azita balali oskoyi

From the Achaemenid era to the Qajar era, mid-way residences were built to serve various military, trade and residential purposes. In central Iranian regions, residences were formed around a courtyard, with the central courtyard serving as the pivotal link. Some mid-way residences not only had central courtyards but also contained other yards, serving in relation to the main courtyard. Considering the significance of side yards in meeting residents’ needs, it is increasingly important to examine these spaces in Robat and caravanserais. The goal of this study was to investigate the role and function of elements around side yards in Robats and caravanserais. This study raises the questions: “Which factors have formed multiple courtyards in these buildings?” “What are the reasons behind the similarities and differences of side yards in Robats and caravanserais?” This study used library sources such as books, articles and documents to explore space patterns using theoretical foundations and descriptive-analytical methods. Findings revealed that four factors of climate, privacy, intimacy (residence-related) and services contributed to establishing side yards, with each involving some subspaces. Robats and caravanserais feature different characters and are nearly identical from a functional point of view. A comparison of side yards’ functions indicates similar spaces and functions, which differ from each other structurally and spatially. Results have demonstrated that Robats have followed no pre-determined plans in their construction plans, with their yards sequentially formed along each other based on different periods; caravanserais, however, had predetermined plans and had their spaces constructed based on implementation designs.

Introduction and purpose of the research:

 The historical market of Tabriz can be considered as a clear example of the native culture of Iran with the dimensions of cultural scope, meaning as well as place and history in the current research. The aim of the current research is to investigate the process of the phenomenological dimension of the semantic place in the architecture of the historical market of Tabriz through the approach of cultural studies, which explores the level of the semantic value of the place in that axis.

the present article can be called a descriptive-analytical research, which first studied the location dimension in terms of a semantic concept from the theoretical aspect in library resources, and then in relation to its structure; Based on the written documentation, it has had a qualitative-quantitative analysis.

In examining the concept of place and the cultural components that influence the meaning of place, we aim to introduce the ability of the historical market of Tabriz as a symbol of a meaningful place based on the researches carried out according to the books, articles and thoughts of expert thinkers, which was carried out in the face of the integration of spatial structure that includes the process of concepts and functional continuity. It is appreciated.

The results of the research showed that the historical market of Tabriz as an architectural place is emphasized in explaining the perceptions and experiences of people with spatial semantic dimensions and its meaning in their culturedness from the dimension arising from the phenomenology of spatial meaning. So, in investigating the application of the phenomenology method, it is due to the fact that it is one of the most used methods in the field of qualitative research, as well as an efficient approach in studies related to the philosophy of architecture and the phenomenology movement.

The need for gardening in different periods in different areas and for different people has led to the creation of different types of Iranian gardens. In the physical space of some Iranian gardens, in addition to the main and inner mansion space, there are also service and side spaces. One of the most important service spaces is the hot tub, and this research deals with this independent use as an element dependent on the garden, and by studying nine examples of hot tubs in the garden, it has investigated the physical and functional patterns of hot tubs in Iranian gardens. The question is, what are the physical and functional patterns of hot springs in Iranian gardens? This research is of a qualitative type and the research method is in the descriptive-analytical theoretical part. Library information collection tools. Based on the obtained information, the physical and functional patterns of hot springs located in the garden were analyzed using comparative analysis. The results of the research show that the hot springs built in the gardens were mostly private or private-public. In some gardens, there is a formal connection between the geometry of the vestibule or the partition space of the pavilion, with the geometry of the Garmaba garden space.By analyzing the positioning of garmabeh in relation to the main axis, sub-axis, koshk and sardar, it can be seen that in all gardens, garmabeh is located in the sub-axis of the garden and in connection with the koshk or the sardar building.

For the sociability of public spaces, a wide range of components are considered, but the problem that exis ts is that little attention is paid to the components based on the social norms of the Iranian-Islamic city. In examining the models presented for the sociability of public spaces in Iran, what has been less addressed by researchers is the provision of components based on the social norms of the Iranian-Islamic city. In such a way that it can be said that not much indigenous look has been done towards these components. In this regard, the mos t important goal of the current research is to analyze and explain the components affecting the sociability of public spaces and to examine their importance in the Iranian-Islamic city. The s tudy case of the research is the Ali Qapu pedes trian in Ardabil city, which is one of the mos t important Sociable public spaces of the city, which has been able to play a role in explaining the his torical and cultural identity of Ardabil. The current research is based on the purpose of the applied-developmental type and in terms of the method is of the descriptive-analytical type. The method of collecting data in this research is based on library-documentary s tudies and field s tudies in such a way that library-documentary s tudies (including books, articles and plans related to the research topic) have been used to compile the theoretical foundations. In order to inves tigate and evaluate the area of the research, field s tudies in the form of observation, interview and ques tionnaire have been used. In order to analyze the research data, after interviews and discussions and completing the ques tionnaires by 30 specialis ts in the fields of urban planning, architecture, sociology and res toration, ANP-Dematel integrated model and Spss and Super Decisions softwares were used. The research findings show that the components of "permeability", "inclusiveness", "sensory richness" and "privacy" are the mos t important components of sociability of public spaces. The final achievement of the research is the presentation of the four components of "privacy", "spatial simplification", "naturalism" and "Iranian-Islamic Facade" in the form of "value-normative" components and centered on the social norms of the Iranian-Islamic city in order to make public spaces sociable. Designers and urban planners can work more efficiently by considering these components. Components such as "Privacy" in providing a sense of peace and creating mental privacy for the users of the space, using the "Iranian-Islamic Facade" in order to show the identity of an urban space, "Naturalism" by creating greenery and freshness in the space, and "Spatial simplification" which can cause a better unders tanding and readability of the public space, they are one of the mos t important components of sociability of public spaces in Iranian-Islamic cities. Therefore, in order to design such spaces in the cities of the country, a revision should be made in the field of using their design components, and the components based on the social norms of the Iranian-Islamic city should be used in order to improve the sociability of urban public spaces.

A deciding factor in the design of a mosque is the direction of the qibla. The qibla is directed toward theKaaba, which marks a fixed direction of prayer for Muslims worldwide. The mosque adjacent to Prophet’s houseis credited with the earliest attempt at qibla-orientation, which was based on the canopy. Later on, the orientationwould be determined through the courtyard direction. However, Iranian architecture has employed several otherways to orientate towards qibla, thanks to its specific elements that differ from those of Arabian architecture. Thefirst mosques in Iran were formed through modifying the earlier chahar-taqi buildings. Yet, several other originalmosque designs also emerged as Iranian architecture was dynamic and constantly evolving. The three elements ofthe “dome,” “iwan,” and “courtyard” have interacted with each other within Iranian mosques. This paper focuseson the role and implications of these three elements for qibla-orientation. As a primary research, it combinesexploratory and descriptive-analytical approaches to study and examine various Iranian mosques from differentperiods. The results suggest that the courtyard was less influential than the other two elements in the mosques inshabestani, one-iwan and two-iwan plans. However, with the advent of the four-iwan scheme, the courtyard tookon the primary role in the pre-Safavid mosques. Mosques would begin to develop a more centripetal organizationin the Safavid period, when the courtyard and iwan, placed opposite to the direction of qibla, assumed a morecritical role.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the state of the city body in order to optimize energy consumption in Rashidiyeh neighborhood of Tabriz. According to its nature, the research method is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population consists of citizens living in Rashidiyeh neighborhood of Tabriz. The statistical sample size was calculated according to Cochran's formula of 384 people. Examining the results of the sample T-Tech test shows that all three physical indicators of the neighborhood, including mass, passage, and open space indicators, were significant at a level of less than 0.05. In this context, the index of open space with an average of 3.32 is in an average condition, and two indicators of mass and roads are evaluated in poor condition with an average of 2.59 and 2.52, respectively. The reasons for this condition are the lack of installation of building blocks in the direction of wind and light, lack of access to services, improper exterior covering of buildings in order to reduce energy, use of poor quality materials, lack of design of roads for air conditioning in the city, obstruction the view pointed to the sky and residential density. Finally, Pearson's correlation showed that there is a relationship between the physical indicators of the neighborhood in optimizing energy consumption. The highest correlation is related to mass index with open space with a value of (0.785), which is considered a strong relationship.

In the contemporary era of centralism in the structure of urban management, economic and social changes and developments have caused the loss of social and physical cohesion of neighborhoods, so that with the emergence of urban development plans, neighborhoods are simply a unit of urban divisions based on population and enjoyment. Basic neighborhood services have become. In this study, assuming the difference in the type of association according to different economic / social / physical characteristics in different neighborhoods, respectively, in three neighborhoods, newly built, historical and dilapidated, including Shalman (newly built, density of 6 floors); Head (historical, density of 2 floors); Nisser (informal settlement, with a density of 2 floors) were selected for the case study.The method used in this research is a combination of content analysis methods, surveys and conversations, based on which attendance at the neighborhood level, using a 24-question questionnaire and interviewing people is done. Spss 16 software is used in the analysis of the questionnaire. The results of this study show that in neighborhood relations, all three subsets of good fellowship, ie, "participation, dignity and virtue", exist in different proportions, only the level of establishing relationships, how they are, how the relationship is extensive, and so on. Which can be defined under the influence of neighborhood characteristics and confirms that antisocial factors affect how to socialize. In the contemporary era of centralism in the structure of urban management, economic and social changes and developments have caused the loss of social and physical cohesion of neighborhoods, so that with the emergence of urban development plans, neighborhoods are simply a unit of urban divisions based on population and enjoyment. Basic neighborhood services have become. In this study, assuming the difference in the type of association according to different economic / social / physical characteristics in different neighborhoods, respectively, in three neighborhoods, newly built, historical and dilapidated, including Shalman (newly built, density of 6 floors); Head (historical, density of 2 floors); Nisser (informal settlement, with a density of 2 floors) were selected for the case study.The method used in this research is a combination of content analysis methods, surveys and conversations, based on which attendance at the neighborhood level, using a 24-question questionnaire and interviewing people is done. Spss 16 software is used in the analysis of the questionnaire. The results of this study show that in neighborhood relations, all three subsets of good fellowship, ie, "participation, dignity and virtue", exist in different proportions, only the level of establishing relationships, how they are, how the relationship is extensive, and so on. Which can be defined under the influence of neighborhood characteristics and confirms that antisocial factors affect how to socialize.

The non-responsive change of public places’ environmental qualities is one of the main problems of Iranian cities. Urban squares in Iranian cities were known as people friendly & beautified spaces which shaped through their place factors such as form and functions. Their environmental qualities including sociability, attractiveness, walkability, robustness and security were patronized through various place dimensions. The urbanism literature shows that insipid of contradiction between qualities & quantities of public spaces elements & settings in modern era in global level, it come to a responsive & optimized situation in post-modern & post- post modern era. Indeed, during a transformation period this contradiction have been solved out. But, this type of transformation has not generally occurred in the Iranian cities contexts, regarding this situation two type of questions can be addressed. 1- Why Iranian urban planners, designers & architects, as well as intellectual society have mainly have the nostalgia of past public places development traditions? 2- In specific, what was the environmental characteristics of public squares of Tehran, the capital city of Iran, in Qajar ear, in which their environmental or design qualities have been admired by some researchers and authors. Therefor, this research was aimed to explore two aspects of public squares in the case of Quarried Tehran area. Firstly, to explore to main squares of Qajar period Tehran. Secondly, to explores the main environmental qualities of these public spaces through place dimensions. The findings of this field and case study shows dramatics changes of environmental attribute in public squares of Qajar district of Tehran during about one century. The existing environmental attribute are against past characteristics, resulting non-responsive places specially regarding to people friendly norms.

Qajar period houses in Urmia are valuable examples of Iranian architecture that seem to have not been thoroughly studied despite their variety and specific features. The lack of attention to the historic houses is such that even many people in the city of Urmia are not familiar with these houses and there are no proper measures to preserve and restore these valuable houses.In the present study, with a combined method (descriptive-analytical and interpretive-historical) after the physical examination of houses in the Qajar period of Urmia, it has been stated what are the effective factors in the physical formation of the house and the effect of each component on the body. How is it؟The purpose of this study is firstly to identify and analyze the housing in Qajar period of Urmia and how it is influenced by various factors and secondly to identify the physical pattern and finally the physical characterization of the mentioned houses. To achieve this goal and considering the destruction of most historic houses in the city of Urmia and the lack of complete registration and recognition of all specimens by subordinate organs, 13 specimens from the Qajar period were examined and in this regard Data collection has been used from library studies and historical documents reviews as well as field studies including site visits and viewing and interviews. The findings indicate that many of the features of Orumieh houses were in some way synchronized with cultural, religious, economic and social variables, and despite common concepts in forming the physical patterns of these houses .And economics, politics, etc. we see clear physical distinctions between the houses, which, according to physical analyzes of the social class of the dwellers, played important role in the physical characterization of the houses.

In Iran, the entrance of cities does not have a suitable position. Large-scale, unspecified entry limits, uneven growth, and lack of codified programs in organizing their development are among the reasons that have shaped the current situation. How the experience of space and user perception is one of the most important effective ways in determining the correct entry limit and qualities of the entry points of cities. In this study, using questionnaires, interviews, and field observations in the form of a combined model of Lynch, Nassar, and Appliard, objectives such as determining the boundaries and reviewing the eastern entrance of Sanandaj from the Hamedan axis are followed according to users' environmental perception and analysis of gender differences from the extracted maps of the above triple models. The uncertainty of the entrance boundaries of cities as one of the main obstacles of design, the multiplicity of views and diversity of opinions about the entrances of cities, made it necessary to conduct this research. The nature of the data is qualitative and documentary and library studies form the basis of interpreting the survey and field concepts used in this research. This article seeks to answer the question that despite the existence of gender differences among all members of society, which originate from cultural, social, education, age, etc., a specific framework for gender differences in the perception of entry points can be considered? Findings of the study, while confirming the existence of perceptual differences based on gender, according to what was obtained in the process of collecting cognitive maps and interviews with statistical samples, in the form of seven criteria "orientation, position recognition, range visualization, scale, proportions, qualities, Details »A common framework between women and men maps was developed and discussed.

One of the architectural masterpieces of religious buildings is related to the Iranian-Islamic architecture of the Razavi shrine, which has been formed during historical periods and according to socio-political conditions. This study, while examining the physical and semantic architecture formed in this collection in the two decades after the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, discusses the reflection of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in the mentioned architecture, for this purpose, it is necessary to be aware of the historical and political conditions of the Islamic Republic of Iran in this period. This article seeks to use a descriptive-analytical method to study the significant architectural works created after the Islamic Revolution of Iran in the Razavi shrine during the years 1978-98 from the perspective of theorists of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in the category of Islamic identity in Iran, and to explain the special issues affected by the Islamic Revolution of Iran in the mentioned collection in the two decades after the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. The main question of the research is what is the relationship between the revolution and the architecture of the Razavi shrine complex in the next two decades? In response to this question, the research hypothesis is that there is a special relationship between the intellectual foundations of the Islamic Revolution and the architecture of the Razavi shrine between 1978 and 1998.

The religion of Islam since its formation has caused changes and alterations in various fields of architecture. These changes included various topics, including building decorations. With the passage of time and the formation of various Girih designs in different parts of the building and various materials, the color factor also found its place and finally color became an integral element in the art of Girih. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the Girih from a close angle through its constituent geometric elements, and to analyze the color in Girih. The study of color is based on both psychology and archetype. The main research questions are what color characteristics of the Girih are placed next to each other and can a color combination pattern be provided for it? To achieve this question, library studies and architectural and historical documents along with the use of AutoCAD and Photoshop software have been used to determine the color pattern of Girih. The present study has been done with an exploratory approach and a descriptive-analytical research method. Findings indicate that the three main categories of Iranian Girih, namely Kond, Tond and Shol, each have a specific geometric pattern in color combination, and the background and routine of each instrument, depending on the type of Girih, has been determined as the main finding of the research.

The Holy Quran, as the guiding book of mankind, contains a collection of divine verses in which there are innumerable truths and mysteries, and is the greatest manifestation of the emergence of a truth in the material body. So that the truth of heaven appears in the material form and the architecture of the garden. Contrary to the simple appearance of Persian garden, the structural and semantic complexities resulted from the combination of four elements in the Persian garden are in accordance with the Paradise; in fact, the influence of water element as the main existential factor in the pattern of Persian garden and its sanctity in Iranian thoughts are evident and more important. So that water is a vital element in preserving the dignity of heaven in the manifestation and appearance of it in the Persian garden. An interpretative research methodology is adopted in this study, which is based on the analysis of contents of Quran verses. This study seeks to find out the manifestation of the water elemente in the physical and functional system of the Persian garden with its image in the Paradise. A comparison of Persian garden and the Paradise from the perspective of Holy Quran and the interpretations of Al-Imran Surah show that the functional system of Persian garden corresponds with the names of the Paradise, which are proportional to its rank and place, and the element of water in the physical system of Persian garden corresponds to different faces of water in the functions of the Paradise.

The Ilkhani period was the onset of building architectural complexes and the independent urban spaces called ‘Abwab-al-berr’, inspired by sacred and blessed places, as well as scientific and educational centers, which are in fact a combination of religious scientific collections. Shanb-e-Ghazan was the premiere in ‘Abwab-al-berr’ phenomenon category in the urbanization of Ilkhani era, of which at this moment there has not been anything left out. Therefore, the main issue of the present article was to discuss the space organization of the city of Sangb-e Ghazan and its features based on historical documentation. Using historical analysis method, the present paper, referring to the historical texts of historians and tourists, has tried to recapture the image of the city of Sangb-e Ghazan and its structure. Gtudying the subject, we are faced with a regular and coherent set of rovers in which all urban uses are taken into account. Despite the various buildings, the tomb of Ghazan Khan is the main core of the set; the city has a predetermined map with a tower and gate, and the tomb of Sultan with its dome at the center of the complex: the buildings of Abwab-al-berr’are located on the sides of the tomb. Sangb-e Ghazan was also connected to the World Trade Network of the Tabriz market, and the market included a caravanserai, a row of cellars and several yards and dispersed Kooshks amongst the beautiful gardens and a variety of public utilities.

Abstract
The city's environment as a source and sign of mental images and memories are remarkably evolving, and each individual has a sense of belonging due to the imagination he has of the urban environment. Therefore, the recognition of the factors that lead to the relationship between the urban environment and mental perceptions is imperative that the lack of attention to it leads to a cultural breakdown, and the relation between mental imagery as a constant factor and the physical structure of the city as a variable one creates a balance between the city and the people that causes the presence of people in it. This study is conducted with the purpose of investigating the role of mental images in creating a sense of belonging to the neighborhood and its relationship with the sense of belonging and affiliation to the Shotorban historical neighborhood of Tabriz as a case study. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is through field surveys and using a questionnaire. Pearson correlation coefficient and single-sample T-test and SPSS software were used to achieve goals and answer questions. The results show that there is a direct and significant relationship between the citizens' mental image and the attachment sense, (Double Domain Test P<0.05, n=384, r=0.64) And given the physical mental image (p=0.001,t=4.44),social mental image(p=0.029 ,t=2.20), semantic mental image(p=0.001 ,t=9.27) , have a positive impact on the sense of belonging. Then semantic mental images with a standardized coefficient (beta) of 0.47 have the most effect on the sense of belonging. Also, the sense of belonging in Shotorban neighborhood is significantly higher than average.