ayoub saeidi

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) with spirulina supplementation on dermatopontine (DPT) and TGF-β in obese men. 44 obese men were divided into four groups of 11 including: control, Training, supplement and supplemental training. Subjects in the 12-week training group perform three HIIT sessions per week. Also, subjects in the supplement group took 6 grams of spirulina per day (three grams in the morning and three grams in the evening) for 12 weeks. 48 hours before the start of the research and 48 hours after the last day of training, blood Blood was drawn and, finally the aforementioned indicators were measured using an ELISA kit and device. The results of the present study showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (p < 0.05). The post hoc analysis showed that training and supplementary training decreased DPT and TGF-β compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The present study showed that HIIT alone and with spirulina supplementation decreased DPT and TGF-β levels in obese men. Also, the consumption of spirulina along with HIIT compared to HIIT alone had a greater effect on the levels of the investigated variables.

Obesity and cardiovascular disease are the leading causes of death in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various resistance training (traditional, circuit and Interval) on BDNF and SPARC in obese men.For this purpose, 44 obese male volunteers after homogenization were randomly divided into 4 groups based on individual characteristics: control (n = 11), traditional (n = 11), Circuit (n = 11) and Interval (n = 11). Subjects performed three sessions of resistance training each week for 12 weeks. Blood samples were taken before first training session and 48 hours after the last training session and were used to analyze the factors. Examination of intergroup differences for BDNF and SPARC showed that there was a significant difference between groups (p < 0.001). The results of Bonferroni test for BDNF showed that there was a significant difference between control with interval (p < 0.001) and circuit (p < 0.001) and traditional (p = 0.012) groups. Also, the study of intragroup changes showed that BDNF values were significantly increased in the traditional training groups (p = 0.008), the circuit resistance training group (p < 0.001) and the interval training group (p < 0.001). The results of Bonferroni test for SPARC showed that there was a significant difference between control with interval (p < 0.001) and Circuit (p < 0.001) groups. Also, the study of intragroup changes showed that SPARC values were significantly reduced in the traditional training groups (p < 0.001), the interval training group (p < 0.001) and the circuit training group (p < 0.001). In the present study, it was shown that 12 weeks of traditional, circuit and interval resistance training, increased plasma BDNF levels and decreased SPARC plasma levels in obese men. It should be noted that the desired changes in circuit and interval resistance training protocols were better than the traditional type.

According to World Health Organization, the global population of diabetes is approximately 463 million people and is projected to exceed half a billion by 2030. There is currently no specific cure for diabetes, but the methods of control and management are advancing. The effect of exercise and physical activity on one of the latest involved factors, WISP-1 and WISP-2, is one of the therapeutic strategies.

This study aims to answer the question of what effect circular resistance training has on WISP-1 and WISP-2 in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Among men with T2DM referred to the Diabetes Clinic of Towhid Hospital and the Diabetes Association of Sanandaj, a total of 20 eligible volunteers were randomly assigned to two groups of 10, control and experimental. Circuit resistance training was used in this study for eight weeks, with three non-consecutive sessions per week. The number of sets, intensity, and volume of exercise started with 2 sets at 40% of 1RM (one-repetition maximum) and 15 repetitions in the initial sessions and progressed to 4 sets at 80% of 1RM and 6 repetitions in the final sessions. Rest periods of 20 to 30 seconds between sets and 3 minutes between rounds were considered. WISP-1 and WISP-2 levels were measured via ELISA method.

WISP-1 and -2 levels in the control group lake a significant change over time, its levels in the experimental group significantly decreased (p=0.029 and p=0.039, respectively).

Both WISP-1 and WISP-2 likely have an impact on the mechanisms of glucose homeostasis, insulin, insulin resistance, and body weight in individuals with T2DM.

Infection with the COVID-19 virus has a wide range of adverse effects on the metabolic and endocrine systems, and in fact, one of the main ways of influencing this new virus has been through these systems. This is why people with chronic underlying diseases such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension show more severe symptoms and higher mortality rates. On the other hand, exercise can reduce the symptoms resulting from disease and reduce its lasting effects by improving metabolic health and modulating hormonal mechanisms. Due to the new and unknown nature of COVID-19, clinical trials and experimental studies have not been performed to investigate the effect of exercise on mortality or severity and persistence of symptoms in patients with COVID-19, but exercise with modifications can improve insulin resistance, reduce the amount of mass, improve fat and anti-inflammatory properties, and increase the expression of ACE2 receptors, intracellular metabolism and other pathways that all can play a positive role in combating the virus. Due to the unknown aspects of the mechanism of COVID-19 and exercise, more studies need to be done on the dose-response relationship of exercise before and after the infection in different age groups and specific groups.

MicroRNAs and heat shock proteins are important factors in heart function. However, the response of these factors to exercise in the heart tissue is unclear. Here, we evaluated the impact of endurance training on the expression of MIR-1 and HSP-60 genes in heart tissue of rats. In this study, 10 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 groups control and endurance training. The aerobic exercise program included running on the treadmill at speed of 25 m min-1, 5 days a week for 12 weeks. After anesthesia, we performed an autopsy to collect the heart. The expression level of MIR-1 and HSP60 were measured by Real-Time PCR. An Independent t-test was used to determine significant changes (P<0.05). After the intervention period, the expression level of the MIR-1 gene showed a significant decrease in the aerobic exercise group thank in the control group (P=0.001). However, aerobic training had no significant effect on the expression level of HSP60 in the heart (P<0.05). It seems that twelve weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise can probably improve heart function.

 

Recent evidence suggests that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are involved in regulating of adipose tissue. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of three resistance training methods on bone morphogenetic protein 2 and lipid profile in obese men.

In a semi-experimental trial, 44 obese men (23-32 years) were selected and randomly divided into four groups, including control, interval resistance training, traditional resistance training and circuit resistance training. Interval, traditional and circuit resistance training performed with an intensity of 50% of maximum repetition and active rest, 3-time sessions per week for 12 weeks. Serum BMP-2 levels were measured using an ELISA kit. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at the p<0.05.

The results showed that interval, traditional and circuit resistance training were associated with a significant decrease in bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), LDL, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in interval, traditional and circuit resistance training groups, and also a significant increase in HDL concentration in interval and circuit resistance training groups in comparison with the pretest (p<0.001). BMP-2 levels were significantly lower in the interval resistance training group than in the traditional resistance training group (p<0.001). The HDL and LDL, cholesterol and triglycerides levels in obese men in the interval and circuit resistance training groups were significantly higher and lower than in the interval resistance training group, respectively (p<0.001).

12 weeks of the interval, circuit and traditional resistance training were associated with decreased BMP-2 and improved lipid profile in obese men, and interval resistance training may be more effective on BMP-2 and lipid profile in obese men.

A great importance has been given to the role of adipose tissue due to their ability to secrete hormones. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of resistance training (RT) on hormones secreted from adipose tissue (WISP-1 and WISP-2) in obese men.

In the semi-experimental study, 44 obese men (32-33 years old) were selected and randomly divided into four groups of control, interval RT, traditional RT, and circuit RT. interval, traditional, and circuit RT were performed with intensity of 50% of maximum repetition and active rest, three sessions per week for 12 weeks. Serum WISP-1 and WISP-2 levels were measured using an ELISA kit. Data were analyzed by the correlated t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey‘s post-hoc test at the p<0.05.

The results showed that there was a significant difference among the effect of three training methods on WISP-1 in obese men (p<0.001), while there was no significant difference among the effect of three training methods on WISP-2. The level of WISP-1 in the interval RT group  was significantly lower than that in  the control and traditional RT groups. Also, WISP-1 in interval RT and circuit RT groups and WISP-2 in interval RT group decreased significantly compared to the pre-test (p<0.001).

It seems that interval RT has more effects on reducing of WISP-1 and WISP-2 in obese men.

More Adipose tissue is associated with the increase of inflammatory markers in obesity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different intensity circuit resistance training on gremlin-1, Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and some cardiovascular risk factors in obese men.

In a semi-experimental trial, 44 obese men were selected and randomly divided into four groups including control (n=11), low intensity circuit resistance training (n=11), moderate intensity circuit resistance training (n=11) and high-intensity circuit resistance training (n=11) groups. Resistance training was performed in different intensities included 1) High-intensity circuit resistance training (80% 1RM) 2) Moderate intensity circuit resistance (60% 1RM) and 3) Low intensity circuit resistance training (40% 1RM), three sessions per week for 12 weeks. Serum levels of gremlin-1, MIFand Lipid profile (cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL) were measured using kit and ELISA method. Data were analyzed with Analysis of variance with repeated measures, dependent t-test and Bonferroni post hoc test at the P < 0.05.

12 weeks of circular resistance training with low, moderate and high intensity caused a significant decrease in gremlin-1 and MIF levels, significant decrease in cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-c levels and significant increase in HDL-c levels (P = 0.001).

It seems that circular resistance training with different intensities and especially high intensity can be an effective factor in counteracting the increase in observation of cardiovascular risk factors in obese people.

Physical inactivity is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation and increased risk of chronic diseases. Beneficial effects of caffeine on adipocytes metabolism and its anti-inflammatory properties have been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of 12 weeks of combined training and caffeine on plasma levels of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory indices in obese men. 

In a quasi-experimental trial, 44 obese men were purposefully and accessibly selected and assigned into four groups each 11 samples: 1) control, 2) combined (resistance-endurance) training, 3) caffeine, and 4) combined training with caffeine. The study subjects received 6 mg of caffeine per kilogram of body weight daily for 12 weeks. The combined training program was performed for 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week. The plasma levels of inflammatory (interleukin[IL]-1β) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) indices were measured using an ELISA kit. The obtained data were analyzed by dependent t test, 1-way ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc test at the significant level of P<0.05.

The results showed that 12 weeks of combined training, caffeine, and combined training-caffeine significantly reduced IL-1β levels and increased IL-10 in obese men at posttest compared to the pretest (P=0.001). Also, changes in IL-1β and IL-10 levels were greater in the combined training-caffeine group (P=0.001). 

 Combined training with caffeine positively affects body composition and improves inflammatory and anti-inflammatory indices in obese people.

A close link exists between diabetes and cardiovascular disease. cardiovascular disease is the most prevalent cause of mortality and morbidity in diabetic populations. The response of biomarkers such as miRNA to environmental factors is important for optimizing diabetes treatment strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aerobic training and stevia supplement on the expression of miR-322 and cyclin D1 in heart tissue of type 1 diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 25 type 1 diabetic rats (weight 300-250 g) were divided into 5 groups; healthy control, type 1 diabetic control, type 1 diabetic – stevia supplement, type 1 diabetic-exercise and type 1 diabetic - exercise - stevia supplement. Aerobic training was performed 5 days a week at a speed of 20 to 30 meters per minute and a slope of zero degrees for 8 weeks. The dose of stevia was 250 mg per kilogram of body weight in gavage. Rats were slaughtered 48 hours after the last training session and Cardiac tissue was used to analyze the indicators. The gene expression of miR-322 and cyclin D1 in cardiac tissue was measured by Real Time PCR. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Bonferron's post hoc test at the P<0.05.

Aerobic training, stevia and the interaction of aerobic training and stevia supplementation had no significant effect on the gene expression of miR-322 and cyclin D1 in the heart tissue of type-1 diabetic rats (P<0.05).

According to the results of the study, it seems that intervention of aerobic training with stevia supplementation has no effect on the gene expression of cardiac metabolic markers in type 1 diabetes.

Obesity and associated chronic inflammation lead to insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying intensity circuit resistance training on metabolic and inflammatory markers in obese men. In a semi-experimental trial, 44 obese men were selected and randomly divided into four groups, including 1) Control (n=11), 2) Low-intensity circuit resistance training (n=11), 3) Moderate-intensity circuit resistance training (n=11), and 4) High-intensity circuit resistance training (n=11). Resistance training was performed at different intensities, including 1) High-intensity circuit resistance training (80% 1RM), 2) Moderate-intensity circuit resistance (60% 1RM), and 3) Low-intensity circuit resistance training (40% 1RM), three sessions per week for 12 weeks. Serum levels of Dectin-1, TLR2, TLR4, MyD88 were measured using an ELISA kit. Data were analyzed with covariance analysis at P<0.05. Twelve weeks of moderate and high-intensity circuit resistance training significantly reduced weight, body mass index, serum levels of Dectin-1, TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, and HOMA-IR (P=0.001). The reduction of weight, body mass index, serum levels of Dectin-1, TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, and HOMA-IR were significant in obese men in the high-intensity training group compared to low-intensity training (P=0.001). It seems that circuit resistance training, especially high-intensity circuit resistance training, can be used as an option to reduce the inflammatory and metabolic complications associated with obesity.

One of the simplest and safest ways to treat diabetes is exercise regularly and Consumption of herbal medicines that have few side effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training with aloe vera supplementation on some selected adipokines in type 2 diabetic men. In this quasi-experimental study, 44 men with type 2 diabetes (mean age 25-40 years) were randomly divided into four groups (n=11) of control, aloe vera, exercise and exercise- aloe vera groups. High-intensity interval training were performed 3 sessions per week for 12 weeks. Subjects received an aloe vera capsule containing 100 mg of aloe vera gel powder in the morning immediately after waking up and one capsule after dinner. Blood samples and anthropometric characteristics were obtained before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, t-test and Tukey post hoc test at P<0.05. The results showed that 12 weeks of HIIT and HIIT with aloe vera supplementation significantly reduced cathepsin S, K, L levels in type 2 diabetic men (P=0.001). Also, aloe vera supplementation reduced the levels of cathepsin S, K, L, which was not statistically significant (P <0.05). It seems that 12 weeks of HIIT and HIIT with aloe vera supplementation will improve adipokines in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Coronavirus-disease 19 (COVID-19) has rapidly become a global public health issue, and there is a desperate need for strategies of prevention, reduction, and treatment to halt the epidemic. The coronavirus affects the immune system, and individuals with a compromised immune system, such as those with diabetes, hypertension, obesity, are more susceptible to this virus. Lifestyle-related variables such as physical activity and nutritional supplements can decrease inflammatory markers, increase anti-inflammatory and antioxidant status, and improve the immune system. Lifestyle-related variables play preventive roles against various infectious diseases including COVID-19. This review highlights the effects of physical activity and nutrients supplements on the immune system and their possible benefits in combating the harms caused by infection with the COVID-19 virus.

 The effects of exercise and stevia extract on diabetes-related indicators have been already reported, but their cardiac benefits on Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) are unclear.

 This study aims to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of endurance training and stevia supplementation on gene expression levels of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) and β-Myosin Heavy Chain (β-MHC) in the heart tissue of T1D rats. 

 In this experimental study, 25 rats with the average weight of 250-300 g were divided into five groups; healthy control, diabetic control, diabetic+supplementation, diabetic+training, and diabetic+training+supplementation. T1D was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg/ body weight). Endurance training was performed 5 days a week at a speed of 20-30 meters per minute on a surface with a zero slope for 8 weeks. Stevia was gavaged in a dose of 250 mg/kg/body weight. Rats were slaughtered 48 hours after the last training session. Cardiac tissue was used to measure the parameters. The gene expression of ANP and b-MHC in cardiac tissue was measured by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Data were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test.

 The gene expression levels of ANP and β-MHC were significantly higher in the diabetic control group compared to the healthy control group (P=0.001), and significantly lower in the diabetic+training and diabetic+training+supplementation groups compared to the diabetic control group (P=0.001).

 Endurance training and stevia supplementation can have beneficial effects on the heart of T1D rats.

Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation in obese subjects, which leads to an increase of inflammatory cytokines. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different intensity circuit resistance training on levels of interleukin 1 beta and interleukin-10 in obese men.

In a semi-experimental trial during May to August 2020, 44 obese men from Tehran city were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups including 1) control (n=11), 2) low-intensity circuit resistance training (n=11), 3) Moderate intensity circuit resistance training (n=11) and 4) High-intensity circuit resistance training (n=11). Resistance training was performed in different intensities including1) High-intensity circuit resistance training: three sets of 10 repetitions with 80% 1RM 2) Moderate intensity circuit resistance: three sets of 13 repetitions with 60% 1RM and 3) low-intensity circuit resistance training: three sets of 20 repetitions with 40% 1RM, three sessions per week for 12 weeks. Also, the control group had their daily life during the 12-week research period and were prohibited from participating in regular exercise. Serum interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were measured using an ELISA kit. Data were analyzed with covariance analysis at P<0.05.

Twelve weeks of low, Moderate and high intensity circuit resistance training significantly decreased IL-1β levels (P=0.001) and increased IL-10 levels in obese men (P=0.001). The decrease of IL-1β was significant in the high-intensity training group compared to low intensity (P=0.009) and moderate-intensity training groups (P=0.046). Also, the increase in IL-10 levels was significant in the high-intensity training group compared to the low-intensity (P=0.002) and the moderate intensity training group compared to the low intensity training group (P=0.004).

According to our findings, resistance training has a positive effect on inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in obese men, and high-intensity circular resistance training had more benefits.

 Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and fatty liver are now considered the major causes of mortality in developing countries. The present study investigates the effect of twelve weeks of combined training with and without canagliflozin consumption on fetuin-A and fetuin B in type 2 diabetic men.

 Forty- four men (25-40 years ) who had type two diabitiac were recruited for this study. This is a double-blind study conducted in four groups. For this purpose, diabetic men were divided into four groups of 11 individuals, including control-diabetes, diabetes-medication, diabetes-training, and diabetes-training-supplementation. Every day, 200 mg of canagliflozin and placebo were given to medication-consuming and placebo groups. Blood samples were taken before and 48 hours after the last training session and used for analysis.

 Two-way ANOVA results showed a significant difference between groups (P<0.001) for fetuin A-amounts. Bonferroni test results also showed a significant difference between control and training (P = 0.030), control and medication-training (P<0.001), medication-training, and medication (P<0.001) and medication-training and training (P= 0.001) groups. The two-way analysis of variance showed significant differences between groups (P = 0.023) in terms of fetuin B amounts. The post hoc test results showed a significant difference between control and training groups (P = 0.009) and control with training-medication groups (P = 0.007).

 According to our results, the administration of a combination program, alongside the use of canagliflozin, on individuals who have type 2 diabetes may have the most significant effect on reducing these hepatokines in people with diabetes.

Metabolic disorders induced by inactivity and malnutrition cause many problems in the heart tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks aerobic exercise on some selected inflammatory markers in cardiac tissue of male Wistar rats with two types of normal and cholesterol-rich diet.

In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats randomly divided into four groups of normal-control, normal-exercise, cholesterol-rich, cholesterol- The exercises were divided. The training groups performed 12 weeks (5 days a week) of endurance training and the control groups were kept in a cage for 12 weeks with no exercise. Prior to the beginning of the training period, the cholesterol-rich diet group rats were fed this diet for three months to induce hyperlipidemia and dietary intervention was administered until the end of the training period. 48 hours after the last training session, they were killed after nocturnal fasting and then their blood and tissue samples were collected and measured.

Between groups analyses showed significant differences between different groups MCP-1 (p<0.001), IL-6 (p<0.001), TNF- α (P≤0.05) and CK (p<0.001), LDH (p<0.001).

According to the results of the study, moderate intensity aerobic exercise may improve cardiac function and inflammatory markers in individuals with normal and high cholesterol diet or even prevent cardiac tissue injury.

Diabetes is one of the leading causes of mortality in the world. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise training and a synthesized insulin nanocomposite hydrogel on TNF-α and IL-6 in type 1 diabetic rats.

Twenty-five rats were divided into five equal groups of animals each containing five animals, control - healthy, Control-diabetes, Nano-insulin Diabetes, Exercise Diabetes and Nano-insulin Diabetes-Exercise. The exercise training program lasted eight weeks. After the five days of familiarization, exercise time for the exercise groups were as follows: 20 m/min for the first and second weeks, 25 m/min for the third and fourth weeks and 30 m / min for the fifth and sixth weeks. The rats were also given the Nano-insulin supplement. Rats were killed 48 hours after the last training session. Their plasma was taken and used for the analysis of markers.

There were significant differences in IL-6 (P<0.001) and TNF-α (P<0.001) between the groups.

The results of this study showed that aerobic exercise training along with Nano-insulin supplementation significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-6 in rats with type 1 diabetes and these changes were more in the Nano-insulin Diabetes group.

Obesity and cardiovascular disease are among the leading causes of mortality in the world. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of aerobic training on some antioxidant and cardiac oxidative stress in male rats with two types of normal and cholesterol-rich diet.

40 male Wistar rats randomly divided into four groups of normal-control, normal-exercise, cholesterol-rich and cholesterol-exercises. The training groups performed 12 weeks (5 days a week) of endurance training. Prior to the beginning of the training period, the cholesterol-rich diet group rats were fed this diet for three months to induce hyperlipidemia and dietary intervention was administered until the end of the training period. 48 hours after the last training session, they were killed and then their heart tissues were separated and the experiments were performed.

Between groups analyses indicated a significant difference between groups consuming cholesterol and normal foods in the MDA (P = 0.001), TAC (P = 0.004) and glutathione (P = 0.013).

The results of this study showed that moderate-intensity aerobic activity improved oxidative stress indices and increased TAC in the hearts of mice with normal and high cholesterol diet.

The effect of exercise on the expression of genes affecting cardiac hypertrophy is unclear. Evidence suggests that some miRNAs play an important role in improving heart function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of mir133a and some markers of cardiac hypertrophy to endurance training.

To implementation of this experimental research, 10 male Wistar rats randomly were divided into 2 groups control and endurance training. endurance training performed 5 days a week at a speed of 25 m/min and a gradient of zero degrees for 12 weeks. The expression of mir133a, IGF-1 and IGF-R genes were measured by Real Time PCR. Data were analyzed by independent t-test at the P <0.05.

The results showed that after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise the expression of mir-133 and IGF-1 gene was significantly higher in the exercise group than in the control group (P=0.001). Also, after 12 weeks of aerobic training, no significant difference was observed in IGF-R gene expression between the two groups (P <0.05).

According to the findings of the present study, twelve weeks of aerobic exercise may possibly increase cardiac protection activities through cardiac hypertrophy indices.

During recent years, consumption of nutritional supplements has become popular in the athletes to enhance muscle power, function, and hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of circuit resistance training and saffron supplementation on plasma testosterone and cortisol in young college men. 44 healthy male were divided into four groups including: water-training, sweat petals-training, style saffron-training and stigma-training. Resistance training consisted of 12 stations (each station lasts for 30 seconds at 40% of one repetition maximum) for 2 weeks (5 sessions per week). Saffron was used daily, 500 mg twice a day, in the morning and immediately after exercise. Blood samples were taken before and 48 hours after the last session and were used for analysis of testosterone by Elisa kit and cortisol by Elecsys system. Results showed there is No significant difference in testosterone (P=0.093) and cortisol (P=0.378) between the groups. Variations inner groups showed significant increase in plasma testosterone levels in all groups (P<0.05) and a significant decrease in plasma cortisol levels in group stigma-training (P<0.038). Also, significant increases in testosterone to cortisol ratio in groups stigma-training (P=0.001) and (P=0.031) was observed. But no significant changes in the other groups were observed. Circuit Resistance training improves the testosterone and cortisol; however this improvement was increased when this training combined with saffron supplements.

Kisspeptin refers to peptides involved in appetite regulation and responds to energy-decaying agents. The aim of the current study was to survey brain response of kisspeptin and glycogen at different times to acute aerobic exercise with and without glucose solution consumption in male rats. Eighty adult male Wistar rats, after 2 weeks of familiarization with the laboratory space and treadmill, performed aerobic exercise training for 4 weeks followed by rest for 1 week. Then, based on the weight, they were divided into eight groups: 1, pre-exercise (PE, n = 10); 2, immediately after exercise (IAE, n = 10); 3, 24 hours after exercise-saline (24HAES, n = 10); 4, 24 hours after exercise-glucose (24HAEG, n = 10); 5, 48 hours after exercise-saline (48HAES, n = 10); 6, 48 hours after exercise-glucose (48HAEG, n = 10); 7, 72 hours after exercise-saline (72HAES, n = 10); 8, 72 hours after exercise-glucose (72HAEG, n = 10). Each exercise session of the rats included running on the treadmill for 90 minutes with a speed of 25 m/min with the slope of zero degrees. Glucose and saline solutions were given to the glucose and saline groups immediately after training. The rats were sacrificed after 3 hours of fasting, and the brain tissue was separated for analysis. No significant difference in brain kisspeptin was seen with time, between groups, and for interaction between time and group (P > 0.05). Tissue glycogen analyses showed significant changes between the groups (P < 0.001). The results of this study showed that brain kisspeptin did not respond to stress and disruption of energy balance and did not relate to the reduction of tissue glycogen in the brain.

Aging and low physical activity results in a decrease in Adiponectin and an increase in leptin, which can cause cardiovascular diseases, obesity and diabetes. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks circuit-resistance training (CRT) with Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) supplementation on plasma leptin and adiponectin in postmenopausal women.

48 untrained postmenopausal women took part in this study. The participants were randomly divided in 4 groups with 12 persons in each: resistance training (RTG), Z. multiflora (ZG), control (CG) and Z. multiflora- resistance training (ZRTG). Resistance training program contained 12 stations (each station 30 second with 35 percent of one maximum repetition) and continued for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week). Participants in the ZG and ZRTG consumed 500 mg of Z. multiflora supplementation daily before breakfast. Blood samples were collected 48 hours before first session and 48 hours after last session to measure plasma levels of leptin and Adiponectin.

Significant difference between ZRTG and CG in plasma Adiponectin was observed (P˂0.05). However, there was no significant difference between groups in leptin (P˃0.05).

This study indicated that CRT can cause a decrease in leptin and an increase in Adiponectin. Also, when Z. multiflora intervention included in the training program, this effects increased.