dariush karimi

Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites in the genus Eimeria that affects the poultry industry worldwide, having major economic impacts on poultry by reducing performance and decreasing productivity. This disease not only hinders the growth of chickens but also facilitates other epidemic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of coccidiosis in native poultry compared to industrial poultry in Sanandaj City. In this study, in order to investigate the prevalence of coccidiosis, the feces of 200 industrial poultry and 200 native poultry were sampled in this city. All samples were examined microscopically in the laboratory using the floatation technique and were evaluated. Then, the intensity of infection with Eimeria oocysts was determined based on the number of oocysts per gram of feces(OPG). The results of this study showed that the average number of Eimeria oocysts per gram of industrial poultry feces is 1.52 ×102, and the contamination rate of native poultry feces is 6.45 ×102 oocysts per gram of feces. The infection and death rates were significantly higher in native poultry compared to industrial poultry (P<0.05). Also, the percentage of infection in hard and compacted beds was significantly lower than in damp and wet beds (P<0.05). The results of this study indicated that due to the high prevalence of coccidiosis in native poultry of Sanandaj city, it is necessary to take control measures to prevent the occurrence of the disease.

According to the law of hunting and fishing, the law of protection and improvement of the environment, and the conventions and regulations of the IUCN, some parts of the country are classified as four environmental areas (national parks, national natural monuments, protected areas, and wildlife refuges). By the end of 2021, a total of 309 areas with 18.9 million hectares, equivalent to 11.5% of the country's area, have been approved as four areas, which can be considered in the field of public ownership (Anfal), government, private or a combination of them and be exploited with a specific use. While examining the effect of determining the four regions on the ownership and its documents, the ownership rights and exploitation, the adequacy or inadequacy of the existing regulations that need to be amended or supplemented to the system has been investigated. The relevant executives should follow up their approval process through the Islamic Council or the Board of Ministers, it is suggested as follows:- Adding two notes to articles 2 to 5 and one note to article 12 of the Executive Regulations of the Environmental Protection and Improvement Law.- Adding a note to Article 6 of the aforementioned law.- Adding a note to Article 9 of Hadnagar Law.- Amendment of Note 4, Article 31 of the Law on Protection and Exploitation of Forests and Ranges.The result shows that if these suggestions are applied, the ambiguities and challenges related to obtaining the ownership documents of natural resources located in the four regions and the system of its exploitation along with the problems between the two organizations of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources and Watershed Management regarding judicial and administrative measures, especially issues related to damages caused by public and construction projects in the mentioned areas, will be resolved

Sensitive coastal areas are one of the most valuable habitats in the world. The purpose of this study is to zoning of wastewater pollution in Boujagh International Wetland. This research has been done by field method. At first, in order to facilitate the research work, using the networking technique, the whole study area was divided into 33 cells or 500 hectare assessment units (2.2 × 2.2 km networks). Then each criterion was quantified through scoring method (weighing). Quantifying the criteria was done by numeral weighing with restricted domains. Scoring criterion was done in six-step domains from at least 0 to at least 5. The ArcView software was used to draw maps. The research findings indicate that the study area is ecologically sensitive. Of course, the degree of ecological sensitivities varies in different places. The results show that only 3 parameters of nitrite (1.2 mg/l), Potassium (8.1 mg/l) and Co (0.8 μg/l) are in the standard range and the rest of the measured parameters are higher than the allowable limit. Also, the amount of TDS (450 mg/l) and nitrate (0.9 mg/l) was evaluated as average compared to the standard. In order to control the entry of sewage pollution into the wetland and its surrounding votes, it is necessary to take legal and administrative measures immediately.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties of downstream water of Aras river dams. Sampling was performed from early 2018-2019 in selected stations. Heavy metals were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Nitrate, nitrite and total dissolved solids concentrations were also measured by spectrophotometer. Concentrations of Ca, Na and K were measured with a Flame Photometer and the rest were measured with specialized devices. The results showed that the lowest electrical conductivity in the measured samples was 0.789 and the highest was 4.346 µs/cm, which basically indicates the high limit of soil and water for irrigation of plants. On the other hand, total solids with 1211 ppm indicate a moderate limit for salinity. Also; regarding pH, the average recorded for the study area is 8.17, which is within the national permissible and standard range of the world health organization. Nitrate and nitrite are both above the permissible and standard range. Potassium is within the permitted and standard range. Calcium, according to the average obtained in the study area (64 ppm) can be said that this parameter is within the allowable and standard range. In the case of lead (0.09 ppb), it can be said that this parameter is within the allowable and standard range. In the case of cadmium (0.8 ppb), it can be said that this parameter is within the allowable and standard range, 3 parameters nitrate, nitrite and TDS have an average higher than the national standard.

In many developed countries, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), which is among the successful waste management programs, has been adopted and implemented as a policy approach. EPR is aimed at reducing the financial load that waste collection and management imposes on local governments, especially waste that requires complicated and costly treatment and recovery processes. It is an efficient tool in resource management according to which the responsibility for goods and products rests with their producers until the end of their life cycle. In Iran, in accordance with Article 4 of the Waste Management Act and Article 12 of its Executive Bylaw, the National Environmental Fund is responsible for collecting taxes levied on producers and importers of goods and products that produce waste and for offering facilities to units engaged in resource recovery. Yes, it has not been implemented for various reasons. The present paper seeks to implement the responsibility of producers to manage waste from the consumption of goods in Iran.  

In this research, using a questionnaire, the opinions of 60 experts and domestic experts in the field of research were used. First, the data and information received from the individual survey forms were validated, and then the best strategies were analyzed according to the SWOT model. To determine the attractiveness, the data entered the QSPM quantitative planning matrix and the priorities were determined accordingly. By examining the legal challenges of implementing waste management regulations and identifying the obstacles of the implementation of expanding the responsibility of the producer in the country, and the results of this research, appropriate strategies for its implementation were also presented.

 The most important problems causing the failure to implement EPR in Iran were (1) the lack of an effective and efficient legal mechanism to require cooperation and coordination between the governmental agencies for collecting the taxes levied on producers and importers of goods and products, the consumption of which leads to the production of waste that is dangerous for the environment, (2) the failure in the timely establishment of the National Environmental Fund, (3) the all-encompassing list of goods and products subject to EPR, (4) a large number of goods and products subject to EPR and (5) the identical tax levied on the various goods and products subject to EPR. However, if EPR is implemented in Iran and the National Environmental Fund offers facilities for setting up industrial waste management centers, especially in resource recovery, and investment by the private sector in the industries and technologies related to waste recovery is supported, the environment will be protected and waste will be managed systematically. In addition, business activities will flourish and sustainable jobs and income will be created. Moreover, economic growth will result from resource recovery and conversion of waste into energy and new products. This will play a substantial role in self-sufficiency, resulting in independence from foreign countries for the provision of raw materials and prevention of foreign currency outflows to procure them. Therefore, it is necessary to take the required measures to resolve the problems and difficulties in the way of EPR in Iran and also to launch a comprehensive and integrated information system for producers of goods and products subject to waste management. Moreover, the list of such goods and products should be more limited and more transparent, and the Department of Environment and other related organizations should also supervise the way of levied taxes collection and how the facilities are granted by the National Environmental Fund. They should also supervise the environmental performance of those engaged in resource recovery.

When designing products, manufacturers of goods and consumables accept their legal and economic responsibility in order to minimize the environmental effects and take action to reduce the destructive effects of products and waste management of materials and goods in the environment

Due to the conservation value of Bamu National Park, there are some uses within and around the park that have direct and indirect effects on the park. The park is one of the most important wildlife habitats in southwestern Iran that has been threatened by human conflict. The purpose of this study is to investigate the legal-environmental status of the Bamu National Park, especially for its destruction and aggression. In reviewing the laws and regulations governing Bamu National Park, the legal provisions and regulations that provide the requirements and guarantees for the implementation of this national park protection are evident, but certainly with the increasing complexity of environmental issues in the country and the challenges and challenges involved. The dilemmas in protecting national parks are clearly evident in the legal problems in Bamu National Park. The results showed that due to weaknesses in some cases such as inadequate crime and penalties, insufficient enforcement was guaranteed to prevent the encroachment and demolition of Bamboo National Park and their transfer to government departments and ultimately lack of coordination between the departments. This National Park had to be thoroughly revised and guaranteed.

Today, ecotourism is referred to as a tool that seeks to realize the pleasures and benefits of tourism, but strives not to diminish the natural and ecological value of the area. The purpose of this study is to determine the effective criteria for ecotourism site evaluation and ecological board capacity to plan for ecotourism in Shahrood protected areas.

In the first step, site evaluation criteria were compiled and rated by experts. Fitting was done by LISREL software. The data layers were then weighted and overlapped by pairwise comparison. Subsequently, zoning was carried out to determine the area and capacity of the physical real and effective range for ecotourism.

The final model of ecotourism evaluation consists of 8 dimensions and 20 criteria. The model fit was good and acceptable (GFI 0.942). It is also suitable for ecotourism at 66474 hectares. The study area consists of 3 areas of mountain forest, mountain and plain and desert. The effective range for the mountainous forest area is 1743 and for the mountainous and plain area is 1765 and for the desert zone is 3123.

In Shahrood city protected areas, environmental board capacity is not observed and is more than threshold tolerance. As a result, ecotourism needs to be at the forefront of tourism planning in the area of ​​conservation principles.

In this study, the advantages and limitations of implementation of integrated water resources management (IWRM) approach given the rules and regulations in Iran are analyzed. As IWRM does not exist at the level of basin in Iran, eventually the legal framework of establishment of IWRM is suggested considering the structural complexities of the water management systems at a national level. Accordingly, establishment of such an approach is generally missing in Iran so that sustainable solutions are obtained for all round development of the country in the area of water. The values of water basin sustainability Index are low while water deficiency index is high in basins. In addition, the environmental degradation of water and soil in basins has resulted in migration of rural people to urban regions. All these factors have contributed to development of a great complexity in the IWRM in Iran. In this study, considering the principles of IWRM establishment across the water basin, proposals and solutions for modifying the rights and rules of the water in basins have been presented. The results indicated that the best solution for solving the problems associated with IWRM is ever increasing interaction between the beneficiaries and the available tools for achieving a sustainable strategy for the IWRM in Iran.
Management; Water Resources; Law; Legal Framework