chemical fertilizer or NPK), F3 (10 t/ha vermicompost), F4 (5 t/ha poultry manure), F5 (50% NPK+5 t/ha vermicompost), F6 (50% NPK+2.5 t/ha poultry manure) and the second factor was cultivar including Azad and Adel chickpea cultivars. The effect of fertilizer factor on the secondary branches number/plant, canopy temperature, pods number/plant, seed yield and biological yield was significant and the effect of cultivar factor on the plant height, the lowest pod height, SPAD index, 100-seed weight, seed and biological yields and harvest index was significant. The highest rates of seed yield and pods number/plant (1410 kg/ha and 42 pods/plant respectively) were recorded in F4 treatment (5 t/ha poultry manure) which were 24 and 32% higher than those of control treatment respectively. The means of secondary branches number/plant, pods number/plant, seed and biologic yield in four treatments containing organic fertilizers (F3, F4, F5 & F6) were higher than those of the inorganic fertilizer and the control treatments. Comparison of the two chickpea cultivars indicated that Azad cultivar showed a significant superiority for the most traits in comparison with Adel cultivar, and its seed yield was 13% higher than that of Adel cultivar. Regarding the improvement of chickpea growth and yield in organic fertilizer treatments, which in most cases had better results than the inorganic fertilizer these organic fertilizers can be considered as suitable alternatives for common chemical fertilizers in chickpea production under dryland conditions.

This study was conducted to study the antifungal effects of graphene nanoparticles on Aspergillus niger and Penicillium citrinum. Different concentrations of graphene nanoparticles were investigated to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and inhibition zone diameter. The results showed that the concentration of graphene nanoparticle which inhibited the growth of Penicillium mold was statistically more than that of Aspergillus niger. On the other hand, there was no difference between the concentrations of MFC for these two fungi. The MIC results for Aspergillus niger and Penicillium citrinum were 10388.9 and 10527.8 μg/ml respectively. Evaluation of the growth inhibition zone showed that up to 10500 ppm, there was no difference between the inhibition zones diameter of two microorganisms. However, with an increase in the concentration of graphene nanoparticle, the difference between the zone diameters in the two molds increased, so that the diameter of the inhibition zone of Aspergillus niger in higher nanoparticle concentrations was more than that of Penicillin citrinum. According to the results of this study it can be concluded that the effect of graphene nanoparticles on Aspergillus niger was higher than that of Penicillin citrinum.

This study was carried out to investigate application of phosphorous from different chemical, biological and, nano-fertilizers along with spraying of Farselon growth promoting substance on some growth indices, soluble sugars, and nicotine of tobacco in Marivan during 2015- 2016. The experiment was carried out using a split plots and a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor consisted of five kinds of fertilizer including control (no fertilization), triple superphosphate, phosphate biological fertilizer (Barvar-2), Nano-phosphate, and combined fertilization (50% Triple superphosphate+ phosphate biological fertilizer + Nanophosphate). The subplot included spraying Farselon growth promotion substance at two levels including: control (distilled water) and Farselon growth promotion substance. Results showed that lower leaves side length, upper leaves side width, middle leaves side dry weight, middle leaves side soluble sugars and nicotine percent were affected significantly by fertilization. The highest lower leaves side lengths were achieved by phosphate biological fertilizer and the highest upper leaves side widths were recorded under phosphate biological fertilizer and nano-phosphate treatment. In addition, the highest middle leaf side dry weight increased in comparison with control as: 11.53, 10.04, 9.58, and 3.99 percent in biological fertilizer, Triple superphosphate, nano-phosphate, and combined fertilization as compared with the control. The lowest nicotine and highest soluble sugars percent were observed in the middle leaves side by combined fertilization. In this study, leaf number, leaf length in lower and middle leaf side, leaf width in upper leaf side, leaf dry weight, cash and nicotine percent in lower and upper leaf side and leaf soluble sugars percent in lower leaf side increased significantly under Farselon treatment.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most important food legume. Drought is one of the main constraints restricting the growth and yield of crop plants. Most chickpea producing areas are in the arid and semi-arid zones, and approximately 90% of world’s chickpea is grown under rainfed conditions. The water deficit stress condition decrease chickpea yield and produced biomass. If the drought stress lasts long, the plant will face the oxidative damage inevitably, and can be resulted in producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are the result of incomplete reduction of oxygen. It is suggested that antioxidants, like salicylic acid (SA) and ascorbic acid (AA), may enhance drought tolerance in plants. Salicylic acid is one of the antioxidants which prevent the high activity of ROS and is introduced as an important messenger molecule in plant responses to different biotic and abiotic stresses. It is reported that ascorbic acid increases the cell division and causes increasing dry and fresh weight of leaf on plants and also antioxidant decreases the damage from oxygen radicals produced due to drought stress. The purpose of this research was to study the effects of SA and AA foliar application on physiological traits of two chickpea genotypes under different drought stress conditions. In this study the effects of drought stress and foliar application of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid on different characteristics of chickpea including seed yield, seed protein content, leaf relative water content and photosynthetic pigments were investigated in Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Station of Sanandaj. The experimental layout was a split plot factorial as RCBD with four replications. Four levels of water stress were considered arrangement in main plots including: Complete irrigation as control, Drought stress at vegetative stage, Drought stress at reproductive stage, and Drought stress at vegetative and reproductive stages. Combination of chickpea cultivars (ILC482 and local landrace) and ascorbic acid (100 mg/l) and salicylic acid (200 mg/l) were allocated to subplot. All the experimental plots from sowing to branching were fully watered to achieve a proper stand establishment. Foliar spraying of the plants was performed when the fifth lateral branch emerged. Plots were irrigated by a drip irrigation system. Soil moisture content was measured by gravimetric method and thus the volume of water applied to each plot was determined. Transparent plastic covers over the plots were used to avoid the effects of periodic rains and then removed when the rain stopped. Accumulated rainfall and irrigation were determined in four levels of irrigation. The measured data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance operations using the SAS computer package version 9.1. Means of treatments were compared by Duncan’s multiple range test at the 0.05 level of significance. Results showed that drought stress reduced seed yield, biomass, hundred-seed weight, relative water content, leaf protein content, concentration of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and total chlorophyll. The mean seed yield of chickpea under the stress treatments of vegetative, reproductive and continues stress was decreased at the ratios of 53, 63 and 68% respectively as compared with control. In well watered conditions, photosynthesis rate and assimilates production are increased which consequently results in the elevation of seed yield through increasing in seed filling rate and seed weight. Moreover comparison between the recorded yields in vegetative and reproductive stress treatments revealed that the yield reduction in reproductive stress treatment was more pronounced compared to vegetative stress, indicating the vulnerability of chickpea yield to terminal drought stress prevailing and occurring at reproductive stage of chickpea development. Terminal drought stress is considered as a primary constraint to chickpea productivity in countries such as Iran, where the crop is generally sown after the main rainy season and grown on stored soil moisture. The results indicated that ascorbic acid application resulted in the increase of seed yield, chlorophyll a, carotenoids and total chlorophyll. Results also indicated that application of salicylic acid increased the amount of chlorophyll a content. Whereas hundred-seed weight and leaf relative water content were not affected by growth regulator substances. Results showed that drought stress decreased agronomic and physiological characteristics in this study. Generally it was concluded that SA and AA have the potential of diminishing injury effects of drought stress and promoting crop productivity. Results also indicated that application of ascorbic acid and ILC482 cultivar are suitable in climatic conditions of Sanandaj.

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of sowing date and hydro-priming on yield of two cotton cultivars using a factorial layout with randomized complete block design in three replications at the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch in 2013 growing season. The first factor was sowing date with three levels of 29 April, 13 May and 27 May. The second factor was hydro-priming in two levels of control (without priming) and hydro-priming application and the third factor was cultivar with two levels of Paak and Varamin cultivars. Results showed that seed hydro-priming at the first sowing date (29 April) significantly increased seed cotton yield compared with control (without priming), however hydro-priming had no effects on seed cotton at the second and the third sowing dates. Varamin cultivar responded well to early planting and its yield at the first sowing date was significantly higher than that of Paak cultivar, whereas there was no difference between two cultivars regarding seed cotton yield at the other sowing dates. Delay in sowing and non-priming treatment resulted in a significant decrease in oil content of Paak cultivar but had no significant effect on oil content of Varamin cultivar.

Black seed or black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) belongs the family Ranunculaceae. Black seed is one of these species, which is naturally distributed in different parts of the country. It is extensively cultivated in various regions of Iran.  The experiment was achieved using randomized complete block design with three replications in the research field of Islamic Azad University of Isfahan Branch during 2013. Seed of ten ecotypes namely; Semirom, Zawareh, Golpayegan, Fereydan, Meymeh, Kashan, Khansar, Daran, Ardestan and Isfahan were cultivated in the plots comprising four rows. The essential oil was extracted by a Clevenger type apparatus andanalyzed by using GC/MS. Statistical analysis indicated that there was significant difference among all traits. The results of regression and path analysis indicated that the number of branches, grain filling rate and days to blooming traits were the best indirect selection criteria to improve yield in black cumin. According to the results of this research, Fereydan and Daran ecotypes showed the optimum amount of essential oil content andmorphological traits. Furthermore, cross between these ecotypes has suitable advantage to increase seed and oil yield in black cumin breeding programs. There are few researches about breeding of black cumin. The results of present study could be applied in research centers as well by farmers to cultivate commercially and production black cumin especially for seed.

Smoked Doogh and Doogh flavored with Pistacia atlantica Subsp. Kurdica essential oil (mastic resin) are popular products in Kurdistan region. Anti-pathogenic effects of these essential oils have been shown in many studies. However، their effects on lactic acid bacteria in dairy products have never been investigated. Therefore، the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of these essential oils on Lactobacillus bulgaricus. After isolation and purification of L. bulgaricus from Doogh، Mueller Hinton Agar was used for Disk Diffusion method to assess the susceptibility of the bacteria in different concentrations of the essential oils (0. 1، 0. 2، 0. 3، 0. 4، 0. 5، 0. 6، 0. 7، 0. 8، 0. 9، 1، 2، 3، 4، 5 and 100%). The minimum inhibitory concentration for mastic resin and liquid smoke were 0. 1% and 0. 9 %، and the zone of inhibition was 11 and 6. 5 mm، respectively. Furthermore، the inhibition zone diameters increased with the increasing in essential oil’s concentrations. According to the result of this study، L. bulgaricus is susceptible to mastic resin essential oil. Therefore، it will be recommended that using this essential oil should be restricted in dairy products. Furthermore، there is no problem in using it in fermented products containing L. bulgaricus in less than 0. 9% concentrations of liquid smoke. At whole، the effect of essential oils on lactic acid bacteria should be investigated، before using them in dairy products.