behnood abbasi

Cesarean section (CS) is one of the most important pregnancy concerns in the world. Increased inflammation is associated with increased risk factors for cesarean section. Diet plays a major role in reducing inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and the risk of Cesarean section in Tehranian women.

This case-control study included 390 pregnant women in Tehran, Iran between 2020 and 2021 at their initial visit to pregnancy clinics, selected by a cluster sampling method. Dietary intakes were determined using valid reliable questionnaires and DII was calculated. Weight, height, and waist circumference were also measured.

The mean age of the subjects was 28.5 yr (± 5.02) and weight, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in the case group with a higher DII were higher. Odds ratio (OR) of cesarean section in DII quartiles was statistically significant. Confounding factors including age, BMI and total energy intake were adjusted in the first model and weight, waist circumference, physical activity and supplements in the second model and the relationship remained significant (P<0.001).

High scores of dietary inflammatory index, possibly through an increase in inflammatory factors, can increase the chances of having a cesarean section.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder with various clinical manifestations, including impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Since dietary fatty acids might have a remarkable role in the progression and development of these disorders, we conducted the present study to evaluate the association between atherogenic index and polycystic ovary syndrome. Our case-control study was performed on 494 individuals, including 203 women with polycystic ovary syndrome and 291 healthy women in Taleghani Hospital, Tehran, Iran, in July 2019. Demographic data and anthropometric indices, including height, weight, and waist circumference, were gathered by a trained expert. A valid semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire was used for dietary intake assessment. An empirical formula calculated the atherogenic index. In case and control groups, participants had a mean age of 28.98±5.43 and 30.15±6.21 years. There was no significant trend in total fat, cholesterol, saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acid, MUFA, linoleic, and linolenic fatty acids intake through atherogenic index quartiles (p>0.05). However, we observed that PUFA intake decreased through atherogenic index quartiles significantly (p=0.034). In addition, there was no significant association between the atherogenic index of diet and polycystic ovary syndrome risk. To sum up, we found no relationship between atherogenic index and polycystic ovary syndrome risk. More studies are needed to prove our findings.

Osteoporosis, a prevalent bone malady, is prevalent in Iran. Several studies have represented the role of dietary antioxidants on osteoporosis. The dietary antioxidant index (DAI) is a valid and reliable index, which indicates a comprehensive view of dietary antioxidant capacity. This study aimed to survey the relationship of the DAI with the risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in Iran. This research aimed to examine the association between the DAI and the risk of osteoporosis among postmenopausal women in Iran.

In this case–control study, 440 postmenopausal women (220 cases and 220 controls) were enrolled. The dietary intake of contributors was evaluated using a 147?item food frequency questionnaire. To estimate the DAI, the amount of six antioxidant micronutrients such as Vitamins A, C, and E, selenium, manganese, and zinc was standardized. Then, the DAI was estimated by collecting the standardized  onsumption of these antioxidant micronutrients.

Our findings representedthe participants in the first (crude odds ratio [OR] = 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13–2.85, P = 0.013) and second (crude OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.01–2.55, P = 0.043) tertiles of the DAI scores had significantly higher odds of osteoporosis compared to those in the third one; while after modifying for confounding factors, this significant reverse relationship was observed just between women in the first and third tertiles of the DAI scores (adjusted OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.34–3.18, P = 0.015).

The consequence of this study suggested that adherence to a diet rich in antioxidant compounds may have protective effects against osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disorder in the elderly characterized by a bone density lower than 2.5 standard deviations in young adults. Diet may play an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to determine the possible relationship between major dietary patterns and osteoporosis in Iranian postmenopausal women. A case-control study was conducted on 440 postmenopausal women in Tehran using convenient sampling that included 220 cases and 220 controls. Demographic and anthropometric data, medical history, physical activity and usual dietary intake were collected through interviews. A 147-item Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to assess dietary patterns. The levels of physical activity and nutrient intake between the two groups were compared. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine dominant dietary patterns. Two dominant dietary patterns (mixed and western) patterns were identified using 33 food groups. There was a significant difference in nutritional status and physical activity between the case and control groups. After adjusting for the effect of possible confounding variables (Model 4), those in the second tertile of the Western dietary pattern were significantly more likely to have osteoporosis than in the first tertile (OR=3.87/95% CI=1.13-7.03). The western dietary pattern was strongly associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis. In addition, no association was found between mixed dietary patterns and osteoporosis.

Insulin resistance (IR) causes various metabolic disorders depending on the individual's genetic background. It can be detected up to 10-15 years before a person develops type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of diabetes is projected to increase from 8.4% in 2017 to 9.9% in 2045. Garlic has been used as herbal medicine. It has various biological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antioxidants. The present study aims to investigate the impact of garlic on IR and other indices of glucose metabolism. Electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Science Information Database (SID), and publisher databases such as Elsevier, SpringerLink, and Wiley Online Library were searched till February 2022. Search terms involved “garlic” OR “Allium sativum” OR “alliin” OR “allicin” in combination with “fasting blood glucose” OR “fasting plasma glucose” OR “fasting blood sugar” OR “insulin resistance” OR “fasting insulin” OR “homeostasis assessment model” OR “HOMA” AND “polycystic ovary syndrome” OR “diabetes mellitus” OR “type 2 diabetes mellitus” OR “metabolic syndrome” OR “nonalcoholic fatty liver disease” OR “cardiovascular diseases”. After reviewing the databases mentioned seven articles were identified for this review. Totally, 459 participants including 228 women and 231 men, enrolled in the trials. Assessing the findings of these articles indicate that garlic has a positive effect on IR, plasma insulin, and fasting glucose. The hypoglycemic action of garlic is related to its sulfur-containing compounds which directly or indirectly stimulate insulin secretion. Also, allicin in garlic can combine with endogenous thiol-containing molecules which can release insulin from inactivation.

Diabetes is one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases worldwide which can lead to significant macrovascular and microvascular complications. A majority of patients with diabetes suffer from type 2 diabetes and its prevalence and incidence continue to increase globally. Its underlying pathophysiology is complicated. Both genetic predisposition and lifestyle risk factors can result in relative insulin deficiency and the development of type 2 diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes can present with polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, blurred vision, and recurrent infections. However, many patients may be initially asymptomatic, resulting in late diagnosis. Delayed diagnosis can also result in presenting with already established complications at the time of diagnosis. There are various diagnostic methods and these include measurements of glycated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose, or random plasma glucose together with classical signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia. Alternatively, an oral glucose tolerance test can be carried out to confirm the diagnosis. Lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy are the backbones of type 2 diabetes treatment. Metformin is considered to be the first-line therapy of choice. However, if the desired glucose control is not achieved, then metformin is combined with other anti-diabetic medications. As type 2 diabetes is largely a preventable disease, its primary prevention is of utmost significance. The aim of primary prevention is to reduce the modifiable risk factors such as obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and smoking.

Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is considered a strong antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, a number of previous studies have shown its lipid-lowering properties. Therefore, we designed this study to investigate the effects of ALA on lipid profile in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS), which can lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and premature mortality.

A total 46 patients with MetS were randomly divided into two groups. They received either 600 mg ALA (n = 23) or 600 mg placebo (n = 23) for 12 weeks. The body weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), and blood pressure (BP) were assessed at baseline of the study. Physical activity level and dietary intake were assessed at baseline and end of the study. Serum lipid profile including triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and total cholesterol (TC) were measured before and after 12 weeks of intervention.

Baseline characteristics were similar in the ALA and placebo groups (P > 0.05). However, there were statistically significant differences in plasma levels of TG (-36.82 ± 42.48 versus 6.15 ± 25.04 mg/dl, P = 0.001) and TC (-8.91 ± 20.65 versus 10.84 ± 22.97 mg/dl, P = 0.01) after 12 weeks between the ALA group and the placebo group. Yet, there were no statistically significant differences in plasma levels of HDL-C and LDL-C after 12 weeks between the ALA group and the placebo group.

The results suggest that daily supplementation of 600 mg ALA for 12 weeks may improve the lipid profile in patients with MetS.

Nephrolithiasis is a global health problem that is growing exponentially in the developed and developing countries. This study aimed to determine the dietary diversity score (DDS) and its association with nutrient adequacy in patients with calcium oxalate kidney stone.

The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 276 male patients with calcium oxalate kidney stone. The validity and reliability of dietary intake was assessed by the 147-item food frequency questionnaire. Based on the USDA Food Guide Pyramid, the five food groups (grains, vegetables, fruits, meats, and dairy products) were used to determine the DDS. The nutrient adequacy ratio and the mean adequacy ratio were calculated using the Recommended International Standards.

The mean of the body mass index of the participants was 27.49 ± 4.01 kg/m2. Mean of the total DDS was also 5.62 ± 1.29. Participants in the highest DDS tertile had higher energy and fat intake than those in the lowest tertile (P-trend < 0.05). The highest and lowest DDS were observed in the fruit and vegetable groups: 1.58 ± 0.53 and 0.91 ± 0.29, respectively. The total DDS had a positive correlation with the adequacy of energy intake and macronutrients including protein and fats (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between the total DDS and the mean adequacy ratio (P < 0.01, r = 0.2).

The findings showed that patients with calcium oxalate kidney stone did not have an appropriate level of total DDS (DDS < 6), indicating that they did not receive diverse nutrients.

It was suggested that dietary patterns might play a role in the pathogenesis of nephrolithiasis. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between dietary patterns and the occurrence of calcium oxalate kidney stone disease.

A case-control study was conducted on 634 male and female participants aged 18-65 in Tehran using a convenient sampling method. The participants were investigated in the case (n = 317) and control (n = 317) groups. Demographic and anthropometric information, medical history, physical activity, and dietary intake were collected by interview. A validated 147-item food frequency questionnaire was administered to assess the dietary patterns. Factor analysis was also applied with principal component approach (PCA) to determine the major dietary patterns.

The findings showed two major dietary patterns using 41 food groups. Significant differences were observed in nutritional factors and physical activity between the case and the control groups. After adjusting the covariates, the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stone was significantly higher for those in the highest tertile of unhealthy dietary pattern compared to the lowest ones (OR, 3.83; 95%CI, 2.22-6.61). Additionally, no relationship was found between the healthy dietary pattern and the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stone in any of the four logistic regression models (P for trend > 0.05) (OR,0.95; 95%CI, 0.58-1.55).

We found that the unhealthy dietary pattern was strongly associated with increased risk for calcium oxalate kidney stones.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a virulent tumor rising in the interior wall of the large bowel. CRC is the third deadliest cancer globally and is the 4th common in Iran. Fisetin is a flavone which is present in some fruits and vegetables and is suggested to have beneficial effects on human cancer cells. In the present study, we summarized the potential mechanisms of the effect of fisetin on CRC. Electronic literature searches were conducted on Medline, Web of science and Google Scholar until March 2020. Our search was supplemented with the search of publisher databases like Elsevier and Springer. The search was conducted with “Fisetin” in combination with the following keywords: Colorectal Neoplasms, Colon, Rectum, Apoptosis, Inflammation and “Precancerous Lesions” among human, animal and in-vitro studies. 14 articles during 2005 and 2018 assessed the effect of fisetin on CRC. One was RCT, 3 of them were animal studies and 10 papers were performed on cell culture. Our Findings, suggested that fisetin may have positive effects on cancer cells due to its anti-inflammatory, apoptotic, anti-oxidative and cell cycle modifying properties. According to the literature, it seems that fisetin induces cell cycle arrest and suppresses cellular growth by modulating through some signaling pathways like inhibition of CDKs and fisetin decreases protein levels of cell division cycles like CDC 2 and CDC25C. Fisetin may also induce cell apoptosis cascades such as activation of caspase 3, 7 and cleavage of procaspase 3 and inhibition of caspase 8. Fisetin also may have anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting PGE2 production and expression of COX2. Additionally, it may have some anti-oxidant effects by reducing some tumor markers and enhancement levels of some anti-oxidants agents.

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a simple, inexpensive, quick, and non-invasive technique for measuring body composition and its analysis is used as an alternative to examine muscle mass and body fat percentage Obesity and depression are two major public health problems among adolescents. Both obesity and depression are very prevalent and associated with numerous health complications, including hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, and increased mortality. The present study was a cross-sectional study on 157 adult females and males from student and staff of Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University (SRBIAU) of Tehran that classified in two groups of normal weight and overweight or obese. The proportion of body tissues was determined according to the resistance created. The weight of the subjects was measured and recorded using BIA. Using the DASS-21 Questionnaire for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Based on the present findings, anthropometric indices such as weight, skeletal muscle mass, body mass index, waist to hip ratio, visceral fat level, whole-body water (L), body fat mass (kg), basal metabolic ratio (kcal), degree of obesity (%) ), fat percentage analysis (%), muscle weight analysis (kg), muscle percentage analysis were significantly different between the two groups (P <0.0001) and were higher in obese or overweight groups than the normal one. There were no significant differences in anxiety (p=0.496), stress (p=0.407), and mental health score (p=0.251) in both groups. Whereas, depression was significantly higher in the overweight or obese group (p=0.012). There was no meaningful relationship between BMI and stress (CC=0.04, P=0.612), anxiety (CC=0.052, P=0.519), whereas the positive correlation between BMI and depression (CC=0.932, P=0.035) was significant. There was a direct relationship between obesity and depression, anxiety, and stress. BMI correlates positively with mental health parameters.

Irritable bowel syndrome is the most common gastrointestinal functional disorder accompanied by symptoms such as abdominal pain and changes in intestinal habits. Lack of proper biochemical criteria for diagnosis, as well as a lack of proper understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease, complicates diagnosis of this disease and undermines the serious efforts to discover the proper drug for it. The present treatments including medical treatments which are related to some side-effects such as dyspepsia, heartburn, headache, bradycardia, anorexia, weakness and fatigue and diet therapy. The aim of this study was to summarize the results of previous studies on the effect of low-FODMAP diet on the improvement of digestive symptoms and nutritional status in patients with IBS. Electronic literature searches were conducted on PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar until May 2019. The search was conducted with the following words “FODMAP” or “low-FODMAP diets”, in combination with “gastrointestinal symptoms”, “diarrhea”, “constipation”, “dyspepsia”, “bloating”, “burp”, “heart burn”, “nausea” and “intestinal cramp” among randomized clinical trials. Our search was supplemented with the search of publisher databases Elsevier, Wiley Online and SpringerLink and for any pertinent studies, we screened the references of all included studies. Eligibility criteria included: randomized controlled clinical trial studies published in peer-reviewed journals and studies that used low-FODMAP diets as an intervention. In the total of 5 studies were done on the 299 adults who meet the inclusion criteria. According to the consumption of the results, the low-FODMAP diet caused a significant improvement in many gastrointestinal symptoms, such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, and dissatisfaction of the intestinal habits in comparison with control diet. According to the results of various studies, it seems that a low-FODMAP diet can improve digestive symptoms and IBS-related complaints.

Colorectal cancer is the most common type of gastrointestinal cancer that results from abnormalities or changes in the genome and uncontrolled cell proliferation. Carnitine is a potent antioxidant that may result in an increase in cellular respiration, apoptosis, a reduction in proliferation and inflammation of tumor cells by various mechanisms. The present study was conducted to summarize the effects of carnitine on the treatment or prevention of colorectal cancer. The review was conducted with the following words "L-carnitine" in combination with colorectal cancer, neoplasm, colon, rectum, apoptosis, inflammation and precancerous lesions among animal and in vitro studies. From six interventional studies investigated in this article, one of them was performed on two groups of mice having precancerous lesions and macroscopic colonic tumors divided into AOM and APC groups and five other studies on adenocarcinoma cell lines of NCOL-1, Caco-2, HT-29, and SW480. One of them also was performed on DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis mouse model. These studies reported significant increment in the amount of the fatty acid transportation into the mitochondria; generation of mitochondrial superoxide anions (O2-), apoptosis and cell death in cells which were exposed by L-carnitine. An increment was also observed in pro-apoptotic proteins Caspase, Bak and Bax and reduction in anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-Xl. In these studies, cellular inflammation which was associated with products of the cyclooxygenase enzyme pathway, and cancer cell proliferation was reduced as well and there was an increment in DNA fragmentation. The aberrant crypt foci development and pre-cancerous lesions were significantly inhibited by carnitine in the colons of the studied mice but did not exert protective effects on their intestinal tumors. L-carnitine may have potential anticancer effects and inhibits the progression of macroscopic and pre-cancerous tumors and prevents the growth and proliferation of cancerous cells.

Diabetes is a progressive chronic disease and is considered as an important health problem, which has increased in recent years. The prevalence of diabetes in the Middle East in 2015 was 35.4 million, which more than 4.6 million people were in Iran. In this review, we specifically tried to summarize the results of clinical trials on the effects of selenium supplementation on glycemic control and lipid profile and inflammatory factors in type 2 diabetic patients. In this review, three interventional studies were included to evaluate the effect of Selenium supplementation on metabolic parameters. Serum insulin concentration and insulin resistance index were significantly reduced in two of the studies. Fasting plasma glucose and HDL cholesterol concentrations significantly increased in one study while in other studies no significant changes were observed. One of the studies showed a significant reduction in inflammatory Indicators and antioxidant capacity, one study also showed a significant decrease in lipid profiles. Selenium supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes may have adverse effects on blood glucose homeostasis. However, it may improve lipid profile and antioxidant capacity and reduces inflammatory mediators in these patients. Therefore, in spite of the negative effects of glucose homeostasis with regard to the positive effects seen, further investigations are needed to evaluate the final effect of selenium supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common condition characterized by abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, flatulence, nausea and varying degrees of anxiety or depression. IBS have high prevalence and it mainly occurs between the ages of 15-65 years. Medical cost for IBS is a heavy burden for individuals; also, the side effects of the drugs encouraged the scientists to evaluate other IBS treatment methods such as herbal remedy. Evidence suggests that herbal remedies containing antispasmodic and antioxidant agents may improve gastrointestinal symptoms. 51 patients with irritable bowel syndrome were recruited after standardized diagnostic work-up into a double-blind, placebo-controlled and were randomly assigned to each group (Bunium persicum powder or placebo). Duration of intervention was 5 weeks. The main outcome variables were the changes in total abdominal pain, tenesmus, and feeling of inadequate defecation and C-reactive protein levels. Gender was not significantly different between intervention and control groups. Abdominal pain, tenesmus, and feel inadequate defecation were not changed either in the intervention group and control groups. Moreover, consumption of Bunium persicum powder had no effect on serum level of CRP in intervention group compared with the control group. The results of this randomized, double blind, study indicate that Bunium persicum as an herbal remedy had no significant effect on symptoms and inflammatory marker of patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

Nutritional intake is an important issue in adolescent athletes. Proper athletes’ performance is a multifactorial outcome of good training, body composition, and nutritional status. The aim of the present study was to assess nutritional status, body composition, and cardiometabolic factors in adolescent elite athlete’s province of Isfahan, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, 100 adolescent elite athletes from volleyball, basketball, and soccer teams were selected for the study. Demographic, anthropometric, and cardiometabolic parameters were assessed. Nutritional intakes of participants were recorded using three 24-h recall questioners.

Thirty-four female athletes and 66 male athletes participated in this study. Body mass index had not signifi cantly different between the sexes. Energy, protein, carbohydrate, iron, and fat intakes were signifi cantly higher in male athletes (P = 0.02), but calcium and folic acid intakes were not signifi cantly different between the sexes, and Vitamin D intake was signifi cantly higher in females (P = 0.01). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was signifi cantly higher in males (P = 0.04) and heart rate had not signifi cantly different between the sexes (P = 0.09). Heart murmurs and heart sounds in the majority of participants were normal.

All the evaluated anthropometric and cardiometabolic parameters were in normal range in the majority of participants. The results showed that dietary intake in these athletes is approximately normal but micronutrients intake status in these athletes needs to be investigated further and longer.

Introduction. Even with the ultimate medical management, more than one-third of diabetic patients develop diabetic nephropathy. To our knowledge, there is no study that has examined the effect of probiotic soy milk on kidney function in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. This clinical trial aimed to assess the effects of consumption of probiotic soy milk, compared with conventional soy milk, on kidney-related indexes in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
Materials and Methods. In a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial, 44 patients were randomly assigned to receive 200 mL/d of either soy milk containing Lactobacillus plantarum A7 or conventional soy milk for 8 weeks. Primary endpoints included urinary albumin excretion, estimated glomerular filtration rate, interlukin-18, serum sialic acid, and serum creatinine. Fasting blood samples and morning fasting spot urine samples were collected at the beginning and after 8 weeks for evaluation of biochemical parameters.
Results. Forty patients completed the study. Administration of probiotic soymilk resulted in a significant reduction in albuminuria (P = .03), serum creatinine (P Conclusions. Probiotic soy milk was safe and well-tolerated by patients with diabetic nephropathy for 8 weeks. Probiotic soy milk also improved indexes of kidney function in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy.

According to the high prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency, a few studies have been conducted to clarify the relationship between 25‑hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. The objective of this study was to determine this probable association.
Serum 25(OH)D, C‑reactive protein, malnutrition measurements, and Intensive Care Unit (ICU)‑acquired infection from 185 patients in ICU were assessed in the first 24 h of admission and they were followed for the other outcomes.
About 93.5% of patients were classified as deficient and insufficient while the others were categorized in sufficient group. 25(OH)D status was not significantly associated with mortality rate (P = 0.66), and no significant differences in ventilation time were observed (P = 0.97). Sufficient group left the ICU sooner, but the difference was not significant (P = 0.75). Besides the results of relationship between 25(OH)D concentration and nutritional status (P = 0.69) were not significant. In addition, sufficient group suffered from infection more than insufficient patients, but this relationship was not significant (P = 0.11).
In this study, we found that 25(OH)D insufficiency is common in ICU patients, but no significant association between low 25(OH)D levels and ICU outcomes were observed. Hence, because of vital roles of Vitamin D in human’s body, comprehensive study should conduct to determine the decisive results.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary magnesium supplementation on mental health in elderly individuals with insomnia. A double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 46 elderly subjects with insomnia randomly allocated to the magnesium or placebo (control) group. The groups received either 500 mg elemental magnesium or placebo، respectively، daily for eight weeks. General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were conducted at baseline and at the end of the intervention period. Serum magnesium and cortisol levels were also determined in the participants. In addition، information was obtained on anthropometric confounding factors and daily intake of magnesium، calcium، potassium and caffeine using the 24-hour Recall Questionnaire. The “Nutritionist 4” software was used for nutritional analysis. Statistical analysis was done using paired t-test to compare within-groups differences and Student''s t-test to compare between-groups differences. No significant differences were observed in the assessed variables between groups at baseline. Compared to the placebo group، dietary magnesium supplementation in the experimental group brought about statistically significant decreases in total GHQ-28 score (p=0. 01)، somatic symptoms (p=0. 04)، anxiety/insomnia symptoms (p=0. 02)، depression symptoms (p=0. 001)، Insomnia Severity Index (p=0. 006)، and serum cortisol concentration (p=0. 008). Magnesium supplementation can affect some indices of mental health and insomnia and may hence result in improvements in general mental health in elderly people with insomnia.

Nearly 50% of older adults have insomnia, with difficulty getting to sleep, early awakening or feeling un-refreshed on waking. With aging, several changes occur that can place one at risk for insomnia including age-related changes in various circadian rhythms, environmental and lifestyle changes and decreased nutrients intake, absorption, retention and utilization. The natural NMDA antagonist and GABA agonist, Mg2+ seams to play a key role in the regulation of sleep. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of magnesium supplementation to improve insomnia in elderly. A double blind randomized clinical trial was conducted in 46 elderly subjects, randomly allocated into the magnesium or the placebo group and received 500 mg magnesium or placebo daily for 8 weeks. Questionnaires of insomnia severity index, physical activity, and sleep-log were completed at baseline and after the intervention period. Anthropometric confounding factors, daily intake of magnesium, calcium, potassium, caffeine, calories form carbohydrates and total calorie intake, were obtained using 24-hrs recall for 3-days. Blood samples were taken at baseline and after the intervention period for analysis of serum magnesium, renin, melatonin and cortisol. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS19 and P-values < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. No significant differences were observed in assessed variables between the two groups at the baseline. As compared to the placebo group, in the experimental group, dietary magnesium supplementation brought about statistically significant increases in sleep time (P = 0.002), sleep efficiency (P = 0.03), concentration of serum renin (P < 0.001) and melatonin (P = 0.007), also resulted in significant decrease of ISI score (P = 0.006), sleep onset latency (P = 0.02) and serum cortisol concentration (P = 0.008). Supplementation also resulted in marginally between-group significant reduction in early morning awakening (P = 0.08) and serum magnesium concentration (P = 0.06). Although total sleep time (P = 0.37) did not show any significant between-group differences. Supplementation of magnesium appears to improve subjective measures of insomnia such as ISI score, sleep efficiency, sleep time and sleep onset latency, early morning awakening and likewise insomnia objective measures as concentration of serum renin, melatonin and serum cortisol, in elderly people.

Nearly 50% of the elderly have insomnia، with difficulty in going to sleep، oversleeping، or feeling unrefreshed on waking up. With aging، several changes can occur that place one at risk of insomnia. The objective of the present study was to determine the efficacy of magnesium supplementation -the natural NMDA antagonist and GABA agonist- to improve insomnia in the elderly. A double blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 46 elderly subjects، randomly allocated into the magnesium and the placebo group and received 500 mg magnesium and placebos daily for 8 weeks، respectively. Questionnaires of insomnia severity index، physical activity، and sleep-log were completed at baseline and after the intervention period. Anthropometric and dietary confounding factors were obtained using 24h recall for 3 days. Blood samples were taken at baseline and after the intervention period for analysis of serum magnesium، renin، melatonin، and cortisol. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (V. 19) and N4 software; P-value<0. 05 was considered as statistically significant. No significant differences were observed in assessed variables between the two groups at the baseline. According to the present research magnesium supplementation significantly increased sleep time (P=0. 002)، sleep efficiency (P=0. 03)، concentration of serum renin (P<0. 001) and melatonin (P=0. 007); besides، it significantly decreased ISI score (P=0. 006)، sleep onset latency (P=0. 02)، and serum cortisol concentration increase (P=0. 008) in the magnesium group. Although total sleep time (P=0. 37)، waking up length of time (P=0. 08)، and serum magnesium concentration P=0. 06) did not reveal any significant difference. Supplementation of magnesium appears to improve different measures effective in insomnia in the elderly.

Strategies for weight reduction often promote lifestyle changes like encouraging participation in physical activity. Also there is some evidence suggesting an association between insomnia and physical activity level and probable beneficial effect of magnesium supplementation on insomnia. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of magnesium supplementation on physical activity level in insomniac elderly subjects. A double blind randomized clinical trial was conducted in 46 overweight or obese subjects, randomly allocated into the magnesium or the placebo group and received 500 mg magnesium or placebo daily for 8 weeks. Questionnaires of insomnia severity index (ISI), physical activity and sleep-log were completed and serum magnesium measured at baseline and after the intervention period. Anthropometric confounding factors, daily intake of magnesium, calcium, potassium, caffeine, calorie form carbohydrates, fat, protein and total calorie intake, were obtained using 24-hrs recall for 3-days. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS-19 software. No significant differences were observed in assessed variables between the two groups at the baseline. According to our research magnesium supplementation significantly increased sleep indices and physical activity level, also resulted in significantly decrease of total calorie intake in magnesium group. Although serum magnesium concentration and weight did not show any differences. In the present study magnesium supplementation resulted in improvement of sleep indices and physical activity level in elderly subjects. Although according to our short term intervention no significant beneficial effect was observed on subject`s weight.