eftekhar gasemzadeh

The period of political and social life of Imam Mohammad Bāqir (as) and Imam Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (as) is one of the remarkable subjects of the ends of 1st and 2nd centuries AH. In this era, the society had faced many challenges in the political and intellectual fields. The emergence of uprisings and deviant movements were among the most important of these challenges. The research is a library and a descriptive-analytical method by examining the political-social and cultural-ideological life of Imam Bāqir (as) and Imam Ṣādiq (as), and categorizing uprisings and deviant movements to identify the approaches and strategies intended by the Two Imams. peace be upon them. The findings of this research show that Imam Mohammad Bāqir (as) and Imam Ṣādiq (as) explained the limits and rights of the Islamic Shariah with their scientific-cultural performance in the protection of Islamic tradition and values, knowing the conditions and requirements of the Islamic society. And according to the political conditions of the Islamic society in the Umayyad and Abbasid eras, along with perseverance and patience and adopting the strategy of piety and tolerance, they opened the door for discussion and debate by attending various assemblies and founding the scientific movement. And they paid attention to the training and education of their students as jurisprudents, muḥaddith and theologians.

The economic and social boycott (surrounding) and sanctions against the prophet (PBUH) and his followers in Shiʿb Abī Ṭālib (Arabic: شعب ابی طالب, Valley of Abū Ṭālib) is one of the most important threats of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) which the polytheists of Quraysh had done to destroy Islam and surrender the Holy Prophet to their demands, but this sanction had no result with the measures and adoption of strategies by the Holy Prophet and the patience and endurance of him and the Muslims. The present research is going to analyze this surrounding by a descriptive analytical method based on library resources and using narrations and historical sources. First, the nature and goals of the economic and social sanctions agianst Shiʿb Abī Ṭālib by Quraysh have been mentioned in this regard and finally, the aspects of this sanction and the Sira (Arabic: سیره, biography) of the Prophet in confronting this Surrounding have been studied and analyzed.

Maragheh Observatory was built as one of the most important observatories of the Islamic period in the seventh century AH during the Ilkhanid domination of Iran. Establishment of Maragheh Observatory as an educational and research center; Facilitated the gathering of scientists, the collection of credible scientific documents and books, the conduct of research in the open air, and the necessary facilities. The result is the presentation of the achievements and discoveries of this scientific center in the world of that day. The reputation of this scientific center attracted the attention of many lands to the point that some rulers wished to be able to establish such a center in their land. Now, considering the importance of this valuable collection in terms of the history of science in Iran and the world, the questions that need to be answered are what factors and roles played in the construction of the Maragheh Observatory as the most important scientific research and astronomical center of the Ilkhanate period.What was Khajeh Nasiral-DinTusi in this important matter? Also, how has the Maragheh Observatory functioned in spreading the achievements of astronomy in the Ilkhani era, which has become a model for the construction of other observatories? The present study intends to answer these questions using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources. The research findings indicate that the Maragheh Observatory was in every sense scientific research and educational center. Like today's advanced academies, this unique scientific foundation had a very large space in a suitable place in Maragheh, which made this observatory known as the most important scientific research and astronomical center of the Ilkhanate period in the seventh century AH.

Sadegh Hedayat is one of the most important figures of the westernist intellectual current in twentieth-century Iran and one of the most famous modern Iranian novelists. Among his many works, historical writings have a significant place and, more importantly, the historical attitudes of this author who has been the motivation and motivation for writing many of his works. This research has tried to provide an analysis of the historically valuable works of this author, to recognize the historiographical understanding and historical attitudes of Hedayat and seeks to find answers to these questions: What is the place of history in Hedayat's works? And what are the most important components in their historical attitudes?; Therefore, these works are classified in three main forms of historical dramas with the theme of ancient frustration of Iranians subjugated against non-Iranian attacks, correction, and translation of Pahlavi historical texts from the Sassanid era and works with the anthropological theme. Analytical knowledge of these works, which is provided by the descriptive-analytical method and conceptual study of his literary works, shows that nationalist attitude, historical antiquity, and Zoroastrianism, and racist enmity with non-Iranian elements are the main components of historical attitudes. Make up the lead.

Behavioral problems in students is a social category that has been extensively studied by sociologists. Behavioral problems in students can lead to learning disabilities for students and serious problems and injuries to families, schools, and the community. The present article aims to identify, study and analyze the factors affecting the behavioral problems of students in schools by the descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources to address this issue. The results show that achieving the educational goals that schools pay attention to as their main goal requires providing students with mental and behavioral health. Numerous studies show that students' behavioral health is associated with their academic achievement and that students who somehow suffer from behavioral problems or lack proper mental health often experience academic failure; Therefore, it seems necessary to examine the factors that prevent it to provide appropriate conditions to achieve educational goals and ensure the health of people in society at different ages. In this regard, students' behavioral problems in schools, which include phobia, school dropout, obsessive-compulsive disorder, disordered behavior, anxiety, hyperactivity with lack of attention, and inappropriate or immature behaviors, have been studied.

Maintaining health and getting rid of suffering and disease is one of the most important issues that has always occupied the human mind throughout history. Be aware of the different. Iranians are among the tribes that have a very ancient historical background and have had their own rules in various fields since ancient times, including health. In the present study, an attempt has been made to find a suitable answer to the following question by descriptive-analytical method and relying on first-hand library and historical sources: What was health and hygiene principles in ancient Iran and Iranian health methods? How does the ancients react to the ills of their community? The findings of the study indicate that the ancient Iranians paid special attention to health and set special rules and regulations for the individual and public health of their society and mentioned it many times in their religious and non-religious sources. They did. In ancient Iran, people attached great importance to safe drinking water, hygienic defecation, separation of patients, personal hygiene, the need to eradicate vermin and insects, which indicates their attention to health and disease prevention.

The Safavid kings, each in their own way, were diligent in honoring the artists and advancing the art, although the extent and manner of their support for art was not the same within the twohundred- year Safavid rule and was accompanied by ups and downs. The lack of authority of Shah Mohammad Khodabandeh, due to his political changes and blindness, had made him a weak and frustrated man, as a result of which he was neither a great king nor a great supporter in order to support and honor him. He created art and artists, but that doesn't stop us from ignoring the evolution of art in his time and not exploring it. In this regard, in this research, the position of art and Shah Mohammad Khodabandeh's approach to it have been studied by descriptiveanalytical method and using library resources. The research findings indicate that due to political developments and the short period of the rule of Shah Mohammad Khodabandeh (985-996 AH), art was not considered as it should be and has been accompanied by ups and downs.

In the age of the Mongols, due to their religion, they first developed arts such as music and painting, especially sculpture, and created valuable and magnificent works. It changed, and it was forced to follow the path Islam proposed. Arts such as music, sculpture that contradicted Islam were abandoned, and architecture instead came to life, followed by painting, tiling, brickwork, plastering and calligraphy. From then on, the Ilkhanid kings used art to represent their shock and glory, and hired artists to create artistic masterpieces. One of these kings is Sultan Muhammad Khodabandeh Oljaytu, who was a patron of the arts. Among the common arts in this period are the fields of art such as architecture, painting and calligraphy that have received special attention from the sultan Ilkhan, as a result of which they have flourished and expanded. In this study, while trying to study the place of art and architecture in the reign of Sultan Muhammad Oljaytu, he discusses various aspects of art of that era and what kind of approach the sultan Ilkhan had toward art, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on sources Library, to be paid.

The mosque is one of the most prominent Islamic architectural monuments, and study and research on it is essential because architecture begins with Islamic civilization. The mosque is a manifestation of visual beauty and a prime example of the incorporation of symbolic forms with deeply held beliefs in the realm of material life that, in addition to providing a place of worship with a language of irony and art, speaks of religious knowledge and the mystery and mystery of the law. , And therefore of special importance and sanctity. The mosque is originally attributed to the divine essence of God and expresses its artistic architecture in the most transcendent human way . In this article, while explaining the literal and idiomatic meanings of the mosque and its history, the importance and necessity of the mosque's ordinances and finally its architecture and functions in Islamic civilization have been studied using library resources and by a descriptive-analytical method.